scholarly journals Vascular Aging and Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Influences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Saberianpour
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Vascular Aging ◽  
Combination Of Methods

Vascular aging plays an important role in the mortality of the elderly, but vascular aging can be dependent on other factors such as diseases. Various diseases such as Alzheimer, diabetes, thalassemia, and other diseases affect the mechanisms of vascular aging. It will harm the recovery process of these patients. There are methods for measuring vascular aging such as instrumental measurements and molecular methods. The best way to measure vascular aging is a combination of methods to determine the mechanism and cause of vascular aging. In this review article, we first summarize the various mechanisms of vascular aging and then discuss the effect of different disease on vascular aging.  

The Role of Vascular Aging in Atherosclerotic Plaque Development and Vulnerability

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (29) ◽  
pp. 3098-3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Liberale ◽  
Giovanni G. Camici
Keyword(s):  
Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Plaque Burden ◽  
Vascular Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Plaque Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: The ongoing demographical shift is leading to an unprecedented aging of the population. As a consequence, the prevalence of age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications is set to increase in the near future. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffening characterize arterial aging and set the stage for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic plaques evolve over time, the extent to which these changes might affect their stability and predispose to sudden complications remains to be determined. Recent advances in imaging technology will allow for longitudinal prospective studies following the progression of plaque burden aimed at better characterizing changes over time associated with plaque stability or rupture. Oxidative stress and inflammation, firmly established driving forces of age-related CV dysfunction, also play an important role in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and rupture. Several genes involved in lifespan determination are known regulator of redox cellular balance and pre-clinical evidence underlines their pathophysiological roles in age-related cardiovascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to examine the impact of aging on arterial function and atherosclerotic plaque development. Furthermore, we report how molecular mechanisms of vascular aging might regulate age-related plaque modifications and how this may help to identify novel therapeutic targets to attenuate the increased risk of CV disease in elderly people.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Redox Balance in the Elderly: Signal Transduction Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2228
Author(s):  
Daniela Galli ◽  
Cecilia Carubbi ◽  
Elena Masselli ◽  
Mauro Vaccarezza ◽  
Valentina Presta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Aged People ◽  
The Individual

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are molecules naturally produced by cells. If their levels are too high, the cellular antioxidant machinery intervenes to bring back their quantity to physiological conditions. Since aging often induces malfunctioning in this machinery, ROS are considered an effective cause of age-associated diseases. Exercise stimulates ROS production on one side, and the antioxidant systems on the other side. The effects of exercise on oxidative stress markers have been shown in blood, vascular tissue, brain, cardiac and skeletal muscle, both in young and aged people. However, the intensity and volume of exercise and the individual subject characteristics are important to envisage future strategies to adequately personalize the balance of the oxidant/antioxidant environment. Here, we reviewed the literature that deals with the effects of physical activity on redox balance in young and aged people, with insights into the molecular mechanisms involved. Although many molecular pathways are involved, we are still far from a comprehensive view of the mechanisms that stand behind the effects of physical activity during aging. Although we believe that future precision medicine will be able to transform exercise administration from wellness to targeted prevention, as yet we admit that the topic is still in its infancy.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aging and anti-aging: a Combo-Endocrinology overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 176 (6) ◽  
pp. R283-R308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis ◽  
Maurizio Dattilo ◽  
Djuro Macut ◽  
Leonidas Duntas ◽  
Efstathios S Gonos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Scientific Society ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Environmental Stimuli

Aging and its underlying pathophysiological background has always attracted the attention of the scientific society. Defined as the gradual, time-dependent, heterogeneous decline of physiological functions, aging is orchestrated by a plethora of molecular mechanisms, which vividly interact to alter body homeostasis. The ability of an organism to adjust to these alterations, in conjunction with the dynamic effect of various environmental stimuli across lifespan, promotes longevity, frailty or disease. Endocrine function undergoes major changes during aging, as well. Specifically, alterations in hormonal networks and concomitant hormonal deficits/excess, augmented by poor sensitivity of tissues to their action, take place. As hypothalamic–pituitary unit is the central regulator of crucial body functions, these alterations can be translated in significant clinical sequelae that can impair the quality of life and promote frailty and disease. Delineating the hormonal signaling alterations that occur across lifespan and exploring possible remedial interventions could possibly help us improve the quality of life of the elderly and promote longevity.

scholarly journals Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 500-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukanya Jongsiriyanyong ◽  
Panita Limpawattana
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Rate Of Progression

The spectrum of cognitive decline in the elderly ranges from what can be classified as normal cognitive decline with aging to subjective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. This article reviewed the up-to-date evidence of MCI including the diagnostic criteria of MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease, vascular cognitive impairment and MCI due to Parkinson disease, management and preventive intervention of MCI. There are various etiologies of MCI, and a large number of studies have been conducted to ascertain the practical modalities of preserving cognition in predementia stages. Lifestyle modification, such as aerobic exercise, is an approved modality to preserve cognitive ability and decrease the rate of progression to dementia, as well as being recommended for frailty prevention.

We are not screening properly for disabling diabetic complications in elderly people with diabetes

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
TN Shawis ◽  
MT Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Care Of Elderly ◽  
Diabetic Care ◽  
Acute Wards

We read with interest the review article by Paul V Knight and Alan McKenzie on diabetes in the elderly. They highlight the fact that close examination of the feet or fundoscopy is often not performed. We have audited the care of elderly diabetic patients on our acute wards using the BGS guidline for diabetic care.

scholarly journals The Impact of Medium Chain and Polyunsaturated ω-3-Fatty Acids on Amyloid-β Deposition, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysfunction Associated with Alzheimer´s Disease

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Janine Mett
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
The Impact

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population, is closely linked to a dysregulated cerebral lipid homeostasis and particular changes in brain fatty acid (FA) composition. The abnormal extracellular accumulation and deposition of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) is considered as an early toxic event in AD pathogenesis, which initiates a series of events leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. These include the induction of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, the disruption of calcium homeostasis and membrane integrity, an impairment of cerebral energy metabolism, as well as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dietary medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and polyunsaturated ω-3-fatty acids (ω-3-PUFAs) seem to be valuable for disease modification. Both classes of FAs have neuronal health-promoting and cognition-enhancing properties and might be of benefit for patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms by which MCFAs and ω-3-PUFAs reduce the cerebral Aβ deposition, improve brain energy metabolism, and lessen oxidative stress levels.

scholarly journals Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood–brain barrier; promise and pitfalls

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Heidarzadeh ◽  
Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir ◽  
Mehmet Kaya ◽  
Aysan Eslami Abriz ◽  
Amir Zarebkohan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNowadays, a large population around the world, especially the elderly, suffers from neurological inflammatory and degenerative disorders/diseases. Current drug delivery strategies are facing different challenges because of the presence of the BBB, which limits the transport of various substances and cells to brain parenchyma. Additionally, the low rate of successful cell transplantation to the brain injury sites leads to efforts to find alternative therapies. Stem cell byproducts such as exosomes are touted as natural nano-drug carriers with 50–100 nm in diameter. These nano-sized particles could harbor and transfer a plethora of therapeutic agents and biological cargos to the brain. These nanoparticles would offer a solution to maintain paracrine cell-to-cell communications under healthy and inflammatory conditions. The main question is that the existence of the intact BBB could limit exosomal trafficking. Does BBB possess some molecular mechanisms that facilitate the exosomal delivery compared to the circulating cell? Although preliminary studies have shown that exosomes could cross the BBB, the exact molecular mechanism(s) beyond this phenomenon remains unclear. In this review, we tried to compile some facts about exosome delivery through the BBB and propose some mechanisms that regulate exosomal cross in pathological and physiological conditions.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms and Immunomodulatory Effects of Platinum Analogs on Some Genes and as Anticancer Drugs: Review Article

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Dalia A. Shakur ◽  
Suhad F. H. Al-Mugdadi ◽  
Inam S. Arif
Keyword(s):  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drug ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties ◽  
Dna Break ◽  
Dna Purine Bases ◽  
Platinum Analogs

Platinum analogs includes cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin. Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug with excellent success in the management of human malignancies. Molecular mechanism of action related to its capacity to crosslink of DNA purine bases; also, by interfere with DNA repair, leading to DNA break, and consequently lead to apoptosis in cancer cells. Cisplatin also found to have immunomodulatory properties besides its cytotoxic effect.

scholarly journals New and Old Mechanisms Associated with Hypertension in the Elderly

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra J. Mateos-Cáceres ◽  
Jose J. Zamorano-León ◽  
Pablo Rodríguez-Sierra ◽  
Carlos Macaya ◽  
Antonio J. López-Farré
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Hypertension Treatment ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Circulating Microparticles ◽  
Cellular Apoptosis ◽  
Different Origin

Hypertension is a widely prevalent and important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases that increase with aging. The hallmark of hypertension in the elderly is increased vascular dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms by which increased blood pressure leads to vascular injury and impaired endothelial function are not well defined. In the present paper, we will analyze several mechanisms described in the scientific literature involved in hypertension in the elderly as endothelial dysfunction, increased oxygen delivery to tissues, inflammation, cellular apoptosis, and increased concentration of active metabolites. Also, we will focus on new molecular mechanisms involved in hypertension such as telomeres shortening, progenitor cells, circulating microparticles, and epigenetic factors that have appeared as possible causes of hypertension in the elderly. These molecular mechanisms may elucidate different origin for hypertension in the elderly and provide us with new targets for hypertension treatment.

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