A Review on Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas Vaginalis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Rahmani ◽  
Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽  
Hamid Mohammadi ◽  
Seif Ali Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Introduction: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, which infects the urogenital tract of men and women. Approximately, 250 million new cases of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection are reported worldwide each year. Trichomoniasis is also considered an important HIV co-infection. The infection is often asymptomatic but can be accompanied by symptoms such as severe inflammation, itching and irritation, foamy discharge, and malodorous smell mucus, but the signs and symptoms of the disease are not sufficient for specific diagnosis. Material and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Margiran were searched and related articles were reviewed. Results: Only screening and the use of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic methods can identify asymptomatic individuals. Today, the most common way to diagnose the infection is to use wet slide, Pap smear and culture methods that do not have high sensitivity and specificity. Also, due to the increase in infection and its complications, finding an efficient, rapid, and easy test to detect the parasite and differentiate Trichomoniasis vaginitis from other sexually transmitted diseases is considered important and necessary. Conclusion: Nowadays, there are several diagnostic methods that differentiate trichomoniasis infection from other sexually transmitted infections with high accuracy and sensitivity. Of course, existing diagnostic methods mostly use women's urine and vaginal samples for diagnosis, and methods that specifically diagnose the infection in men are more limited.

scholarly journals Identificación molecular de Trichomonas vaginalis en muestras cérvico-vaginales de mujeres sexualmente activas de la ciudad de Durango

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-352
Author(s):  
Andrea Karime González Silva ◽  
Nadia Velázquez Hernández ◽  
Alma Rosa Pérez Álamos ◽  
Marisela Aguilar Durán
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Infecciones De Transmisión Sexual

La tricomoniasis representa el 30% de las infecciones de transmisión sexual no virales en el mundo; su agente etiológico es el protozoario parásito Trichomonas vaginalis. Frecuentemente la infección es asintomática, lo que dificulta su tratamiento y detección y facilita su transmisión. La implementación de pruebas específicas, sensibles y económicamente accesibles que permitan mejorar la capacidad de detección de este patógeno, es importante ya que los métodos de diagnóstico que se utilizan tradicionalmente (examen en fresco, cultivo vaginal, papanicolaou, etc.) no cumplen con estos requisitos. En este proyecto se incluyeron 197 mujeres sexualmente activas entre los 17 y los 67 años; se tomaron muestras cérvicovaginales para realizar examen en fresco, tinción Papanicolaou y para la identificación molecular se amplificó una región conservada en el gen de adhesina AP65 de T. vaginalis. Se obtuvo una prevalencia del 35.5% de Trichomonas vaginalis identificada por de PCR de punto final, confirmando que esta última es la técnica con mayor sensibilidad y especificidad con respecto al examen en fresco y Papanicolaou.   Trichomoniasis represents 30% of non-viral sexually transmitted infections worldwide; its etiological agent is the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. The infection is often asymptomatic, which makes it difficult to treat and detect and facilitates its transmission. The implementation of specific, sensitive and economically accessible tests to improve the detection capacity of this pathogen is important because the diagnostic methods traditionally used (fresh examination, vaginal culture, pap smears, etc.) do not meet these requirements. 197 sexually active women between 17 and 67 years of age were included in this project; cervicovaginal samples were taken for fresh test, Papanicolaou staining, and for molecular identification, a conserved region in the AP65 adhesin gene of T. vaginalis was amplified. A prevalence of 35.5% of Trichomonas vaginalis identified by end-point PCR was obtained, confirming that the latter is the technique with greater sensitivity and specificity with respect to the fresh test and Papanicolaou.

scholarly journals Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: implications for immunity and pathogenesis

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 200192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhani B. Bhakta ◽  
Jose A. Moran ◽  
Frances Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Parasite Clearance ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Microbial Symbionts

Trichomoniasis is the third most common sexually transmitted infection in humans and is caused by the protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis ( Tv ). Pathogenic outcomes are more common in women and generally include mild vaginitis or cervicitis. However, more serious effects associated with trichomoniasis include adverse reproductive outcomes. Like other infectious agents, pathogenesis from Tv infection is predicted to be the result of both parasite and host factors. At the site of infection, neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells present and probably play key roles in both parasite clearance and inflammatory pathology. Here, we discuss the evidence that neutrophils home to the site of Tv infection, kill the parasite, and that in some circumstances, parasites possibly evade neutrophil-directed killing. In vitro , the parasite is killed by neutrophils using a novel antimicrobial mechanism called trogocytosis, which probably involves both innate and adaptive immunity. While mechanisms of evasion are mostly conjecture at present, the persistence of Tv infections in patients argues strongly for their existence. Additionally, many strains of Tv harbour microbial symbionts Mycoplasma hominis or Trichomonasvirus , which are both predicted to impact neutrophil responses against the parasite. Novel research tools, especially animal models, will help to reveal the true outcomes of many factors involved in neutrophil- Tv interactions during trichomoniasis.

scholarly journals The protozoanTrichomonas vaginalistargets bacteria with laterally-acquired NlpC/P60 peptidoglycan hydrolases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jully Pinheiro ◽  
Jacob Biboy ◽  
Waldemar Vollmer ◽  
Robert P. Hirt ◽  
Jeremy R. Keown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Peptidoglycan Hydrolases

AbstractTrichomonas vaginalisis a human eukaryotic pathogen and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. This extracellular protozoan parasite is intimately associated with the human vaginal mucosa and microbiota but key aspects of the complex interactions between the parasite and the vaginal bacteria remain elusive. We report thatT. vaginalishas acquired, by lateral gene transfer from bacteria, genes encoding peptidoglycan hydrolases of the NlpC/P60 family. Two of theT. vaginalisenzymes were active against bacterial peptidoglycan, retaining the active site fold and specificity as DL-endopeptidases. The endogenous NlpC/P60 genes are transcriptionally up regulated inT. vaginaliswhen in the presence of bacteria. The over-expression of an exogenous copy produces a remarkable phenotype where the parasite is capable of competing out bacteria from mixed cultures, consistent with the biochemical activity of the enzymein vitro. Our study highlights the relevance of the interactions of this eukaryotic pathogen with bacteria, a poorly understood aspect on the biology of this important human parasite.Author summaryTrichomonas vaginalisis a protozoan parasite that causes a very common sexually transmitted disease known as trichomoniasis. This extracellular parasite resides in the vagina where it is in close association with the mucosa and the local microbiota. Very little is known about the nature of the parasite-bacteria interactions. Here, we report that this parasite had acquired genes from bacteria which retained their original function producing active enzymes capable of degrading peptidoglycan, a polymer that is chemically unique to the cell envelope of bacteria. Our results indicate that these enzymes help the parasite compete out bacteria in mixed cultures. These observations suggest that these enzymes may be critical for the parasite to establish infection in the vagina, a body site that is densely colonised with bacteria. Our study further highlights the importance of understanding the interactions between pathogens and microbiota, as the outcomes of these interactions are increasingly understood to have important implications on health and disease.

scholarly journals A Cell Surface Aggregation-Promoting Factor fromLactobacillus gasseriContributes to Inhibition ofTrichomonas vaginalisAdhesion to Human Vaginal Ectocervical Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niha Phukan ◽  
Anna E. S. Brooks ◽  
Augusto Simoes-Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Vaginal Lactobacilli ◽  
A Cell

ABSTRACTTrichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection, is commonly symptomatic in women. The causative agent isTrichomonas vaginalis, an extracellular protozoan parasite. The host-protective mechanisms and molecules of vaginal lactobacilli that counteract this pathogen are largely unknown. This study examines the inhibition promoted byLactobacillus gasseriagainst the adhesion ofT. vaginalisto host cells, a critical virulence aspect of this pathogen. We observed that the vaginal strainL. gasseriATCC 9857 is highly inhibitory by various contact-dependent mechanisms and that surface proteins are largely responsible for this inhibitory phenotype. We found that the aggregation-promoting factor APF-2 from these bacteria significantly contributes to inhibition of the adhesion ofT. vaginalisto human vaginal ectocervical cells. Understanding the molecules and mechanisms used by lactobacilli to protect the host againstT. vaginalismight help in the development of novel and specific therapeutic strategies that take advantage of the natural microbiota.

Prevalence of Trichomonas Vaginalis and its Correlation with Socio-demographic Variables in Pregnant Women in Al-Diwaniya,Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiren Ali Al Hamzawi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Low Education

Estimates of Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence in pregnant women are variable with few studies in Iraq.T. vaginalis is a worldwide prevalent sexually transmitted infection,but fortunately,it is very treatable. Researchers believed that pregnancy is one of the effective factors for T. vaginalis infection in women.A cross-sectional study performed in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Maternity and Children Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniya city on two hundred female pregnant patients between the ages of 16-45 years. These females had no intercourse for 2–3 days,not using drugs (antibiotics,antiprotozoal or steroids) for the last 15 days. Vaginal discharges of any type with or without itching,burning sensation or both were their main complaints. Vaginal swabs were taken from all participating patients for direct wet mount microscopy and culture for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. The study showed that twelve out of two hundred examined pregnant women (6%) presented with T. vaginalis infection. The infection was more in those with mothers’ age (26-35) years,housewives,low education,higher parity,and of rural residents. Other maternal variables were not significantly associated with T. vaginalis infection. The study showed a prevalence of (6%) of T. vaginalis infection in pregnant female attendees. Infection was more in those with mothers ’age (26-35) years,housewives,low educational level,higher parity,and living in rural areas.

Trends in Diagnosis for Active Tuberculosis Using Nanomaterials

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1946-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tu Phan ◽  
Lemma Teshome Tufa ◽  
Hwa-Jung Kim ◽  
Jaebeom Lee ◽  
Tae Jung Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Background:Tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is difficult to diagnose based only on signs and symptoms. Methods for TB detection are continuously being researched to design novel effective clinical tools for the diagnosis of TB.Objective:This article reviews the methods to diagnose TB at the latent and active stages and to recognize prospective TB diagnostic methods based on nanomaterials.Methods:The current methods for TB diagnosis were reviewed by evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the trends in TB detection using nanomaterials were discussed regarding their performance capacity for clinical diagnostic applications.Results:Current methods such as microscopy, culture, and tuberculin skin test are still being employed to diagnose TB, however, a highly sensitive point of care tool without false results is still needed. The utilization of nanomaterials to detect the specific TB biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can provide a possible strategy to rapidly diagnose TB. Although it is challenging for nanodiagnostic platforms to be assessed in clinical trials, active TB diagnosis using nanomaterials is highly expected to achieve clinical significance for regular application. In addition, aspects and future directions in developing the high-efficiency tools to diagnose active TB using advanced nanomaterials are expounded.Conclusion:This review suggests that nanomaterials have high potential as rapid, costeffective tools to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB. Hence, portable nanobiosensors can be alternative effective tests to be exploited globally after clinical trial execution.

scholarly journals Improved molecular laboratory productivity by consolidation of testing on the new random-access analyzer Alinity m

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Obermeier ◽  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Robert Ehret ◽  
Francesco Onelia ◽  
Rory Gunson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
International Multicenter Study ◽  
Laboratory Productivity ◽  
Laboratory Workflow

AbstractObjectivesAutomated molecular analyzers have accelerated diagnosis, allowing earlier intervention and better patient follow-up. A recently developed completely automated molecular analyzer, Alinity™ m (Abbott), offers consolidated, continuous, and random-access testing that may improve molecular laboratory workflow.MethodsAn international, multicenter study compared laboratory workflow metrics across various routine analyzers and Alinity m utilizing assays for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV), and sexually transmitted infection (STI) (Chlamydia trachomatis [CT]/Neisseria gonorrhoeae [NG]/Trichomonas vaginalis [TV]/Mycoplasma genitalium [MG]). Three turnaround times (TATs) were assessed: total TAT (sample arrival to result), sample onboard TAT (sample loading and test starting to result), and processing TAT (sample aspiration to result).ResultsTotal TAT was reduced from days with routine analyzers to hours with Alinity m, independent of requested assays. Sample onboard TATs for standard workflow using routine analyzers ranged from 7 to 32.5 h compared to 2.75–6 h for Alinity m. The mean sample onboard TAT for STAT samples on Alinity m was 2.36 h (±0.19 h). Processing TATs for Alinity m were independent of the combination of assays, with 100% of results reported within 117 min.ConclusionsThe consolidated, continuous, random-access workflow of Alinity m reduces TATs across various assays and is expected to improve both laboratory operational efficiency and patient care.

scholarly journals Comparison of Trichomoniasis Diagnosis by Microscopic Methods and Indirect ELISA Technique in a Sample of Iraqi Women

2020 ◽  
pp. 742-748
Author(s):  
Nada H. Bedair ◽  
Hayder Z. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Wet Mount ◽  
Urine Examination ◽  
Iraqi Women ◽  
Elisa Technique

Trichomonas vaginalis is an eukaryotic parasite that causes the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. This disease is responsible for many serious health problems such as preterm birth. More than half of the infected women do not develop symptoms, which makes it difficult to diagnose thedisease. In this study, a specific indirect ELISA method was developed to detect anti-Trichomonas vaginalis IgM and IgG immunoglobulins in the sera of infected females. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of a simple ELISA procedure in comparison to the classical urine examination and vaginal wet mount preparation for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis. The sensitivity of the indirect ELISA was compared with the classical vaginal discharge swab and urine microscopic examination, and the results showed sensitivities of 65.5% and 57.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the infection was measurable as acute or chronic with the refined test.

A Review on Herbal Treatments for Trichomonas Vaginalis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Rahmani ◽  
Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽  
Hamid Mohammadi ◽  
Seif Ali Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Patient Acceptance ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Introduction: Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that infects the urogenital tract of men and women and causes trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted disease in both men and women. The infection is often asymptomatic, but it can be accompanied by symptoms such as severe inflammation, itching and burning, foamy discharge and foul-smelling mucus. In one year, 250 million cases of Trichomonas vaginalis were reported worldwide. Material and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Margiran were searched and related articles were reviewed.    Results: Today, the most common treatment for this disease is the use of metronidazole. However, its side effects, which include hematological and neurotoxic effects, cannot be ignored. Because of these side effects, researchers are looking for a suitable replacement for metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Researchers' desire to use  herbs can be due to various reasons such as fewer side effects, better patient acceptance, recommendation of traditional medicine, lower prices of herbs and also compatibility with the normal physiological function of the human body. Conclusion: Considering the inhibitory effects of medicinal plants on the growth and proliferation of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro, it can be concluded that the use of these plants can have many applications in the treatment of trichomoniasis. As a result, by studying more about their advantages and disadvantages, it is possible to make a drug that has higher therapeutic effects with fewer side effects.

Unique cultural methods used to detect viable cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental samples

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Slifko ◽  
D. E. Friedman ◽  
J. B. Rose ◽  
S. J. Upton ◽  
W. Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Severe Gastroenteritis ◽  
Cell Culture Methods

Cryptosporidium parvum is an infectious enteric protozoan parasite that causes waterborne disease, severe gastroenteritis and is associated with high mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Detection of oocysts in water is very difficult and current methodologies do not determine viability. This project has focused on low level detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental samples using a unique cultural method. Previously, cell culture methods have been used to assess the developmental stages of Cryptosporidium; however, no cultural methods have been employed with environmental samples. The percentage of viable oocysts can be estimated by detecting intracellular developmental stages of the parasite using fluorescently labelled antibodies. Other methods are not capable of low level detection or high sensitivity. We are evaluating detection of single foci of infection, indicating that one of the four sporozoites released from the viable oocyst has infected a single cell.

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