scholarly journals Scientific Life of Hakim Mohammed Azam Khan Rampuri Chashti; Custodian of Indo-Iranian Medicine During the 19th Century Changes of Indian Subcontinent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoorieh Afsharipur ◽  
Somayyeh Pakbaz ◽  
Mahdi Shahriari ◽  
Seyyed Alireza Golshani ◽  
Alireza Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
North East ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
East Of Iran ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Life

Indo-Iranian medicine dates back to a couple of centuries ago. The Gurkanies’ movement from Iran and Transoxiana to India introduced the Persian language to India, and the scientific language changed from Arabic and Sanskrit to this language. Iranian medicine has had a remarkable influence on the Indian Subcontinent, a sign of which is the elevated medical literature written in this language. Hakim Mohammad Azam Khan was born in 1813 AD.  His ancestors were great sages of Khorasan (in north east of Iran) and then migrated to Afghanistan and India. Since he lived in the late 19th AD century, he had access to many Iranian traditional books. He provided rich sources of traditional medicine for the next generation by publishing traditional medicine books and traditional pharmacology. He wrote great books such as the Exir Azam (a comprehensive medical encyclopedia), Romouz Azam (a general book on medicine), Qarabadin Azam (Pharmacopeia). With his profound 19th century orientalist approach that emphasized safeguarding the Persian language, he created numerous works in the field of medicine, making him the most serious custodian of Indo-Iranian medicine in India. The present study reviews the scientific life of a contemporary famous author of Indo-Iranian medical literature written in Persian Language.

Using Census Returns and the Own-Children Method to Measure Marital Fertility in Rawtenstall, 1851-1901

2017 ◽  
pp. 54-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. (Mac) Boot
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
North East ◽  
Proximate Determinants ◽  
Birth Records ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town ◽  
Fertility Estimation

The incompleteness of Victorian census returns of marriage and birth records for England and Wales, and the high costs of using civil and church records, have greatly restricted research into the timing and character of the decline in marital fertility in the second half of the 19th century. This article argues that, in spite of these limitations, the census returns provide enough data to allow the well-known the 'Own-children method of fertility estimation', when used within Bongaarts' framework for analysing the proximate determinants of fertility, to derive estimates of total and age-specific marital fertility for women 15 to 49 years of age. It uses data from the census returns for the town of Rawtenstall, a small cotton textile manufacturing town in north-east Lancashire, to generate these estimates and to test their credibility against other well respected measures of marital fertility for England and Wales.

A New Pattern of Old Fabric: Taʻlīm-i fārisī and the Grammatical Description of the Persian Language in the Ottoman Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Munir Drkić ◽  
Ahmed Zildžić
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Language Students ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper aims to examine the work entitled Taʻlīm-i fārisī in the context of the Ottoman tradition of the grammatical study of the Persian language. Taʻlīm-i fārisī, most likely penned by Kemal-pasha, is a short yet exceedingly significant primer for Persian language students dated in the middle of the 19th century. After a brief overview of the Persian grammar studies in the Ottoman Empire, the authors present the work and its author and conduct an analysis of the content of Taʻlīm-i fārisī. In terms of its underlying methodology, this work stands halfway between two principal tendencies: one is the traditional approach to studying the Persian language in the Ottoman Empire; another is a new approach developed under the influence of grammatical description of European languages. This paradigm shift in the Persian language's grammatical description within the Ottoman Empire is readily observable in the primer under review.

A New Pattern of Old Fabric: Taʻlīm-i fārisī and the Grammatical Description of the Persian Language in the Ottoman Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Munir Drkić ◽  
Ahmed Zildžić
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Language Students ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper aims to examine the work entitled Taʻlīm-i fārisī in the context of the Ottoman tradition of the grammatical study of the Persian language. Taʻlīm-i fārisī, most likely penned by Kemal-pasha, is a short yet exceedingly significant primer for Persian language students dated in the middle of the 19th century. After a brief overview of the Persian grammar studies in the Ottoman Empire, the authors present the work and its author and conduct an analysis of the content of Taʻlīm-i fārisī. In terms of its underlying methodology, this work stands halfway between two principal tendencies: one is the traditional approach to studying the Persian language in the Ottoman Empire; another is a new approach developed under the influence of grammatical description of European languages. This paradigm shift in the Persian language's grammatical description within the Ottoman Empire is readily observable in the primer under review.

François Thurot and the First History of Grammar

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie T. Andresen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Cultural Relativity ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract François Thurot’s Discours préliminaire (1796), a first attempt at a historiography of grammar, sums up the language theories of the philosophes, while prefiguring the 19th century in both his concept of language and his attitude towards the science of language. He accepts, for instance, the theory that the perfection of a language reflects the progress of the mind but rejects the metaphysical speculation on the origin of language that characteristically accompanied such a theory. And although Thurot, like his contemporaries, still preoccupies himself with the method of logico-linguistic analysis which would lead to a langue bien faite, his study opens up to a new variety of linguistic phenomena in the vernacular. Thus, his view of language embraces both the mechanical reductionism aimed at scientific language with its pretention to universality as well as the creative dynamism of discursive language with its recognition of cultural relativity. Furthermore, Thurot assimilates the interest in the genetic relationship among languages, that was already in the air, to the historicism of the philosophes, whose historical tableaux unfolded within their theories of language. Thurot’s interest in natural language is an outgrowth of the prevailing ‘climate of opinion’. The data-oriented approach to language had begun with the invention of the printing press, from which time there was an ever increasing accumulation and distribution of material on non-European languages. The French Revolution was to dramatize the importance of discursive language, since the unification of the nation depended, in part, on the democratization and standardization of daily language. Such a climate proved favorable for subsequent work on genetic classification and on Indo-European in the 19th century.

scholarly journals The regulation of midwives in England, c.1500–1902

2020 ◽  
pp. 096853322097617
Author(s):  
Sarah Fox ◽  
Margaret Brazier
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Statutory Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Informal Regulation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Statutory Regulation ◽  
The Church ◽  
Subordinate Role

Throughout the 19th century, midwives were depicted as incompetent slatterns in both popular imagery and medical literature. We examine how, between 1500 and 1800, midwifery was regulated by a combination of formal licensing by the Church and informal oversight within the community. We argue that episcopal licensing demanded that midwives demonstrate knowledge and competence in midwifery, not only that they were spiritually fit to baptise dying infants. Although episcopal licensing lacked statutory authority, the symbiosis of formal and informal systems of regulation ensured good midwifery practice and midwives were regarded as experts in all matters relating to childbirth. The Midwives Act 1902 introduced statutory regulation of midwives, restoring their ‘professional status’ if in a subordinate role. We show that the history of the regulation of midwives across four centuries casts light on the interplay between formal and informal regulation and matters of gender and professional status.

scholarly journals SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND BELIEVES OF THE TEA COMMUNITY OF ASSAM: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1211-1213
Author(s):  
Gyanshree Dutta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
North East India ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
The 19Th Century

India is a co-habitation of different casts, socio-cultural, religious groups of people. It is also observed in Assam, the state in the North-East India. It should be noted that the state of Assam has a reputation worldwide in the field of tea production. Since the beginning of tea production in Assam in the 19th century, the Tea Community social group of Assam has been formed with a large number of people working hard in the tea gardens. In this way tea farmers living in Assam since 19th century have become an independent community with their own social and cultural characteristics. The Tea Community of Assam has a lot of individual Characteristics in the socio-cultural aspects. This study attempts to discuss their social folk customs and believes.

scholarly journals The Ontario Medical Library Association 1887–1907

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
David S Crawford
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Medical Library ◽  
Library Associations ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Current Medical Literature

In the 19th century it was difficult for the growing number of medical practitioners in North America to access current medical literature. Various ways were suggested to solve this problem; one of them was the creation of physician-run medical library associations. After other failed attempts, Ontario physicians formed the Ontario Medical Library Association (OMLA) in 1887. In 1907 the OMLA became the nucleus of the Academy of Medicine, Toronto.

Tautas medicīnas materiāli latviešu folkloras krātuvē un pirmais periodiskais izdevums „Latviešu Ārste”

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
Una Smilgaine
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Medical Plants ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Written Sources

Archives of Latvian Folklore (LFK) have possession of materials on traditional medicine from the second half of the 19th century to nowadays, more than 78646 folklore units in total. The traditional treatment or traditional medicine as a genre covers descriptions of diseases and their treatments, explanations of the causes of the illnesses, and data on remedies (plants, substances, physical items, techniques) and their application. Materials on traditional medicine differ in terms of the form of expression and the content, mostly depending on the personality of the informant or the recorder as well as the time of the recording. The greatest amount of the materials are located in the collections performed by schools in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. Most often, these collections compile information on medical plants, less commonly – on the use of objects, substances, and products of animal origin in medical treatment. LFK individual archives and the Collection of Spells and Incantations [150] contain materials the richest in diversity. Materials on traditional medicine in these archives are structured differently, though they disclose wide context and ties to other genres within folklore. Recipes for humans, as well as animals, combine different substances and drugs available in pharmacies. Materials on traditional medicine recorded in Archives of Latvian Folklore do not reflect traditional Latvian word of mouth inherited knowledge only, there are impacts caused by earlier written sources, including translations from German. The research of the first periodical published in Latvian, “Latvian Doctor” (Latviešu Ārste), shows that there are similarities with the earliest LFK materials in the style of expression, recipes mentioned, and units of measurement used. However, there are no direct rewrites from the “Latviešu Ārste” advice in the later materials of traditional medicine.

scholarly journals Quackery in the Treatment of Syphilis in Serbia / Nadrilekari u lečenju sifilisa u srbiji

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Bosiljka M. Lalević-Vasić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Health Department ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Professional Control ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract During the multi-century Ottoman rule, there were no educated physicians in Serbia, and “folk healers” used to treat the sick. Just after the 3rd decade of the 19th century, when the first educated physicians came to Serbia, we can also speak about quackery. At that time, syphilis started spreading and some quacks became “specialists for syphilis”. They were most numerous in the North-East Serbia in the 4th and 5th decades of the 19th century. They represented a major problem, because people believed them more than they believed physicians, while the state authorities of just liberated country, tolerated them. The quacks were not familiar with the clinical features of syphilis, and mostly used mercury to treat it by fumigation and inhalation, rubbing it into the skin, proscribing mercury pills, while symptoms of severe, sometimes lethal intoxication were signs of successful treatment. They also used sarsaparilla. Authorities of the new Government often issued them permission to work, whereas professional control and prohibition of such treatment began in 1839, when the Health Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was established. The most famous quack, “specialist for syphilis”, was Gojko Marković, who was also a “physician” and the first director of the Hospital for the treatment of syphilis in Serbia during a certain period. A married couple, Gaja and Kita Savković, were also well known, as well as Stojan Milenković, a young man in the service of Prince Miloš. There were, of course, many adventurers, imposters, travelling Turkish and Greek physicians, Gipsies, fortune-tellers, old women, and ignorant people of various professions. Their work was banned by the Government.

scholarly journals Discourse against Catholic Doctrine in Tǝgray (Ethiopia): A Nineteenth Century Text

Aethiopica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 92-104
Author(s):  
Stéphane Ancel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
North East ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with a peculiar document that was found during a field research conducted by the team of the Ethio-SPARE project during the spring 2010 in church libraries of Gulo Mäkäda wäräda, north-east Təgray (historical ʿAgame). This document is a Gəʿəz text written during the 19th century and dedicated to the refutation of the Catholic doctrine. Because of its apparent historical significance, the text and its translation are presented here. Taking into consideration the literary form (discourse) of the work and the place where it was found (the area of the active Catholic preaching) we can assume that the text is a summary of the anti-Catholic argumentation, possibly used by the Orthodox priests, and a witness of the local attitude to the Catholic missionary activities. The treatise does not provide any hints to the political issues of the Catholic settlement in Ethiopia. However, it does highlight some elements of the discourse against Catholic faith in the context of the emergence of a strong religious Täwaḥǝәdo identity.

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