Co-Believers in the Don Army Land in the Early 20th Century: Numbers and Localization

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
A.V. Shadrina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Faith Development ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Missionary Movement ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Parish Priests ◽  
Early 18Th Century

This article considers the results of the formation of Common Faith in the Don Army Land, as a way to overcome the Old Believers’ Schism. In the 18th century, the numerous Old Believers living in the Don area interacted and cooperated with the official Orthodox Church’s parish priests who had been authorized by the eparchial bishops to practise rites in accordance with the old books published in Russia before the 18th centu-ry and used by the Old Believers. Despite the repeated cooperation facts, there were few Cossacks who joined the Russian Church after the establishment of the Common Faith regulations in 1800. The Common Faith development started in the Don area in the 1860s and was associated with the emergence of the Hierarchy of Be-laya Krinitsa, with the establishment of missionary movement within the Russian Church, and with the activities of Archbishop Platon (Gorodetsky). Over the ten-year period when he was the head of the Don and Novo-cherkassk Diocese, he initiated the series of measures which drew the Cossacks’ attention to the possibility of joining the Church without having to reject the old rites. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 30 active Common Faith churches in the Don Army Land: 27 with their independent parishes and 3 with at-tached ones. Analyzing the quantitative composition of the Common Faith churches’ parishes, which was pro-vided in the clergy registers of the Don and Novocherkassk Diocesan churches, resulted in the conclusion that by the beginning of the 20th century, Common Faith had grown to a noticeable movement uniting 11,836 co-believers. They made 22.4 % of the Old Believers who were members of the Common Faith parishes and 0.5 % of the Orthodox believers registered in the Don Army Land’s statistics of the 1897 First General Census of the population of the Russian Empire. The co-believers were localized across the territories which had been the Old Believers’ settlement area since the early 18th century.

scholarly journals Restoration Work in the Main Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 51-71
Author(s):  
Urszula Kraśniewska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Mediterranean Archaeology ◽  
The University ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari was, starting from the early 18th century, gradually discovered, and has been analyzed by many researchers and scientists. In the late 19th century E. Naville was the first to concentrate to an significant extent on the Sanctuary rooms, which resulted in the elaboration of a vast architectural description prepared by Somers Clarke, his cooperator. In the early 20th century, Herbert Winlock conducted studies and analyses of the Sanctuary rooms. In 1961, a concession for conducting works was assigned to the Polish Station of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, directed by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski. Since that time, Polish Missions have conducted numerous architectural and conservation as well as epigraphic works, gradually ordering and reconstructing the Sanctuary.

Russian Empire’s Religious Institutions in the 18th - Early 20th Century: The Evolution of “Friend - Alien - Foe” Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Alexandre Yu. Bendin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian governments three principal institutions to regulate the empires diverse religions from the 18th to the early 20th century are examined. Its author describes the evolution of these bodies, their features and purpose, as well as defining the concept of religious security by analyzing its specific historical content. The author also discusses the relationship between the institutions of the official Russian Church, religious tolerance for foreign confessions, and discrimination against the Old Believers through the prism of friend - alien - foe relations. This approach helps us understand the hierarchical nature of the relations and contradictions that existed between the institutions, whose activities regulated the religious life of the Russian Empires subjects until 1905. The article goes on to analyze the relationship between the official legal status of the Russian Church, imperial tolerance, and religious discrimination. It concludes that the formation of the three state-religious institutions that began in the 18th century ended during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. That time saw the beginning of the gradual evolution of friend - alien - foe inter-institutional relations, which peaked under Emperor Nicholas in 1904-1906. The author also considers the changes in the governments policy towards the Russian schism of the 17th century, which ultimately removed the friend-or-foe opposition in the relations between the Russian state, the Russian Church and the schismatic Old Believers. In accordance with the modernized legislation on religious tolerance, lawful Old Believers and sectarians moved from the category of religious and political foes to that of aliens, to which foreign confessions traditionally belonged. Under the new legal and political conditions, intolerance and religious discrimination against the schism ceased to be an instrument of state policy.

scholarly journals Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Inna Põltsam-Jürjo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Food History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.

scholarly journals Aetiological doctrines and prevalence of pellagra: 18th century to middle 20th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 114 (9/10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaretha Viljoen ◽  
Priyesh Bipath ◽  
Johannes L. Roos
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Deficiency Disease ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations ◽  
Niacin Deficiency ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Pellagra is characterised by dermatological, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Millions contracted the disease and hundreds of thousands died between the time it was first recorded until pellagra was finally recognised as a niacin-deficiency disease. Pellagra became epidemic when maize, with its limited bio-availability of nutrients such as niacin and tryptophan, became the staple food in the near-monophagic diets of the impoverished and institutionalised. By the mid-20th century, pellagra was all but eradicated in large parts. The decline in prevalence can largely be ascribed to a better understanding of the link between nutrition and disease, improvements in socio-economic conditions of workers and food enrichment. We briefly review aetiological doctrines on pellagra and the global spread of the disease from the early 18th century until the middle of the 20th century. In the final analysis, we examine the reasons for, and the legitimacy of, the persistent association between pellagra and the consumption of maize.

scholarly journals Little Ice Age summer temperatures in western Norway from a 700-year tree-ring chronology

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Løvstrand Svarva ◽  
Terje Thun ◽  
Andreas Joachim Kirchhefer ◽  
Atle Nesje
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Spatial Uncertainty ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
Western Norway ◽  
Early 18Th Century

A ring-width Pinus sylvestris chronology from Sogndal in western Norway was created, covering the period AD 1240–2008 and allowing for reconstruction of monthly mean July temperatures. This reconstruction is the first of its kind from western Norway and it aims to densify the existing network of temperature-sensitive tree-ring proxy series to better understand past temperature variability in the ‘Little Ice Age’ and diminish the spatial uncertainty. Spatial correlation reveals strong agreement with temperatures in southern Norway, especially on the western side of the Scandinavian Mountains. Five prominent cold periods are identified on a decadal timescale, centred on 1480, 1580, 1635, 1709 and 1784 and ‘Little Ice Age’ cooling spanning from 1450 to the early 18th century. High interannual and decadal agreement is found with an independent temperature reconstruction from western Norway, which is based on data from grain harvests and terminal moraines. The reconstructed temperatures also correlate with other tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions from Fennoscandia, most strongly with data from central Sweden. Tree growth in Sogndal is correlated to the Scandinavian teleconnection index in the summer months, at least in the last half of the 20th century, and is positively correlated to the summer expression of the North Atlantic Oscillation in the early half of the 20th century. A significant response to major volcanic forcing in the Northern Hemisphere was found, and extreme years seem to be related to the dominance of high and low geopotential height that in turn represents variability in the path of the storm tracks over Fennoscandia. When compared with the variation in frontal positions with time of Nigardsbreen, an eastern outlet glacier from the Jostedalsbreen glacier in western Norway, cold summers in the early 18th century relates to the culmination of a rapid glacial advance that lead up to the 1748 ‘Little Ice Age’ maximum extent.

scholarly journals The Russian language as a mechanism for integration of the General Government of the Steppes of Russia into the common empire area (second half of the 19th — early 20th century)

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-163
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Lysenko ◽  
M.V. Rygalova ◽  
Y.N. Yegorenkova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Russian Language

The problem of homogeneity and integrity of the Russian Empire state territories became topical in the se-cond half of the 19th century. Its resolution was reflected in the administrative and legal integration, based on the policy of Russification and introduction of the Russian language in all spheres of life of the society. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the mechanisms and particularities of the implementation of this policy in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire — the Governor-Generalship of the Steppes. The study is based on a wide range of hsitorical sources — regulations and paperwork, most of which have been identified in archives and in-troduced into the scientific discourse for first time. It has been revealed that the implementation of the Russifica-tion policy in the Steppe Territory followed two directions. The first one involved the introduction of paperwork management in Russian language into the local governments system. This process iniciated very actively in the beginning of the 20th century after the settlement of the legal status of the Russian language in the Russian Em-pire. Applicants for the positions of volost, aul and kishlak rulers, which were elective, were required to pass an exam on Russian language knowledge the prior to the ballot. Failure in the exam would immediately disqualify the candidate from further electoral process. The second important direction of expanding the influence of the Rus-sian language in the Steppe Territory was the educational policy related to the formation of a secular school edu-cation system and the mandatory inclusion of the Russian language course into the educational process. A net-work of Russian-Kyrgyz, Russian-aul, and missionary schools, Cyrillic-based alphabets for regional languages, educational-methodological literature in Russian were created in the region. The Russian language course be-came compulsory in programs of Muslim metebas and madrassas to raise the effectiveness of the Russification policy. Until the end of the imperial period, regional authorities failed to form a staff of ethnic officials who could speak Russian. The level of knowledge of the Russian language in the rest of the indigenous population remained extremely low, which was due to unpopularity of the Russian school system. Thus, it can be stated that the poten-tial of the Russian language as a means of integration into the common empire space was not fully utilized. At the same time, it cannot be denied, that Russian culture, historically close to Muslim peoples of the Central Asian region, embodied in the imperial educational system, played a positive role, acting as a conductor of their in-volvement in the achievements of European civilization.

Jazz and Jazz Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 228-309
Author(s):  
Stuart Smith
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Jazz Theory

The question “what is jazz?” has been asked regularly since the origins of this music in the early 20th century. Over this time, jazz has undergone many changes, but certain characteristics—such as a particular kind of syncopated rhythm, improvisation, and tonal harmony—have remained more or less constant. The central theme of this chapter is that these constant features constitute a common jazz practice analogous the common practice that underlay European art (“classical”) music from the mid-18th century to the end of 19th century. While the common practice in jazz is no longer at the creative cutting edge, the tradition it represents is alive and well. All of the major styles within this tradition are still performed by skilled jazz artists around the world. Jazz Theory follows.

scholarly journals Edela-Eesti kohad ja keel Salomo Heinrich Vestringi sõnaraamatus

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-120
Author(s):  
Karl Pajusalu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Language Use ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Artikkel käsitleb Salomo Heinrich Vestringi eesti-saksa sõnaraamatut „Lexicon Esthonico Germanicum”, mis on koostatud 18. sajandi alguses ja ilmus trükituna esmakordselt alles 1998. aastal. Vestring sündis Pärnus ja töötas enamiku oma elust seal pastorina. Sellepärast on ootuspärane, et sõnaraamat kajastab suuresti tollast Pärnu ümbruse ja laiemalt Edela-Eesti keelepruuki. Artiklis käsitletaksegi sõnaraamatus esivaid Edela-Eesti kohanimesid, muud sõnavara ning fonoloogilisi ja morfoloogilisi erijooni. Ilmneb, et suurel osal sellest sõnavarast ja grammatilistest erijoontest on vasted ka liivi keeles, eriti Põhja-Lätis kõneldud Salatsi liivi keeles. Vestringi esitatud ainesest tuleb esile selliseidki keelejooni, mis on hiljem tuntud üksnes liivi keelest. See annab alust arvata, et kunagi on Edela-Eesti murded olnud liivi keelele veel lähedasemad kui 20. sajandil, ning toetab seisukohta, et Edela-Eesti murded ja liivi keel on varem moodustanud ühtse edelaläänemeresoome murdekontiinumi.South-western Estonian places and language in Salomo Heinrich Vestring’s dictionary. The article concerns the Estonian- German dictionary „Lexicon Esthonico Germanicum” by Salomo Heinrich Vestring which was compiled in early 18th century and first published in 1998. Vestring was born in Pärnu and spent most of his life working there as a pastor. Therefore it is not surprising that the dictionary largely reflects contemporary language use of Pärnu area and south-western Estonia in general. The article discusses south-western Estonian place names, other vocabulary and characteristic phonological and morphological features occurring in the dictionary. It appears that a large part of the vocabulary and characteristic features of grammar have cognates in Livonian, particularly in Salaca Livonian spoken in northern Latvia. Vestring’s material even includes language features that are later only known to exist in Livonian. This gives a reason to believe that south-western Estonian dialects have earlier been closer to Livonian than in the 20th century and supports the view that south-western Estonian dialects and Livonian used to form a single south-western Finnic dialect continuum.

Preserving Islamic Tradition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Spannaus
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Imperial State

Abu Nasr Qursawi (1776–1812) was a major figure in the history of the Muslim communities of the Russian Empire. An important religious scholar, he wrote works calling for the reform of the Islamic scholarly tradition that shaped the religious discourse of these communities into the 20th century. Qursawi focused on the construction of Islamic scholarship in the postclassical period (14th–19th centuries), criticizing scholars’ overreliance on taqlid, which had led them to hold incorrect theological views and prevented them from engaging with scripture in legal interpretation (through ijtihad). He argued that all scholarly positions must be verified (tahqiq) to ensure their correctness, and ijtihad was an obligation upon all Muslims to determine their own actions. Though critical, his reformism was grounded within the existing scholarly tradition, and its content was not subject to European influence. Nevertheless, it can be seen as a response to the incorporation of Islamic institutions into the bureaucracy of the Russian imperial state in the late 18th century, which remade the exercise of Islamic law and religious authority in the empire. This book analyzes his reformism in reference to its antecedents and sources and in light of these historical shifts. It also addresses the issue of modernity, arguing that although his reformism is grounded in the postclassical tradition, it is also an early example of Islamic modernism. It is, however, distinct from Jadidism, the 20th-century reform movement, despite frequent claims to contrary, as Jadidism instead grew out of transformations in the Volga-Ural religious environment postdating Qursawi.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document