scholarly journals A Dialectical Relationship of Hegemony and Language in Marxism: Gramsci, Voloshynov, Pasolini

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 30-45
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Tsyba
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Symbolic Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of

The article deals with three patterns for interpretation of language in its relation to the cultural hegemony, i.e. Gramscian, Voloshinian, and Pasolinian. As was shown, the analysis of the language problem is the necessary precondition for justifying the unity of theoretical and practical elements within Marxist philosophy. A common feature for the aforementioned patterns was an attempt to answer a fundamental question: how it is possible to make explicit the relationship between ideology and relations of production by means of the materialist dialectics. A refusal to fetishize language as a particular essence, a revealing that any sign systems are mediated by ideologies, and elaboration of a nonSaussurian structure of language are the core results of the proposed analysis. The starting point for the reflections of the mentioned thinkers was a tenet that communication in the state is determined by how much the institutions of power are able to bring the interests of society under control without disturbing the balance between the political body and the existing social forces. Thus, an ideology plays in two guises: as a symbolic order of legitimation on the society’s part and as a framing the growth of cultural forms. A distinction between the written and the spoken language becomes a politically significant tool to undermine the hegemony, for a balance between the political and the social, between the coercion and the approval, is widely open to fluctuations. Hence is the problem Marxist theorists have tried to solve: how can it be found out, with an examination of statements in non-political contexts, what someone talks of is a part of her political interest. The Marxist thinkers solved it in various ways. For instance, Gramsci focused himself on the reasons of making of the Italian literary canon; Voloshinov considered the proposition that in linguistics a formalism, as well as psychologism, following from a claim that semantics and means of expression are politically independent; and Pasolini sketched the difference between the spoken language, the spoken-written language, and the purely oral language, with unequal subjects of them.

scholarly journals The unbearable lightness of being alternative: Idealism‐realism and purism‐pragmatism in Greek alternative media

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Dimitra L. Milioni ◽  
Pantelis Vatikiotis
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Alternative Media ◽  
The Political ◽  
Organization Level ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
Production Organization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article explores alternative media sustainability across a wide range of Greek projects. In this regard, it probes into a number of factors related to both the political economy (funding, organization) of these projects and the nature (real/‘imaginary’, broad reach/niche) of the relationship with their communities/audiences. The findings of the research reveal a dynamic and contradictory field regarding alternative media resilience in terms of the dialectical relationship of idealistic/realistic (on the production, organization level) and puristic/pragmatic (on the communication, reach level) features. The article concludes by highlighting the strategies employed by the most successful projects in terms of sustainability in relation to their positioning along the idealism/realism and purism/pragmatism nexus.

scholarly journals Confluencias entre la tesis posmoderna de “la muerte del sujeto” y el pensamiento de Luce Irigaray = Convergences between Postmodern Thesis on 'The Death of the Subject' and the Thought of Luce Irigaray

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Alba Ara Anel
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Order ◽  
Luce Irigaray ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Postmodern Thought ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
A Current

Resumen. El pensamiento posmoderno es uno de los movimientos filosóficos con más repercusión en la época actual. El feminismo de la diferencia, corriente que surge en los años 60 y 70, confluye en muchos de sus puntos con los generalmente atribuidos a la posmoder­nidad. En el presente artículo se ponen en diálogo ambas corrientes a partir de la revisión de algunos de los planteamientos de la teórica feminista Luce Irigaray que remiten a la posterior­mente teorizada “muerte del sujeto”, uno de los ejes del pensamiento posmoderno. Esta tesis se traduce en Irigaray como la crítica a la construcción del “Hombre” como sujeto universal y central en el orden patriarcal, que define a las mujeres como su opuesto, y por lo tanto, privadas de subjetividad propia. Irigaray desafía la existencia de este sujeto universal con el llamamiento a descubrir la propia subjetividad de las mujeres como punto de partida desde el que fundar un orden simbólico alternativo. No obstante, también pueden identificarse algunas contradicciones entre ambas teorías.Palabras clave: posmodernidad, feminismo, diferencia, subjetividad, falocentrismo, len­guaje.Abstract. The Postmodern thought stands as one of the philosophical movements that have achieved a greater repercussion in present times. The Difference Feminism, a current arising in the 60s and 70s, converges in many of its premises with those generally attributed to Postmodernity. In this article both trends are put in dialogue, starting from the revision of some of feminist theorist Luce Irigaray’s approaches that refer to the later theorized ‘Death of the Subject’ - one of the axes of Postmodern thought. This thesis translates into Irigaray as critic of the construction of the ‘Man’ as an universal and central subject in patriarchal order, which defines women as men’s opposite and subsequently renders them deprived of their own subjectivity. Irigaray challenges the existence of this universal subject through her call to discover women’s own subjectivity as a starting point from which an alternative symbolic order can be established. However, it is also possible to identify some contradictions between both theories.Keywords: posmodernism, feminism, difference, subjectivity, phallocentrism, language.

scholarly journals Kajian Wacana Percakapan di Facebook

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-176
Author(s):  
M. Afifulloh
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Media ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Internet Networks

There are two types of languages currently used by humans, namely written language and spoken language. These two languages are used separately for different purposes. But in its development, written language and spoken language are used simultaneously so that now the term discussing chatting. This paper attempts to examine the development of these types of languages both from structuralist and functionalist glasses. The two major schools eventually brought this study to the point of problems regarding language, namely discourse. Discourse studies are able to examine languages ranging from words, phrases, clauses, and sentences comprehensively both first order meaning and second order meaning. The result of the study shows that the discourse on Facebook is a different discourse from other forms of discourse. The difference lies in its media, the shape of the text, and the nature of the text. The media is a forum that can be found in cyberspace through computer devices and internet networks. The form of text is in the form of a written conversation between two people or even more. In these conversations between the speaker and the partner do not deal directly but can directly comment, refute, criticize, or approve the opinions of the speaker. The grammatical elements of internet languages are very different which are shown through the structure of the sentence, the presentation of words, and inflection of words. Many choices of words or alphabet that are not everyday language. As an example appears @ (read at), dotcom which is more or less heard by the media

scholarly journals Uncertainity of risk and increasing risk of uncertainty in business decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-312
Author(s):  
Iván Bélyácz ◽  
Katalin Daubner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Classical System ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Our paper follows the development of theory regarding the position of risk and uncertainty in economics from the publication of works by Knight (1921) and Keynes (1921) until the recent past. The starting point is presented by the relevant remarks of the thinkers of classical economics. Next, we describe the turning point related to Knight and Keynes and reveal the theoretical roots of risk taking. In the core chapter of the paper the authors make an attempt to re-interpret “animal spirits” as the intention for risk taking. A separate chapter is devoted to the relationship of rational choice and risk, and another one about the canonisation of risk in economics. In further parts of the paper, we examine the intentions to relativize the difference between risk and uncertainty, the negligence of uncertainty in the neo-classical system, the attempts to merge risk and uncertainty and the disruption of the unity of risk taking and risk bearing. Finally, the authors come to the conclusion that Knight’s and Keynes’ doctrines of risk and uncertainty have stood the test of time.

scholarly journals “Fu” and “Zhou”—A preliminary study on “language worship” and its symbolization

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Xinyu Yuan ◽  
Hongbo Li
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Depth Probe ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article aims to, based on the study of “Spells” (or “Fuzhou”, 符咒, including the magic figures and incantations), find out the relationship of “Fu” (符, talisman1), “Zhou” (咒, incantations)” and “language worship” (including written language and oral language). There is an in-depth probe into “language worship”, and the clarification of the term “Fu” and “Fushu” (the use of Fu), “Zhou” and “Zhoushu” (the use of Zhou), no matter in a narrow sense or a broad one. In addition, the differentiation of language, “language worship” and “Spells” has been achieved via symbols and their symbolization. The final conclusion of such study shows that language worship is the process of language symbolization, and spells, in essence, is the symbol of language.

scholarly journals Spoken language usage events

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN CIENKI
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Linguistic Units

abstractAs an explicitly usage-based model of language structure (Barlow & Kemmer, 2000), cognitive grammar draws on the notion of ‘usage events’ of language as the starting point from which linguistic units are schematized by language users. To be true to this claim for spoken languages, phenomena such as non-lexical sounds, intonation patterns, and certain uses of gesture should be taken into account to the degree to which they constitute the phonological pole of signs, paired in entrenched ways with conceptual content. Following through on this view of usage events also means realizing the gradable nature of signs. In addition, taking linguistic meaning as consisting of not only conceptual content but also a particular way of construing that content (Langacker, 2008, p. 43), we find that the forms of expression mentioned above play a prominent role in highlighting the ways in which speakers construe what they are talking about, in terms of different degrees of specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Viewed in this way, usage events of spoken language are quite different in nature from those of written language, a point which highlights the need for differentiated accounts of the grammar of these two forms of expression taken by many languages.

The Tool Noun and Tool Verb Alternation in Gesture

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Do So

Abstract In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to investigating what aspects of grammar in spoken language are coordinated with gesture. However, previous studies have focused on gesture use in relation to other grammatical categories rather than the basic grammatical categories of nouns and verbs. Against this background, this study, taking the tool noun and tool verb alternation as a starting point, considers to what extent gesture relates to the tool frame and to what extent it relates to the choice of nouns or verbs and accordingly the means of construal afforded by nouns and verbs. It is found that the number of gestures produced and the dominant gesture mode are largely dependent on the tool frame, but some other aspects in gesture do vary depending on the choice of nouns or verbs in speech, and these differences in gesture seem to correlate with the difference between how speakers conceptualize nouns and verbs, as hypothesized in the theory of cognitive grammar: nouns profile THINGS while verbs profile PROCESSES. This finding adds to previous studies about which aspects of grammar relate to gesture and how they do so, thereby furthering our understanding of the integrated nature of speech and gesture.

scholarly journals SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (08) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Umida Kulmagambetovna Khodjaniyazova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Product Creation ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Writing Competence

This article deals with linguistic and pragma linguistic view of speaking and writing competence, and explores the similarities and differences between them. The definition of a “linguistic personality” as a key factor in product creation is discussed. Moreover, the article provides the examples that show the difference between written and spoken language in the field of syntax.

scholarly journals PENANDA KALA ABSOLUT DALAM BAHASA MAKASSAR (Absolute Tense Markers in Makassarese Language)

Kandai ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
NFN Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Research Results ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Descriptive Method

Bahasa Makassar, sebagaimana bahasa daerah di Sulawesi Selatan pada umumnya, juga mengenal penanda kala yang digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari oleh masyarakat pendukungnya. Penelitian ini membahas kala absolut dalam bahasa Makassar, khususnya mengenai ciri-ciri kala, identifikasi bentuk kala, dan makna yang diungkapkan.  Tujuan penelitian memperoleh deskripsi yang memadai tentang pernyataan kala absolut dalam bahasa Makassar, yang diungkapkan secara leksikal, beserta makna yang dikandung oleh pernyataan kala absolut tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan beberapa tahapan, yaitu (1) pengumpulan data dengan menerapkan teknik wawancara langsung dan seterusnya dengan narasumber kemudian mencocokan dengan bahasa yang dikuasai oleh peneliti sebagai penutur bahasa Makassar, lalu merekam dan mencatat hasil wawancara tersebut, (2) pengolahan data, pertama-tama dilakukan transkripsi data dari bahasa lisan ke bahasa tulis, lalu diklasifikasikan berdasarkan bentuk dan makna yang dikandungnya, dan (3) tahap penganalisisan data. Data yang sudah dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan menerapkan teknik distribusi untuk menguji keterangan letak antara leksem yang satu dengan leksem yang lainnya, berdasarkan waktu yang ditunjukkan. Sumber data diperoleh dari bahasa lisan dan bahasa tertulis. Bahasa lisan diperoleh dari narasumber (informan) dan bahasa tertulis yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dan buku-buku yang relevan dengan penelitian ini sebagai sumber acuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penanda kala absolut dibentuk dari adverbia temporal yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk leksikal.The language of Makassarese, as well as regional language in South Sulawesi in general, also recognizes the markers used in conversations by the support community. This study discusses the absolute tense in Makassar language, especially regarding the characteristics of tense, tense identification, aspect, and modalities; as well as form, and meaning expressed. The purpose of this study to obtain an adequate description of the absolute tense makers in Makasarese language, which is expressed lexically, along with the meaning contained in the absolute tense markers. This research uses descriptive method with several techniques. (1) Data is collected by recording the direct interview with language informant then the data collected is matched with the language mastered by the researcher as a native speaker of Makassarese language.(2) The data is then transcribed is the analyzed; based on the from spoken language to written language; the it is classified according to the form and the meaning it contains. (3) The data is then analyzed based on the time it is designated. The data is collected from spoken and written languages. Oral language is derived from informants and written language is obtained from research results and books relevant to this research, i.e. as references. The results show that absolute tense markers are found in the form of temporal adverbs expressed in lexical forms.

scholarly journals Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Lintunen ◽  
Mari Mäkilä
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Learner Language

Spoken and written language are two modes of language. When learners aim at higher skill levels, the expected outcome of successful second language learning is usually to become a fluent speaker and writer who can produce accurate and complex language in the target language. There is an axiomatic difference between speech and writing, but together they form the essential parts of learners’ L2 skills. The two modes have their own characteristics, and there are differences between native and nonnative language use. For instance, hesitations and pauses are not visible in the end result of the writing process, but they are characteristic of nonnative spoken language use. The present study is based on the analysis of L2 English spoken and written productions of 18 L1 Finnish learners with focus on syntactic complexity. As earlier spoken language segmentation units mostly come from fluency studies, we conducted an experiment with a new unit, the U-unit, and examined how using this unit as the basis of spoken language segmentation affects the results. According to the analysis, written language was more complex than spoken language. However, the difference in the level of complexity was greatest when the traditional units, T-units and AS-units, were used in segmenting the data. Using the U-unit revealed that spoken language may, in fact, be closer to written language in its syntactic complexity than earlier studies had suggested. Therefore, further research is needed to discover whether the differences in spoken and written learner language are primarily due to the nature of these modes or, rather, to the units and measures used in the analysis.

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