scholarly journals PENANDA KALA ABSOLUT DALAM BAHASA MAKASSAR (Absolute Tense Markers in Makassarese Language)

Kandai ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
NFN Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Research Results ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Descriptive Method

Bahasa Makassar, sebagaimana bahasa daerah di Sulawesi Selatan pada umumnya, juga mengenal penanda kala yang digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari oleh masyarakat pendukungnya. Penelitian ini membahas kala absolut dalam bahasa Makassar, khususnya mengenai ciri-ciri kala, identifikasi bentuk kala, dan makna yang diungkapkan.  Tujuan penelitian memperoleh deskripsi yang memadai tentang pernyataan kala absolut dalam bahasa Makassar, yang diungkapkan secara leksikal, beserta makna yang dikandung oleh pernyataan kala absolut tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan beberapa tahapan, yaitu (1) pengumpulan data dengan menerapkan teknik wawancara langsung dan seterusnya dengan narasumber kemudian mencocokan dengan bahasa yang dikuasai oleh peneliti sebagai penutur bahasa Makassar, lalu merekam dan mencatat hasil wawancara tersebut, (2) pengolahan data, pertama-tama dilakukan transkripsi data dari bahasa lisan ke bahasa tulis, lalu diklasifikasikan berdasarkan bentuk dan makna yang dikandungnya, dan (3) tahap penganalisisan data. Data yang sudah dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan menerapkan teknik distribusi untuk menguji keterangan letak antara leksem yang satu dengan leksem yang lainnya, berdasarkan waktu yang ditunjukkan. Sumber data diperoleh dari bahasa lisan dan bahasa tertulis. Bahasa lisan diperoleh dari narasumber (informan) dan bahasa tertulis yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dan buku-buku yang relevan dengan penelitian ini sebagai sumber acuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penanda kala absolut dibentuk dari adverbia temporal yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk leksikal.The language of Makassarese, as well as regional language in South Sulawesi in general, also recognizes the markers used in conversations by the support community. This study discusses the absolute tense in Makassar language, especially regarding the characteristics of tense, tense identification, aspect, and modalities; as well as form, and meaning expressed. The purpose of this study to obtain an adequate description of the absolute tense makers in Makasarese language, which is expressed lexically, along with the meaning contained in the absolute tense markers. This research uses descriptive method with several techniques. (1) Data is collected by recording the direct interview with language informant then the data collected is matched with the language mastered by the researcher as a native speaker of Makassarese language.(2) The data is then transcribed is the analyzed; based on the from spoken language to written language; the it is classified according to the form and the meaning it contains. (3) The data is then analyzed based on the time it is designated. The data is collected from spoken and written languages. Oral language is derived from informants and written language is obtained from research results and books relevant to this research, i.e. as references. The results show that absolute tense markers are found in the form of temporal adverbs expressed in lexical forms.

scholarly journals JENIS DAN PROSES PEMBENTUKAN ADJEKTIVA DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU DI KENAGARIAN SUNGAI ABANG KECAMATAN LUBUK ALUNG KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Milna Rahman ◽  
Agustina Agustina ◽  
Ngusman Abdul Manaf
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Recording Technique ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aimed to describe (1) type adjectives in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman, and (2) the process of forming adjective in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistric Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive method. The method of data collection was using the method of referring and recording technique. Analyzing the data was done in the form of activities as follows: (1) describes the recording data into written language, (2) identify the data in accordance with the format provided, (3) classify the data into the type and process of the formation of the adjective, and (4) do data deduction based on research result. The data of this research are sentence containing the adjectives expressed by the community in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. The source of this research is Minangkabau language especially oral language of society in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. Based on the results of the research obtained the following results, first adjectives in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman is as follows: (1) characteristic adjective (character or temperament), (2) color adjectives, (3) shape adjectives, (4) size adjectives, (5) sensory adjectives, (6) time adjectives, (7) distance adjectives, (8) speed adjectives, (9) power adjunctive adjectives, (10) adjectiva adjectives. Secondly, there are two adjunctive adjunctive processes in the Minangkabau language, which are basic adjectives and derivate adjectives that can be sorted on beraffixed adjectives, duplicated adjectives and compounded adjective adjectives. Keywords: Adjectives, Word-forming, Minangkabau Language

Coming to terms with conversational grammar

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Rühlemann
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Using Data

“situationally defined varieties” (Biber et al. 1999:5) have advanced the study of conversational grammar considerably. This paper questions the use of writing-based conceptual frameworks and terminologies in the description of conversational grammar. It is argued that conversation as the major situationally defined variety of the spoken language requires for its adequate description concepts and terminologies that are based on the situational factors that determine the conversational situation. The paper attempts to demonstrate that, conversely, a descriptive apparatus derived from the written code, which by necessity fails to reflect the situational factors governing conversation and implicitly compares features of conversation to the norms of the written language, inevitably conveys negative evaluation of the conversational features observed. This claim will be illustrated by functional and terminological analyses of two conversational key features commonly labelled ‘dislocation’ and ‘dysfluency’. The analyses will be carried out using data from the BNC. Potential alternative concepts and terminologies will be discussed.

scholarly journals Code-Switching in der Geschriebenen Sprache. Mehrsprachigkeit am beispiel Deutscher Pressetexte, Liedertexte und Sms-Nachrichten unter Berücksichtigung der Tendenz zur Konzeptionellen Mündlichkeit bzw. Schriftlichkeit

ACC Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Magdalena Malechová
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Written Form

Multilingualism plays an immense role in today's world. This linguistic interweaving occurs, consciously or unconsciously, but the understanding of linguistic interaction is always on the front burner. The contribution shows some possibilities of the encounter of different languages and the consequences of these contacts. One of the processes in which the languages are merging is called code-switching. On concrete examples in written language, coexisting elements of spoken language are shown. The aim of the article is, however, to observe the written language and its tendency to either conceptual verbal or written form of language and to present three types of written texts and how code-switching in this field of communication works. Based on theoretical knowledge about existing forms of changing language codes, in the empirical part of the study, exemplary excerpts are subjected to qualitative linguistic analysis and research results are presented.

scholarly journals A Dialectical Relationship of Hegemony and Language in Marxism: Gramsci, Voloshynov, Pasolini

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 30-45
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Tsyba
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Symbolic Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of

The article deals with three patterns for interpretation of language in its relation to the cultural hegemony, i.e. Gramscian, Voloshinian, and Pasolinian. As was shown, the analysis of the language problem is the necessary precondition for justifying the unity of theoretical and practical elements within Marxist philosophy. A common feature for the aforementioned patterns was an attempt to answer a fundamental question: how it is possible to make explicit the relationship between ideology and relations of production by means of the materialist dialectics. A refusal to fetishize language as a particular essence, a revealing that any sign systems are mediated by ideologies, and elaboration of a nonSaussurian structure of language are the core results of the proposed analysis. The starting point for the reflections of the mentioned thinkers was a tenet that communication in the state is determined by how much the institutions of power are able to bring the interests of society under control without disturbing the balance between the political body and the existing social forces. Thus, an ideology plays in two guises: as a symbolic order of legitimation on the society’s part and as a framing the growth of cultural forms. A distinction between the written and the spoken language becomes a politically significant tool to undermine the hegemony, for a balance between the political and the social, between the coercion and the approval, is widely open to fluctuations. Hence is the problem Marxist theorists have tried to solve: how can it be found out, with an examination of statements in non-political contexts, what someone talks of is a part of her political interest. The Marxist thinkers solved it in various ways. For instance, Gramsci focused himself on the reasons of making of the Italian literary canon; Voloshinov considered the proposition that in linguistics a formalism, as well as psychologism, following from a claim that semantics and means of expression are politically independent; and Pasolini sketched the difference between the spoken language, the spoken-written language, and the purely oral language, with unequal subjects of them.

scholarly journals VARIASI BAHASA DALAM KOLOM MELA KOMENTAR SURAT KABAR RAKYAT BENGKULU

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Hotlan Siboro ◽  
Dian Eka Chandra ◽  
Ngudining Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
Analyze Data

The purpose of this study is to describe the variation of spoken language in the column Mela Bengkulu People's newspaper commentary and language variations in the column Mela Bengkulu People's newspaper comments in terms of formality. This research uses descriptive research design and  using documentation technique as data collection tool. For data analysis, the following steps are used: (1) read carefully, (2) code every data obtained, (3) tabulate data used to describe language usage, (4) analyze data of spoken language in terms of level (5) classify the results of data analysis, (6) synthesize the results of classification, (7) conclude. From the result of the research, it is found that the variation of language in Mela Comments column used standard oral language and non standard oral language. Language variations seen in terms of formality are used diverse casual and familiar variety. The marker of standard oral spoken language is seen in the use of Indonesian vocabulary and diction and no regional language elements. Markers of oral spoken language use are not seen in non-standard word usage, regional/foreign language usage, slang usage and presence of expression statements. Markers of casual usage are seen in the use of regional/foreign languages, the use of non-standard words, the use of slang and expressions. The use of familiar varieties is seen in the use of the word hello, the use of regional/foreign languages and typical terms. Conclusion; Language variations in the October 26 to 24 November 2016 edition of Mela Comments column of 26 topics with 265 speeches, can be summarized by 38 speeches using standard oral language and 227 using non-standard spoken language. Language variations are viewed in terms of its formality using a variety of casual and diverse. Keywords: language variation, mela komentar column, Rakyat Bengkulu newspaper

On Using Written Language Training Data for Spoken Language Modeling

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schwartz ◽  
L. Nguyen ◽  
F. Kubala ◽  
G. CHou ◽  
G. Zavaliagkos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Language Modeling ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Language Training

Sinitic in a Global Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Francis Kornicki
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
The Common

This chapter focuses on the language rupture in East Asia, that is to say, the loss of the common written language known as literary Chinese or Sinitic. The gradual replacement of the cosmopolitan language Sinitic by the written vernaculars was a process similar in some ways to the replacement of Latin and Sanskrit by the European and South Asian vernaculars, as argued by Sheldon Pollock. However, Sinitic was not a spoken language, so the oral dimension of vernacularization cannot be ignored. Charles Ferguson’s notion of diglossia has been much discussed, but the problem in the context of East Asia is that the only spoken languages were the vernaculars and that Sinitic was capable of being read in any dialect of Chinese as well as in the vernaculars used in neighbouring societies.

Embracing multidimensionality in phonological analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-139
Author(s):  
Abigail C. Cohn ◽  
Margaret E. L. Renwick
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Iterative Approach ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract We pursue the idea, implicit in much current phonological research, that understanding the multiple factors that shape speech production and perception is within the purview of phonology. In particular, increased access to naturalistic data has highlighted the multidimensional reality of variation in spoken language. At the same time, longstanding methods of doing phonology – including impressionistic analysis, and laboratory and experimental studies – remain crucial to understanding native speaker competence and grammar. We advocate for an expanded methodological toolbox in phonological analysis, using an iterative approach that crucially includes naturalistic corpus data. Integrating across multiple data sources offers fuller insight into the nature of the phonological system and native speaker-hearer ability. Several case studies highlight findings gained through linked, iterative studies, showing the importance of naturalistic data for a richer understanding of phonological phenomena, and leading us to reflect on desiderata for corpora to reveal speaker-specific patterns in fine phonetic detail and variability, which we argue are part of a speaker-hearer’s phonological competence. Phonological analysis that embraces the full spectrum of variation in spoken language data (from categorical to gradient, and systematic to sporadic) contributes to a deeper understanding of phonology in this richer sense.

scholarly journals CULTURAL OBSTACLE IN THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NATIVE SPEAKER AND NON NATIVE SPEAKER IN ENGLISH.

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
Sogimin Sogimin
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
English Learner ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
British People

This research describes the cultural obstacles in the communication oral and written between native speaker and non native speaker in English.  The obstacles of cultural is one of main obstacles in the  two peoples of communication in the different culural. The research,especially describes the one case of communication between Indonesian people and British people in the social media WhatsApp. The main data of the research is the communication transcript in the social media WhatsApp. Besides of that, the data comes from the interview with the responden.             The research is the case study of the Indonesian people and British people. The data analysis uses qualitative and descriptive method. The result of research shows the miscommunication from different cultural in English. This miscommunication not only caused of the skill of language(language competence) but also difference of cultural between of two peoples. Suggested  to the English learner that  not only learns in the languages aspects but also learns in the cultural aspects, because both of them coud not separate and interplay each others.

scholarly journals Habitus and Symbolic Violence in Sar Culture, Merauke, Papua

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Trinovianto George Reinhard Hallatu ◽  
Darsono Wisadirana ◽  
Sholih Mu'adi ◽  
Anif Fatma Chawa
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Descriptive Method

The sar culture is the pre-existing culture of the Kanum tribe whose implementation is aimed to maintain and preserve nature. Sar culture not only has a positive influence on the environment, but it also represents symbolic violence against women and the Kanum people. This research is aimed to describe sar culture based on the theory of habitus and symbolic violence by Bourdieu. This research involved a qualitative descriptive method, in which the data was obtained from in-depth interviews with Kanum tribal head, Kanum tribe elders, and some village residents involved in sar, observation in Naukenjerai district, and supported by literature review. All collected data were then analyzed descriptively according to the concepts of habitus and symbolic violence by Bourdieu. The research results show that sar culture is a habitus resulting from an interaction between human beings and their nature that has existed for long before. Besides that, there is symbolic violence to the Kanum women and also to the Kaum people, which done by the Kanum men and the leaders of the Kanum tribe as the dominant actors.

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