CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF TOURISTS BY GROSS AND PER CAPITA INDICATORS OF OUTBOUND TOURISM

Background: Large-scale and population-based studies of heart failure (HF) incidence and prevalence are scarce in China. The study sought to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and cost of HF in China. Methods: We conducted a population-based study using records of 50.0 million individuals ≥25 years old from the national urban employee basic medical insurance from 6 provinces in China in 2017. Incident cases were individuals with a diagnosis of HF (International Classification of Diseases code, and text of diagnosis) in 2017 with a 4-year disease-free period (2013–2016). We calculated standardized rates by applying age standardization to the 2010 Chinese census population. Results: The age-standardized prevalence and incidence were 1.10% (1.10% among men and women) and 275 per 100 000 person-years (287 among men and 261 among women), respectively, accounting for 12.1 million patients with HF and 3.0 million patients with incident HF ≥25 years old. Both prevalence and incidence increased with increasing age (0.57%, 3.86%, and 7.55% for prevalence and 158, 892, and 1655 per 100 000 person-years for incidence among persons who were 25–64, 65–79, and ≥80 years of age, respectively). The inpatient mean cost per-capita was $4406.8 and the proportion with ≥3 hospitalizations among those hospitalized was 40.5%. The outpatient mean cost per-capita was $892.3. Conclusions: HF has placed a considerable burden on health systems in China, and strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of HF are needed. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: ChiCTR2000029094.

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A classification of different phases of development in the export sector of Nigerian agriculture

South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences ◽

10.4102/sajems.v3i2.2610 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 245-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard Ilorah

Keyword(s):

Trade Theory ◽

Agricultural Export ◽

Export Sector ◽

International Trade Theory ◽

Phases Of Development ◽

Development Phases ◽

Per Capita ◽

Factor Inputs ◽

Peak Phase

The Nigerian agricultural export sector has been through three different development phases: transition, peak, and de-agriculturalisation. Blending simple international trade theory with actual facts, this study supports the notion that production during the transition phase enjoyed a classical "vent for surplus" type of growth, involving increased utilisation of available factor inputs, which in turn produced increased per capita income. Coupled with the classical factors were several technological packages introduced to farmers in later years. These led to the attainment of output peaks mainly in the 1950s and 1960s. Finally. the study argues that the foundation for de-agriculturalisation was already laid during the peak phase when farmers were taxed heavily, and several agricultural projects were biased against them.

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Changes in retail sales of tobacco products in Ontario after a menthol sales restriction

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056489 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056489

Author(s):

Elizabeth M Brown ◽

Doris G Gammon ◽

Todd Rogers ◽

Ellen M Coats ◽

Lindsay T Olson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Product ◽

Tobacco Policy ◽

Scanner Data ◽

Retail Sales ◽

Menthol Cigarette ◽

Menthol Cigarettes ◽

Before And After ◽

Per Capita ◽

Product Sales

BackgroundOntario, Canada prohibited menthol tobacco product sales beginning 1 January 2017. We measured retail sales of menthol cigarettes and possible substitute products before and after policy implementation in Ontario.MethodsWe licensed retail scanner data for tobacco product sales in Ontario and British Columbia (BC), a comparison province without a menthol tobacco policy at that time. We assessed changes in per capita unit sales (per 1000 people) from pre-policy (January–June 2016) to post-policy (January–June 2017) periods. Classification of cigarettes as menthol or non-menthol, or having menthol-suggestive descriptors (‘green’, ‘blue’, ‘silver’ and ‘fresh’), was based on scanner data.ResultsOntario menthol cigarette sales decreased 93%, from 596 to 40 packs per capita compared with a 2% decrease (696 to 679 packs per capita) in BC. Menthol capsule cigarette sales remained low in Ontario (<1% of total cigarette sales) but rose sixfold in BC. Although cigar sales data were unavailable, substitution appeared minimal; sales of non-menthol cigarettes increased 0.4% in Ontario (11 470 to 11 519 packs per capita) while vaping product sales decreased. Ontario had a larger increase in sales of cigarettes with menthol-suggestive descriptors (11% increase) than BC (3% increase). In Ontario, nearly all (>99%) pre-policy sales of cigarettes with ‘green’ menthol-suggestive descriptors were menthol cigarettes, but post-policy, 94% of ‘green’ cigarettes sold were non-menthol.ConclusionsOntario’s menthol policy was associated with a decrease in retail sales of cigarettes classified as menthol, with little evidence of product substitution. Understanding changes in sales of cigarettes with menthol-suggestive descriptors would be informative.

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MONITORING PERUBAHAN AREAL PERSAWAHAN MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS (Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Pallangga Kabupaten Gowa)

Jurnal Ecosolum ◽

10.20956/ecosolum.v8i1.6892 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Magfirah Djamaluddin ◽

Andi Ramlan ◽

Muh. Jayadi

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Paddy Field ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Rice Production ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Test Results ◽

Accuracy Test ◽

Per Capita ◽

High Resolution Satellite Imagery

The area of agricultural land, especially paddy fields, is related to the level of rice production. Conversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture will have an impact on the availability of rice supply. This study aims to identify changes in paddy field land use in 2005 - 2016 using high-resolution satellite imagery and calculate the need for rice per capita in Pallangga District. This research utilizes the application of geographic information systems in monitoring changes in paddy field use. The method used in the classification of land use is digitizing on screen. The conversion of paddy fields to non-paddy fields was obtained from the results of overlapping maps of Pallangga District land use maps in 2005 and 2016 and presented in the form of cross tabulations. The accuracy test results obtained the overall accuracy value of 98.04%, and the kappa accuracy value of 0.98. This study shows that paddy field area has decreased by 305.25 ha. The change consisted of 17.68 ha into a water body, turned into a garden of 132.86 ha and became a settlement of 154.71 ha. The conversion of paddy fields in Pallangga District in 2005-2016 affected rice production. The results of the analysis of the needs of rice per capita per year show that in 2017 Pallangga District is surplus in the supply of rice to its population. However, based on population projection, the decrease in land area and rice production in Pallangga Subdistrict in 2020 was unable to meet the rice needs of its population of 1,027 tons

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KLASIFIKASI DAERAH KABUPATEN/KOTA DI PROPINSI MALUKU BERDASARKAN TIPOLOGI KLASSEN

10.31237/osf.io/cns79 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

PAULUS LARATMASE

Keyword(s):

Secondary Data ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

City Region ◽

Left Behind ◽

Per Capita ◽

Classification Of Regions ◽

Underdeveloped Region ◽

Typology Analysis

This study aims to determine the classification of regions (districts / cities) in Maluku Province based on the Klassen typology. This research was conducted in Maluku Province with the consideration that Maluku is one of the provinces with a GDP level, PDR growth rate, and a relatively small GDP per capita compared to the Provinces in Indonesia, but with the potential it has a possibility to increase economic growth. This study uses secondary data in the form of data on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) on the basis of constant prices, both growth rates, contributions and GDP per capita. The data collection method used, namely the documentation method, then carried out the analysis using the Klassen Typology analysis tool, Based on the results of the study there were 2 Cities and 1 District classified as fast-developing and fast-growing regions, fast developing regions consisting of two Regencies, Districts / Cities classified in the classification of advanced but depressed areas / potential to be left behind consists of 3 Three Districts. Regency / City Region classified as relatively underdeveloped region consists of 3 Districts

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Intraregional inequalities in Serbia - testing the club convergence

Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke ◽

10.2298/zmsdn1969091m ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 91-108

Author(s):

Dejan Molnar ◽

Maja Jandric

Keyword(s):

A Priori ◽

Spatial Development ◽

Regional Disparities ◽

The Other ◽

Data Driven ◽

Club Convergence ◽

Convergence Clubs ◽

Per Capita

Not only are all the regions in Serbia underdeveloped in comparison to EU-28 average, but there are also relatively large regional disparities in our country. Nevertheless, the largest part of the uneven spatial development in Serbia lies in pronounced and growing inequalities within the regions ? intraregional disparities are greater than the interregional ones. This paper aims to investigate the existence of club convergence on NUTS 3 level in Serbia. While a common approach is based on a priori dividing units of observation into individual groups based on some of their particular characteristics, we use a method that allows identification of clusters of convergence by using an algorithm that is data-driven and thereby avoids a priori classification of the data into subgroups. We use data on GVA per capita for NUTS 3 level in Serbia, for the period 2001-2016. Our results show that there are three convergence clubs in Serbia, while two districts - Belgrade district and South Backa district show no signs of convergence with any of the other clubs or between themselves.

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Eurozone General Business Situation

World Economy and International Relations ◽

10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-49-57 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 49-57

Author(s):

A. Sidorov

Keyword(s):

Business Cycle ◽

Policy Research ◽

Individual Member ◽

Average Growth ◽

Fixed Capital Formation ◽

Level Of Economic Development ◽

Per Capita ◽

General Business ◽

Key Indicators

The article deals with the main trends in the dynamics of the Eurozone’s general business situation (GBS) since its formation. The first (2008–2009) and the second (2012–2013) waves of the recession are compared. Average growth rates of key business cycle indicators are calculated. The periodization of the Eurozone business cycles as well as the identification of turning points made by the Centre for Economic Policy Research is critically assessed. The steady character of economic revival in 2014 is challenged. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as a principal factor of GBS is assessed. GFCF rate as well as returns on GFCF are calculated and monitored. The classification of the Eurozone countries as per GDP volume and GDP per capita is provided. The mechanism of GBS formation is analyzed; the roles of the core countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain) are highlighted. Also, the interaction of the block as a whole and its individual member countries is revealed. Deviations of individual countries dynamics from that of the Eurozone are identified and possible explanations for such phenomena are proposed. Then, the differences in GBS dynamics in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods are analyzed in details. The correlation between the Eurozone and US business cycle is tracked. The desynchronization of the Eurozone members’ dynamics in 2008-2014 is highlighted. The connection between the level of economic development and the divergence in countries and Eurozone GBS dynamics is established. Business cycle phases and changes in key indicators among the Eurozone members are compared. The fragility of the future Eurozone GBS is forecasted. The author points at a dubious character of the allegations about significant improvement of GBS in the Eurozone and expects the continuation of its competitiveness’ crisis.

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Stability classification of a Ricker model with two random parameters

Advances in Applied Probability ◽

10.1239/aap/1019160952 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 112-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Henrik Fagerholm ◽

Göran Högnäs

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Isolated Population ◽

Random Parameters ◽

Stochastic Version ◽

Ricker Model ◽

Zero Growth ◽

Null Recurrence ◽

Per Capita ◽

Stability Classification

We consider a stochastic version of the Ricker model describing the density of an unstructured isolated population. In particular, we investigate the effects of independently varying the per capita growth rate and the parameter governing density dependent feedback. We derive conditions on the distributions sufficient to guarantee different forms of stochastic stability such as null recurrence or positive recurrence. We find, for example, that null recurrence appears in two widely different scenarios: when there is a mean-zero growth rate or via a growth-catastrophe behaviour.

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A distribuição de renda no Brasil e o setor agrícola

Economia & Região ◽

10.5433/2317-627x.2020v8n1p5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Rodolfo Hoffmann

Keyword(s):

Gini Index ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Urban Residence ◽

Component Decomposition ◽

Continuous Survey ◽

Bolsa Familia ◽

Per Capita ◽

Main Activity

O artigo discute a distribuição da renda domiciliar per capita brasileira de forma a avaliar o grau de progressividade ou regressividade das parcelas das parcelas de renda selecionadas. O objetivo do trabalho é esclarecer como os rendimentos da atividade de pessoas ocupadas no setor agrícola contribuem para reforçar ou não a desigualdade da distribuição da renda domiciliar per capita (RDPC) no Brasil. Utilizando os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua de 2017, mostra-se que a classificação das pessoas ocupadas conforme sua atividade principal em agrícola ou não agrícola não pode ser confundida com sua classificação como rural ou urbana. Nada menos que 62,4% das pessoas ocupadas residentes na área rural do estado de São Paulo têm ocupação principal não agrícola. A decomposição do índice de Gini da distribuição da renda domiciliar per capita conforme parcelas dessa renda permite avaliar o grau de progressividade ou regressividade das parcelas. O rendimento proveniente do Bolsa-Família é o mais progressivo (bem focalizado nos pobres). Quando se separa o rendimento do trabalho conforme setor de ocupação, verifica-se que a parcela associada ao setor agrícola é a mais progressiva e que a associada ao setor público é fortemente regressiva. AbstractUsing data from the new continuous survey of household’s sample (PNAD continua) for 2017, it is initially shown how the classification of occupied people according to their main activity as agricultural or non-agricultural is much different from their classification according to rural or urban residence. In the State of São Paulo, 62.4% of occupied people on rural area have a non-agricultural main activity. The factor component decomposition of the Gini index leads to the evaluation of the degree of progressivity of each income component. The transfers from the Bolsa-Família program are very progressive, being well focalized on the poor. When earnings are distinguished according to sector of activity, it is shown that agricultural earnings are the most progressive and that public employee’s earnings are strongly regressive.Keywords: Inequality;Income distribution; Gini index; Concentration ratios Brazil;

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Toward an Understanding of Software Piracy in Developed and Emerging Economies

International Journal of Social and Organizational Dynamics in IT ◽

10.4018/ijsodit.2011010101 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Bruce A. Reinig ◽

Robert K. Plice

Keyword(s):

Emerging Economies ◽

Social Factors ◽

Structural Variation ◽

Software Industry ◽

Structural Break ◽

Relative Size ◽

Software Piracy ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Relationship

The software industry loses billions of dollars annually to software piracy and has raised awareness of the high software piracy rates worldwide, particularly in emerging economies. In this paper, the authors build a general model of software piracy that includes three economic and social factors suggested by the literature, including per capita GNI, the relative size of a country’s IT market, and government corruption. The paper demonstrates that the relationship between national software piracy and per capita GNI is nonlinear, with additional gains in per capita GNI, producing marginally smaller reductions in software piracy. No structural variation is found in the model with respect to whether an economy is developed or emerging, using the OECD membership as a proxy. However, a structural break did exist with respect to the relative size of a country’s IT market. The analysis suggests that the classification of an economy as developed or emerging does not necessarily advance the understanding of the causal mechanisms that give rise to software piracy. Findings suggest that more insight can be gained by focusing on strategies that take into account the relative size of a country’s IT market.

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