scholarly journals POLITENESS/IMPOLITENESS IN CONFLICT DIALOGICAL DISCOURSE: PROSODY ASPECT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.K. Pelivan
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Pitch Range ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Conflict Communication ◽  
Syllable Duration ◽  
The One ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Formal Communication ◽  
The Given ◽  
Speech Situation

The given article presents an experimental phonetic investigation, which deals with a comprehensive analysis of English-language formal and informal conflict dialogues. It focuses on the study of various types of the investigated conflict dialogues intonational structure.The basic criteria of the practical material classification are: 1) the degree of relations formality between the collocutors and 2) politeness/impoliteness. According to these criteria the investigated conflict dialogues were classified as formal polite, formal impolite, informal polite and informal impolite. The recorded speech was investigated with the help of computer and statistical analyses which allowed to reveal those elements of prosody which actualize politeness/impoliteness in various types of the investigated conflict dialogues. The prosodic means that most clearly differentiate the investigated dialogical units are the pitch and intensity  range, the pitch peaks, the average syllable duration, the average duration of the emphatic centre, the pause volume, types of pauses between the key remarks. The pitch and intensity peaks that coinside with the emphatic centre of a dialogical unity are greatly important for actualizing emphasis. The speech of collocutors who try to remain polite in a formal conflict situation is characterised by a normal tempo with the tendency to slowing down, a mid  loudness, a mid pitch range that is due to the formal and official speech situation that forces the interlocutors to follow status subordination. An impolite formal conflict is characterized by a greater degree of emotionality than a polite formal one, as collocutors do not always follow the rules and standards of a formal situation behaviour being rude and harsh with their speech partners. At the prosodic level it  is expressed by a faster tempo, a greater loudness and a wider pitch range  than in the polite formal communication. The polite informal conflict communication is more emotional and natural than the polite formal one, but less emotional and natural than the impolite informal one. On the one hand  the informal situation gives complete freedom to choose emotions and ways of  their realization but on the other hand the desire to be polite in order  not to offend the speech partner forces the collocutors to restrain their negative feelings in the polite formal conflict communication. The impolite informal conflict is the most emotional and uncontrolled. Expressiveness and uncontrollability in the impolite informal conflict are caused by the the speech situation informality, unwillingness and no need to restrain, complete freedom of choice of verbal and nonverbal means. At the prosodic level this type of conflict interaction is characterised by a high loudness, an accelerated tempo and a wide pitch range of the voice. The conducted  research enabled us to state that conflict dialogical discourse represents a peculiar type of speech with a specific prosodic structure.

THE EU SUGAR MARKET PROFILE AND ITS MAIN DRIVERS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubos SMUTKA ◽  
Irena BENEŠOVÁ ◽  
Patrik ROVNÝ ◽  
Renata MATYSIK-PEJAS
Keyword(s):  
Market Failure ◽  
Current System ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Sugar Market ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Eu

Sugar is one of the most important elements in human nutrition. The Common Market Organisation for sugar has been a subject of considerable debate since its establishment in 1968. The European agricultural market has been criticized for its heavy regulations and subsidization. The sugar market is one of the most regulated ones; however, this will change radically in 2017 when the current system of production quotas will end. The current EU sugar market changed is structure during the last several decades. The significant number of companies left the market and EU internal sugar market became more concentrated. The aim of this paper is presentation characteristics of sugar market with respect to the supposed market failure – reduction in competition. The analysis also identifies the main drivers and determinants of the EU especially quota sugar market. In relation to paper’s aim the following results are important. The present conditions of the European sugar market have led to market failure when nearly 75 % (10 million tonnes) of the quota is controlled by five multinational companies only. These multinational alliances (especially German and French one) are also taking control over the production capacities of their subsidiaries. In most countries, this causes serious problems as the given quota is controlled by one or two producers only. This is a significant indicator of market imperfection. The quota system cannot overcome the problem of production quotas on the one hand and the demand on the other; furthermore, it also leads to economic inefficiency. The current EU sugar market is under the control of only Sudzucker, Nordzucker, Pfeifer and Langen, Tereos and ABF.

Quasi-Periodic Control Technique for Minimizing Fuel Consumption During Record Vehicle Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Sulikowski ◽  
Ryszard Maronski
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Aeronautical Engineering ◽  
The One ◽  
Optimal Driving ◽  
The Given ◽  
Engine Power

The problem of the optimal driving technique during the fuel economy competition is reconsidered. The vehicle is regarded as a particle moving on a trace with a variable slope angle. The fuel consumption is minimized as the vehicle covers the given distance in a given time. It is assumed that the run consists of two recurrent phases: acceleration with a full available engine power and coasting down with the engine turned off. The most fuel-efficient technique for shifting gears during acceleration is found. The decision variables are: the vehicle velocities at which the gears should be shifted, on the one hand, and the vehicle velocities when the engine should be turned on and off, on the other hand. For the data of students’ vehicle representing the Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering it has been found that such driving strategy is more effective in comparison with a constant speed strategy with the engine partly throttled, as well as a strategy resulting from optimal control theory when the engine is still active.

The Potential of the Russian Language Textbook in the Formation of Primary Schoolchildren’s Communicative Literacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
M. I. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Speech Situation ◽  
Linguistic Means

One of the goals of the Russian language course in the primary school is the formation of the communicative literacy. The content of the course should be aimed at understanding the wealth of linguistic means by primary school children; the formation of the ability to detect a violation of linguistic norms and the inadequacy of the linguistic means used in the speech situation; the accumulation of the experience in choosing of linguistic means in accordance with the peculiarities of the speech situation; the creation of oral and written texts that meet the criteria of content, connectivity, compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language. The article considers the classification of exercises that contribute to the formation of communicative literacy. The author gives the examples of exercises where the student acts in different roles: the student is an observer of the speech situation and analyzes the adequacy of the choice of linguistic means; the student is a direct participant in the given speech situation and makes a choice of language facilities; the student is offered to create the speech situation himself, to independently construct an oral and written text.

Finding Talent Among Elementary English Learners: A Validity Study of the HOPE Teacher Rating Scale

2021 ◽  
pp. 001698622098594
Author(s):  
Nielsen Pereira
Keyword(s):  
English Language Learners ◽  
English Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Teacher Rating ◽  
Esl Teachers ◽  
Invariance Testing ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
The One

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the HOPE Scale for identifying gifted English language learners (ELs) and how classroom and English as a second language (ESL) teacher HOPE Scale scores differ. Seventy teachers completed the HOPE Scale on 1,467 students in grades K-5 and four ESL teachers completed the scale on 131 ELs. Measurement invariance tests indicated that the HOPE Scale yields noninvariant latent means across EL and English proficient (EP) samples. However, confirmatory factor analysis results support the use of the scale with ELs or EP students separately. Results also indicate that the rating patterns of classroom and ESL teachers were different and that the HOPE Scale does not yield valid data when used by ESL teachers. Caution is recommended when using the HOPE Scale and other teacher rating scales to compare ELs to EP students. The importance of invariance testing before using an instrument with a population that is different from the one(s) for which the instrument was developed is discussed.

A Hindi Image Caption Generation Framework Using Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Mishra ◽  
Rijul Dhir ◽  
Sriparna Saha ◽  
Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
English Language ◽  
Image Captioning ◽  
Textual Description ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Hindi Language ◽  
The Given

Image captioning is the process of generating a textual description of an image that aims to describe the salient parts of the given image. It is an important problem, as it involves computer vision and natural language processing, where computer vision is used for understanding images, and natural language processing is used for language modeling. A lot of works have been done for image captioning for the English language. In this article, we have developed a model for image captioning in the Hindi language. Hindi is the official language of India, and it is the fourth most spoken language in the world, spoken in India and South Asia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to generate image captions in the Hindi language. A dataset is manually created by translating well known MSCOCO dataset from English to Hindi. Finally, different types of attention-based architectures are developed for image captioning in the Hindi language. These attention mechanisms are new for the Hindi language, as those have never been used for the Hindi language. The obtained results of the proposed model are compared with several baselines in terms of BLEU scores, and the results show that our model performs better than others. Manual evaluation of the obtained captions in terms of adequacy and fluency also reveals the effectiveness of our proposed approach. Availability of resources : The codes of the article are available at https://github.com/santosh1821cs03/Image_Captioning_Hindi_Language ; The dataset will be made available: http://www.iitp.ac.in/∼ai-nlp-ml/resources.html .

scholarly journals Emotional Eating and Weight Status in Adolescents: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 991
Author(s):  
Christine A. Limbers ◽  
Emma Summers
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
English Language ◽  
Gastric Bypass Surgery ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Weight Outcomes ◽  
Prospective Association ◽  
The One

Background: Despite evidence that emotional eating is associated with weight gain in adults, less is known about this association in adolescents. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a systematic review to assess the association between emotional eating and weight status in adolescents. This study also sought to describe existing measures of emotional eating in adolescents and explore weight-loss interventions that assessed emotional eating in relation to weight status in this population. Methods: Two independent reviewers searched the database PubMed for published or in press peer-reviewed studies that assessed the association between emotional eating and weight status in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Studies were excluded from this review if they were not written in the English language, did not include a measure of emotional eating, or were a dissertation study. Results: A total of 13 studies met full inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Of the six longitudinal studies in the review, only one found a prospective association between emotional eating and weight status. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire was the most widely used measure of emotional eating in the systematic review (n = 6; 46.2%). The one intervention study included in this review found that baseline emotional eating was not associated with weight outcomes 2 years following gastric bypass surgery in obese Swedish adolescents (13–18 years). Conclusions: While there were some inconsistent findings across the studies included in this review, taken as a whole, the results largely do not support an association between emotional eating and elevated weight status or reduced weight loss in adolescents.

"THE SYNTHESIS OF WAR AND THEATRE": SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN DISCOURSE ON THE ESSENCE OF TERRORISM

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Irina V Malygina ◽  
◽  
Anna V Malygina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Terrorism ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
The Status ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
The One ◽  
Strategic Object ◽  
The Given

The article reveals the heuristic potential of social and humanitarian knowledge in understanding the complex nature of terrorism. The given research optics allows to expand traditional frameworks of considering terrorism as a phenomenon caused by political, ideological and economic factors; to reveal and substantiate deep cultural and mental reasons of the given phenomenon; make sense of terrorism as a destructive form of cultural identity. The cultural and historical origins of modern terrorism, which is closely connected with radical Islam, are analyzed in the civilizational system of coordinates “West–East”. The system of argumentation is based on scientific concepts and current artistic practices that interpret the causes of inter-civilizational tension resulting in international terrorism. The change of the status of the artist in the “epoch of terrorism” is analyzed; the theme of theatricalization and aestheticization of terrorist actions and the role of media in these processes are problematized. As a newest trend, which has not received any serious theoretical reflection, the text considers the phenomenon conditionally designated as “sublimation of terrorist activity into a symbolic sphere”, which is manifested in the destruction of monuments of world cultural heritage, in the orientation to culture as a new strategic object of terrorist attacks, on the one hand, and the use of cultural resources for self-presentation and promotion of their ideology by terrorist organizations, on the other

Perspective sociolinguistique des emprunts de l´anglais dans la section économique du quotidien espagnol El País.

Babel ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Evelyne Le Poder
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Cultural Exchanges ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Daily Paper ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

The linguistic loan is a social phenomenon which reflects the cultural influence exercised by a society on the other one. The economic, political and cultural relations that weave between communities contribute to the linguistic exchange between States, in particular through cultural exchanges of every type which, in turn, pull the incorporation of elements of a language in the other one. Spanish takes more and more words and forms from the English language; this is true in a lot of domains, of which the domain of the economy. From a terminological perspective, this article treats loans of the English language in the economic language in Spanish. We realize a work of observation, analysis and description of the lexical loans in a corpus of articles published in the economic section of the daily paper El Pais over the period included between January 2007 and December 2010. The theoretical framework of our study deals, on the one hand, with the category of loans which, broadly speaking, conform to units from other linguistic codes, and secondly, we approach this linguistic phenomenon from the perspective of sociolinguistic language that is interested in the relationship between language and society. We then present our objectives (main and specific), and the methodology we have followed throughout our investigation. Finally, we discuss the results. Résumé L’emprunt est un phenomene social qui reflete l’influence culturelle exercee par une societe sur une autre. Les relations d’ordre economique, politique et culturelle qui se tissent entre les communautes contribuent aux echanges linguistiques entre les Etats, notamment au travers d’echanges culturels de tout type lesquels, a leur tour, entrainent l’incorporation d’elements d’une langue dans une autre. L’espagnol emprunte de plus en plus de mots et de tournures a la langue anglaise ; ceci est vrai dans bon nombre de domaines, dont le domaine de l’economie. Depuis une perspective terminologique, cet article traite des emprunts de la langue anglaise dans le langage economique en espagnol. Nous realisons un travail d’observation, d’analyse et de description des emprunts lexicaux presents dans un corpus d’articles publies dans la section economique du quotidien El Pais sur la periode entre janvier 2007 et decembre 2010. Le cadre theorique de notre etude traite, d’une part, la categorie des emprunts qui, au sens large, conforment aux unites provenant d’autres codes linguistiques et, d’autre part, nous abordons ce phenomene linguistique par la perspective sociolinguistique qui s’interesse aux rapports entre le langage et la societe. Nous presentons ensuite nos objectifs (principaux et specifiques), puis la methodologie que nous avons suivie tout au long de notre investigation. Enfin, nous discutons des resultats obtenus.

On indirect Methods of acquiring Knowledge - The Method of History. - The First Table of Mortality

1851 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Edwin James Farren
Keyword(s):  
Real Line ◽  
English Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Student ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
The Real ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The One

The term scholar, as current in the English language, has two extreme acceptations, tyro and proficient; or what the later Greeks fancifully termed the alpha and omega of acquirement. If we attempt to trace the steps by which even the adult student of any especial branch of professional or literary knowledge has fairly passed the boundary defined by the one meaning in passing on to that position denoted by the other, it will commonly be found, that in place of that lucid order, that straight line from point to point, which theory and resolve generally premise, the real order of acquirement has been desultory—the real line of progression, circuitous and uncertain.

Influence of Food and Larval Age on the Defensive Chemistry of Satumia pyri

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold Deml
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Defensive Chemistry ◽  
Crataegus Monogyna ◽  
Secondary Compound ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given

Abstract Scolus secretions and hemolymph of caterpillars of Satumia pyri fed with two different foodplants (Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa) were chemically analyzed and their chemical similarities determined. The secondary-compound patterns obtained for the two body fluids showed no significant differences when compared between the two groups of alterna­ tively fed last-instar larvae. Thus, the composition of these fluids of full-grown caterpillars is not influenced by the larval diet. However, younger larvae on P. spinosa revealed a diversity of compounds differing significantly from that of larger caterpillars fed with either C. mono­gyna (both body fluids) or P. spinosa (hemolymph only). This indicates that, on the one hand, the hemolymph composition is adapted to the changing physiological requirements of the given instars whereas, on the other hand, the defensive mixtures remain unaltered in the late larval instars due to a constant spectrum of potential enemies.

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