scholarly journals Research on electrodermal activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-88
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Pierański ◽  
Jakub Berčík
Keyword(s):  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
External Source ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Small Current ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
External Stimuli

In this chapter, a method of physiological measurements—that is detection of electrodermal activity based on the sectonic activity of eccrine sweat glands—is discussed. It is believed that the excretion of sweat, which is regulated by the nervous system acting independently of human will, is an indicator of a person’s emotional arousal as a result of specific stimuli. Hence, the electrodermal reaction can be used in diagnosing emotional arousal caused by, e.g. specific products, advertisements or elements of the in-store space. Electrical activity of the skin is caused by two types of stimuli: sustained and one-off. Sustained stimuli have a continuous effect on the body over a relatively long period of time. On the other hand, one-off stimuli have a relatively strong and very short-lasting effect. This type is defined as novel, unexpected, significant or aversive. Electrodermal activity is measured on the skin surface (Strelau, 2006). Generally speaking, the measurement of electrodermal activity is one of the biometric measurements. Biometrics is a universal term that represents measurements of the body’s physiological responses—not directly of the brain—to external stimuli that are felt through the senses (Pradeep, 2010; Berčík & Rybanská, 2017). The electrodermal method allows to measure either electrical resistance or its inverse, i.e. the electrical conductivity of the skin. These measurements are carried out while a small current flows through the skin from an external source. Electrodermal activity measurement is performed with the use of special electrodes, electrode gels and recording devices. The available equipment for the analysis of electordermal activity is characterised by relatively low cost (compared to other devices for physiological measurements)of purchase and operation. Moreover, the electrodermal activity measurement is non-invasive and carries no risk to the health or life of the test subjects.

Implementation and evaluation of a low-cost and compact electrodermal activity measurement system

Measurement ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schmidt ◽  
D. Penner ◽  
A. Burkl ◽  
R. Stojanovic ◽  
T. Schümann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Activity Measurement

scholarly journals Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2836
Author(s):  
Khawar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Hadeed Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Humidity Index

Poultry are one of the most vulnerable species of its kind once the temperature-humidity nexus is explored. This is so because the broilers lack sweat glands as compared to humans and undergo panting process to mitigate their latent heat (moisture produced in the body) in the air. As a result, moisture production inside poultry house needs to be maintained to avoid any serious health and welfare complications. Several strategies such as compressor-based air-conditioning systems have been implemented worldwide to attenuate the heat stress in poultry, but these are not economical. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly improved evaporative cooling systems (DEC, IEC, MEC) from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry houses. Thermodynamic analysis of these systems was carried out for the climatic conditions of Multan, Pakistan. The results appreciably controlled the environmental conditions which showed that for the months of April, May, and June, the decrease in temperature by direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and Maisotsenko-Cycle evaporative cooling (MEC) systems is 7–10 °C, 5–6.5 °C, and 9.5–12 °C, respectively. In case of July, August, and September, the decrease in temperature by DEC, IEC, and MEC systems is 5.5–7 °C, 3.5–4.5 °C, and 7–7.5 °C, respectively. In addition, drop in temperature-humidity index (THI) values by DEC, IEC, and MEC is 3.5–9 °C, 3–7 °C, and 5.5–10 °C, respectively for all months. Optimum temperature and relative humidity conditions are determined for poultry birds and thereby, systems’ performance is thermodynamically evaluated for poultry farms from the viewpoint of THI, temperature-humidity-velocity index (THVI), and thermal exposure time (ET). From the analysis, it is concluded that MEC system performed relatively better than others due to its ability of dew-point cooling and achieved THI threshold limit with reasonable temperature and humidity indexes.

On Chip Micropumping for Biofluids by Temperature Biased AC Electrothermal Effect

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wu ◽  
Kai Yang ◽  
Quan Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Pump Design ◽  
Temperature Bias ◽  
Mobile Charges ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Small Form Factor

For biofluids, very limited voltage can be applied without causing reactions, even with AC voltages, so conventional electrokinetic pumps cannot function effectively. Here two innovative ACEK micropump designs are proposed, which are expected to solve the long-standing problem of on-chip pumping for biofluids. This work focuses on exploiting external heat flux or temperature bias to enhance micropumping by AC electrothermal effect. AC electrothermal effect is ubiquitous as long as electric current flows through fluid. Investigating the interplay between electric field and temperature field will be useful for the research area of electrokinetics as a whole. New methods to enhance on chip micorpumping have been presented in this paper. Inhomogenous electric fields can cause uneven Joule heating of the fluid, which generates thermal gradients and leads to mobile charges in fluid bulk. The two pumping schemes circumvent the voltage problem by introducing extra thermal gradient to generate mobile charges. The free charges then move under the electric field and induce microflows due to viscosity. Numerical simulation and preliminary experiments have successfully demonstrated the improvement in flow velocity. It enriches the repertoire for the design of ACEK micropump, and affords us more flexibility when dealing with micropumping tasks. The micropumping mechanisms proposed here are simple, robust, of small form factor, can be readily integrated into microsystems at low cost. The proposed fabrication and micropump integration process is highly manufacturable with various materials and can be easily incorporated into a fully integrated biochip. The added design flexibility from this project will lend the pump design well towards many lab-on-a-chip applications.

A technique to quantify and characterize the density of fibres and follicles in the skin of sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
BN Nagorcka ◽  
AE Dollin ◽  
DE Hollis ◽  
CD Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Fibre Bundles ◽  
Image Analysis Software ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Scanning Electron

A description is given of a non-destructive technique to count fibres and quantify their relative positions in the skin of sheep by making impressions of the skin surface of live sheep. Each impression contains within it clear morphological structures caused by individual wool fibres as they emerge from individual follicles, and clusters of wool fibres emerging from follicle bundles. Individual fibres and clusters of fibres can also be seen to be grouped together forming 'follicle groups'. The detailed accuracy of the impressions is confirmed by examining scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a model of the skin obtained using the skin impression, and by examining SEM images of the impression itself. The impressions of individual fibres and clusters of fibres (produced from follicle bundles) appear to be countable using image analysis software. The new technique provides a low cost method (i.e. low relative to the cost of analysing skin biopsies) for measuring the density of fibres and fibre bundles, and the number of fibres per bundle in the skin. The measurements are expected to be of significant commercial interest to wool breeders.

scholarly journals Towards Human Stress and Activity Recognition: A Review and a First Approach Based on Low-Cost Wearables

Electronics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Castro-García ◽  
Alberto Jesús Molina-Cantero ◽  
Isabel María Gómez-González ◽  
Sergio Lafuente-Arroyo ◽  
Manuel Merino-Monge
Keyword(s):  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physiological Signals ◽  
Body Area Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Open Hardware ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Human Stress

Detecting stress when performing physical activities is an interesting field that has received relatively little research interest to date. In this paper, we took a first step towards redressing this, through a comprehensive review and the design of a low-cost body area network (BAN) made of a set of wearables that allow physiological signals and human movements to be captured simultaneously. We used four different wearables: OpenBCI and three other open-hardware custom-made designs that communicate via bluetooth low energy (BLE) to an external computer—following the edge-computingconcept—hosting applications for data synchronization and storage. We obtained a large number of physiological signals (electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), breathing rate (BR), electrodermal activity (EDA), and skin temperature (ST)) with which we analyzed internal states in general, but with a focus on stress. The findings show the reliability and feasibility of the proposed body area network (BAN) according to battery lifetime (greater than 15 h), packet loss rate (0% for our custom-made designs), and signal quality (signal-noise ratio (SNR) of 9.8 dB for the ECG circuit, and 61.6 dB for the EDA). Moreover, we conducted a preliminary experiment to gauge the main ECG features for stress detection during rest.

scholarly journals Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) signals reduced from Gayatri Mantra fire oblations during Yagya

2019 ◽  
pp. 01-11
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Skin Response ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Vedic Ritual ◽  
Relaxation State ◽  
Autonomic Activation ◽  
Physical Wellbeing ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Positive Effect

Galvanik skin response (GSR) is the measurement of the autonomic activation of sweat glands in the skin for depicting stress, emotional arousal and relaxation pattern. Yagya is a vedic ritual composed of various rhythmic chanting of mantra. Since Vedic times, it is widely and traditionally performed for various purposes including peace, happiness and mental and physical wellbeing. Hence, the present study attempted to explore the GSR pattern during Yagya ritual. The study measured GSR pattern in the 12 participants during Yagya ritual and evaluated changes in GSR signal during chanting of different mantra of the Yagya ritual. The result indicated GSR signal during Yagya ritual followed a defined pattern. Median GSR signals was decreased after fire ritual i.e. later-half of the Yagya compared to first-half of the Yagya (median fold change decrease 1.38; n=12; p=0.0010). Interestingly, this decrease in GSR achieved significantly during Gayatri Mantra fire sacrifice (median fold change decrease 1.35; n=12; p=0.0024), and remained low compared to that of in starting phase of Yagya ritual, indicating significance of Gayatri mantra in Yagya ritual to achieve relaxation state. Overall, the study indicated that vedic traditional ritual of Yagya potentially have a positive effect on our emotions for achieving relaxation.

scholarly journals Characterization of W-Mn-Ce-Ti Oxides Catalysts Prepared by Different Methods for Selective Reduction of NO with NH3

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodi Li ◽  
Zhitao Han ◽  
Qingdong Shi ◽  
Xitian Wu ◽  
Yu Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Reduction Of No ◽  
Scr Catalysts

Abstract Aiming to develop low cost and environmentally friendly SCR catalysts, various transition metals and rare earth elements have been used and combined to prepare polymetallic oxide catalysts in recent years, which generally exhibit excellent SCR performance. Here four typical metal elements (Mn, Ce, W and Ti) have been selected to prepare polymetallic oxides (WMnCeTiOx) catalysts, and the effects of preparation methods, such as coprecipitation (CP), sol-gel (SG), and deposition precipitation (DP), on the performance of selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at 160~360 ºC have been investigated systematically. Some key techniques of XRD, BET, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and in-situ DRIFTS were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the prepared WMnCeTiOx catalysts. The SCR activity measurement results showed that NH3-SCR activities of WMnCeTiOx catalysts prepared through coprecipitation and deposition precipitation methods exhibited much better NO removal performance in the temperature range of 160~360 ºC than that prepared via sol-gel method. More importantly, WMnCeTiOx catalysts prepared through coprecipitation method exhibited superior SO2 and H2O tolerance compared with those prepared via deposition precipitation and sol-gel methods. It demonstrated that the preparation process imposed a crucial impact on the physicochemical properties of the prepared WMnCeTiOx catalysts, thus influencing on their SCR performance. According to the characterization results, the better performance of WMnCeTiOx(CP) catalyst could be ascribed to its higher concentrations of Mn4+ and Ce3+, larger surface area and highly-dispersed active species on catalyst surface. In addition, compared with WMnCeTiOx catalysts prepared by deposition precipitation and sol-gel methods, WMnCeTiOx(CP) catalyst possessed much more surface acid sites, stronger reduction capacity and better adsorption capacity for NH3 and NO, which might also play a key role in promoting its SCR performance.

scholarly journals Cybernetics Approach to Virtual Emotional Spaces - An electrodermal activity actuated adaptive space

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyed Amir Hossain Maghool ◽  
Mitra Homolja ◽  
Marc Aurel Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Arousal Level ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Adaptive Architecture

In contrast to reductionist investigating of interrelation between emotion and architecture, we have proposed a new concept for creating an adaptive architecture system that employs biosensors and virtual reality (VR). We have generated a dynamic audio-visual Virtual Environment (VE) that has the potential of manipulating the emotional arousal level of the users measured via electrodermal activity (EDA) of skin. Much like the second-order cybernetics system, our simulations have actuators, sensors, and an adaptation mechanism, whereby participant's real-time biofeedback is interpreted and loops back into the simulation to moderate the user experience. The results of our preliminary test show that our system is capable of manipulating the emotional arousal level of the participants by using its dynamic VE.

Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Non-Invasive Device to Detect Overnight Hypoglycemia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Lesko ◽  
Stephen Seibert ◽  
Yong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Invasive Device ◽  
The Individual

Research in the field of blood glucose monitoring systems has led to incredible advancements over the past several decades. The blood glucose level of a diabetic patient is vital to monitor since large swings in blood sugar can cause life threatening damage to the individual. The importance of blood glucose monitoring increases when a patient experiences hypoglycemia, which can be very dangerous. The objective of this project is to create a low cost portable device that utilizes the modular bio-signal sensor kit BITalino and Arduino Uno microcontroller to measure and process the electrodermal activity (EDA) and electrocardiography (ECG) signals that can be associated with a drop in the subject’s blood glucose level to detect hypoglycemia in diabetics.

Battery Charge And Source Estimation As A Product Component

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel De Almeida Souza ◽  
José Jean-Paul Zanlucchi de Souza Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
External Source ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Hardware Complexity ◽  
Handheld Device ◽  
Data Consumption ◽  
Battery State Of Charge ◽  
Conventional Solution

This paper's goal is to present a low cost, non-conventional solution for battery state of charge estimation and external electrical input presence/absence for a commercial mobile, handheld device whose battery state of charge control is critical. This solution is based on treating and filtering a time series in real-time software, using the battery pack characteristic discharge curve and time series statistical features. The time series is composed of data that is sampled embedded in hardware, communicating directly with the machine's BIOS. The system processes this data and outputs a value that indirectly relates to state of charge, needing further processing to insure accuracy. The data stream is treated in a process that directly relates the output time series with state of charge through a transfer function, effectively treating intermediary conversions as black boxes to simplify analysis and implementation. This process can also detect if an external source is connected/disconnected by exploiting pre-detected features in the time series. This approachadvantages are its low cost and simplicity, reducing hardware complexity and expenses; small dimensional footprint; mostly software-based; and centralization into the main hardware as low computational cost daemons, simplifying data consumption.

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