Labeling Black Unbankable

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-81
Author(s):  
Maryann Erigha
Keyword(s):  
Jim Crow ◽  
Racial Minority ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Black Cinema ◽  
Targeted Advertising ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Black Films ◽  
Advertising And Promotion

The Hollywood Jim Crow marks Black and racial minority movies culturally and economically inferior using the unbankable label—a presumption that they will not perform sufficiently well at the box office, especially in foreign markets. This chapter highlights how the unbankable label is present in Sony emails between Hollywood insiders. Unbankable becomes a new way to discriminate and explicitly use race to make decisions about moviemaking. Hollywood insiders suggest that Black cast movies will make less money and attract smaller audiences compared to white cast movies. Subsequently Black directors work on films with smaller budgets and targeted advertising and promotion to niche audiences. Hollywood decision makers overlook successful Black films as exceptions and still apply the unbankable label to Black cinema as a whole, limiting opportunities for Black and racial minority directors.

Black “Crime,” Public Hysteria, and the Cinema of Containment: Black Cinema Aesthetics from Willie Dynamite to The Interrupters and a/k/a Mrs. George Gilbert

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Abugo Ongiri
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Visual Culture ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Black Cinema ◽  
Black Subjectivity ◽  
Political Organizing

This essay will explore the ways in which African American visual culture has attempted to negotiate criminalization and the current situation of what Richard Iton rightfully characterizes as “hyperincarceration.” It will explore the ways in which contemporary African American visual culture is engaged in negotiating between the literal material realities and consequences of mass incarceration and aesthetic constructions of violence. While mass incarceration is increasingly becoming understood as “the New Jim Crow” for African American political organizing, Black criminality has become the key lens through which questions of masculinity, class exclusion, gender, and selfhood get negotiated in African American visual culture. This essay will argue that the “subtext of ongoing Black captivity” is the pretext for much of what drives Black action genres and African American representation in general as a key signifier of a racialized identity and as an indicator of a Black subjectivity fraught with complexities of non-belonging.

Eddie Anderson, Rochester, and Race in 1930s Radio and Film

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn H. Fuller-Seeley
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Black Press ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Jim Crow Era ◽  
Time Part

African-American dancer, singer, comedian Eddie Anderson pursued an entertainment career in California, his opportunities limited by Jim Crow-era racism in Hollywood but also shaped opportunities in night clubs and cabarets that catered to both black and white patrons. Winning an audition for a one-time role on Benny’s radio show, Anderson’s inimitable gravelly voice spurred Benny to create a full time part, the character of Rochester Van Jones, Jack’s butler and valet, in late 1937. Although initially hampered by stereotyped minstrel-show dialogue and character habits, Rochester soon became renowned by both white and black listeners for his ability to criticize the “Boss” in impertinent manner. Virtually co-starred in three films with Benny that were highly successful at the box office, commenters in the black press in 1940 hoped that Rochester offered “a new day” in improved race relations.

Selecting International Freight Forwarders: An Expert Systems Application

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysegül Özsomer ◽  
Michel Mitri ◽  
S. Tamer Cavusgil
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Freight Forwarder ◽  
Selection Of

The recent changes in the international forwarding environment have witnessed the emergence of “new forms” of forwarders incorporating a broad spectrum of services under one roof. Such total logistics companies are becoming a critical third party in obtaining a competitive advantage in foreign markets. Hence, the evaluation and selection of an international freight forwarder is no longer a simple operational decision but a strategic one. Presents and explains an expert systems tool to assist decision makers in selecting the freight forwarder which fits their needs best. The system, called FREIGHT, brings together international marketing, logistics and artificial intelligence knowledge.

scholarly journals A model of entrepreneurial internationalisation in uncertain foreign environments: smaller firms and the global niche strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-50
Author(s):  
GIOVANNA MAGNANI ◽  
ANTONELLA ZUCCHELLA
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Entrepreneurial Firms ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
International Performance ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Niche Strategy

Purpose of the paper: By proposing a model of SMEs’ entry in foreign markets characterised by uncertainty, we test the relationships among the implementation of a global niche strategy, the perception of lower competition, and international performance. Methodology: Hypotheses are tested on a sample of 110 Australian firms by applying structural equation modelling through the PLS-SEM technique. Results: Our results support the idea that entrepreneurial firms need to create their own environment and, at the same time, control it by exerting high levels of control on manufacturing and technological capabilities and by vertically integrating production processes. Research limitations: More samples from more countries would increase the generalisability of the results. The operationalisation of the components of the global niche strategy which resulted as non-significant need further refinement. Longitudinal studies are required to measure the sustainability of the global niche strategy over time. Practical implications: A customer focus instead of a country focus can help manage perceived uncertainty while growing internationally. Furthermore, decision makers should leverage on product uniqueness through a continuous refinement of technology thanks to insourced production processes. Originality of the paper. To date, no study has advanced a model to represent firms’ internationalisation by considering a process that starts with the formation of strategic antecedents - here represented by the components of the global niche strategy - of international performance.

The imitation game: building cultural intelligence as a social learning capability to boost SMEs' international performance

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens Pauluzzo
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cultural Intelligence ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intelligence Development

PurposeDrawing on the upper echelons theory and resource-based view, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how SMEs' decision-makers can develop cultural intelligence to improve firms' adaptive capability and performance in foreign markets. The study addresses this need by using social cognitive theory as an appropriate tool to measure cultural intelligence development.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 244 Italian SMEs, data were collected through an online survey and analyzed with structural equation modeling techniques.FindingsThe results show that decision-makers of resource-constrained SMEs can rely on modeled behaviors to inform their decisions when dealing with diverse cultural contexts. The findings also reveal that the development of cultural intelligence can foster adaptive strategies and support SMEs in achieving superior performance outcomes in international markets.Research limitations/implicationsOther variables can be taken into account to expand the model and recognize new determinants able to affect the link between the constructs. Other learning theories could provide additional interpretations of cultural intelligence development.Practical implicationsSocial cognitive processes nurture cultural intelligence in helping SMEs' owner-managers become more flexible and adaptive in responding to the requests of local settings. When facing the uncertainties of foreign markets, decision-makers can effectively make inferences from the observation of successful modeled behaviors. This helps owner-managers better coordinate, recombine and allocate resources to address the needs of diverse cultural markets.Originality/valueThis study demonstrates that social cognitive theory is a relevant tool to measure cultural intelligence development in small business settings.

Remaking Cinema

2019 ◽  
pp. 162-180
Author(s):  
Maryann Erigha
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Racial Minority ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Black Cinema ◽  
Youth Cultures ◽  
The Way

This chapter outlines paths for improving cinema to be more racially inclusive. Remaking cinema can involve reforming Hollywood to be more inclusive to racial minorities in positions of influence, for example as directors of tent pole movies and as studio heads. Remaking cinema can also involve changing the way racial minorities make movies. This chapter puts forth the notion of a Black cinema collective, which involves an organized system of film production. A Black cinema collective means developing youth cultures around filmmaking, as well as having institutions to decide a slate of films to be released each year, to finance movies, and to create pathways for distribution. In addition, digital media talents can help put pressure on Hollywood to support movies and directors from racial minority backgrounds or else face mounting competition.

The Brexit dilemma for small business: European companies respond

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Barron ◽  
Martine Boutary
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Strategic Responses ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
Exogenous Shocks ◽  
International Sales

Purpose Focusing on the internationalization decisions of firms, this paper aims to investigate how managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) interpret and respond to exogenous shocks in their international sales markets. The authors specifically explore the effects of cognitive factors on French SME managers’ strategic decisions in response to the UK’s decision to leave the EU. Design/methodology/approach The research applies insights gleaned from the field of behavioral strategy, brought to life with illustrative examples of SME managers’ perceptions of Brexit derived from secondary and primary data sources. Findings The authors find that a combination of decision-makers’ previous experience and emotions can help account for their interpretations and strategic responses to Brexit. Practical implications The research highlights the need for managers to be more aware of how their personal characteristics can influence their mindsets and shape how they choose to respond to uncertain and ambiguous developments in foreign markets. Originality/value The research exposes important, behavioral dimensions of decision-making, which remain under-explored in the existing international business literature.

Tobacco control: reducing cancer incidence and saving lives. American Society of Clinical Oncology.

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1961-1963 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
American Society ◽  
Advertising And Promotion

INTRODUCTION: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) supports the elimination of tobacco products. Toward that goal, ASCO urges the adoption of national policy that strengthens regulation of the sale, promotion, and distribution of such products. To reduce cancer mortality, our regulatory policies must recognize that the nicotine within tobacco is an addictive substance, the use of which leads to 30% of all cancer deaths and a total of 419,000 deaths each year. RESTRICTING ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION: Tobacco-related advertising and promotion should be banned. At a minimum, national policies should: ban billboards; limit advertising to black and white text only; prohibit the sale or giveaway of products that contain tobacco brand names or logos; prohibit brand name sponsorship of sporting or entertainment events; and require stronger and more prominent warning labels on all tobacco products. RESTRICTING ACCESS BY CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS: Despite existing state laws prohibiting sale of tobacco products to minors, children are able to buy such products easily. National regulation of the sale and distribution of tobacco products is necessary to eliminate children's access to tobacco. Where sales are permitted, they should be limited to face-to-face purchases by individuals 18 and older. Vending machines and other means of distributing tobacco without a face-to-face purchase should be outlawed. ENHANCING PUBLIC EDUCATION: To the extent tobacco sales are allowed to continue, the federal government should mandate that the tobacco industry contribute substantial funds for a national public education campaign to prevent young people from smoking and other tobacco use. RAISING TOBACCO EXCISE TAXES: ASCO has long advocated a substantial increase (in the range of $2) in the federal excise tax on cigarettes and other tobacco products- a measure known to decrease consumption, particularly among children. Revenue from a tax on tobacco products should be used to support retraining for tobacco farmers, biomedical research, health care delivery, and antitobacco education. CONTROLLING TOBACCO EXPORTS: United State trade policies should discourage the export of tobacco products and manufacturing to foreign markets. At a minimum, United States tobacco companies selling or manufacturing tobacco products in foreign markets that have not developed comparable health warning labels should be required to retain United States warning labels. TAKING RESPONSIBILITY AS HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS: Physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals-especially those in primary care disciplines-have the opportunity and responsibility to assist patients' efforts to quit tobacco use and to ensure that nonsmokers continue to avoid the addiction. Oncology specialists should discuss the causal relationship between tobacco use and cancer as well as a variety of other chronic diseases and assist, as required, the patient and family members to end tobacco dependency. In addition, health care professionals must advocate that public and private insurers be required to provide health care coverage for medically necessary interventions, such as counseling and nicotine transdermal systems.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
Maryann Erigha
Keyword(s):  
Jim Crow ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Cultural Citizenship ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Culture Industries ◽  
Barriers To Access ◽  
Black Films ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
Production And Distribution

This chapter summarizes the main argument of the Hollywood Jim Crow. Hollywood insiders deploy economic and cultural logics that Black films will not make sufficient enough money to be viable financial investments, especially in foreign markets. This justification is used to devalue films with Black casts and directors, leading to racial marginalization, segregation, and stigma in film production and distribution processes. The chapter also highlights implications of systemic and explicit racial bias in a major culture industry, namely the legal barriers to access employment, cultural citizenship, and equality of opportunities and outcomes. In addition, the racial hierarchies a Jim Hollywood erects between groups can be replicated to produce racial bias in other fields, within culture industries and beyond. Furthermore, the chapter suggests directions for future research.

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