scholarly journals The Process of Individual Decision-Making in Non-Standard Situations: a Theoretical Aspect: Theoretical and Neuropsychological Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Oksana KHURTENKO ◽  
◽  
Natalia MILORADOVA ◽  
Olena MAKAROVA ◽  
Hryhorii DZHAHUPOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Theoretical Aspect ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Standard Situation ◽  
High Uncertainty ◽  
Neuropsychological Mechanisms

The importance of knowing the processes of choice, decision-making is determined by the objective role that they play in the organization of human activity. An important feature of man is his unique ability to make decisions in the most difficult conditions of activity, which are characterized by high uncertainty, the presence of many inconsistent criteria, lack of time, high responsibility and more. The target effectiveness of the decision can be assessed only after its implementation, but the prediction of potential decisions is possible only if the study of its neuropsychological mechanisms. Cost-effectiveness is characterized by intellectual, physical, neuropsychological and material costs of decision-making. The non-standard situation, as a rule, seeks to reduce cost-effectiveness, because in this case the solutions are achieved by the exertion of intellectual, emotional and physical forces and is determined by the ability of the individual to act in such an environment. The neuropsychological mechanisms of such decisions are of interest to science in terms of ensuring the adequacy and timing of such decisions, which is hypothetically related to the morphological and psychoneurological characteristics of the subjects of action. In the context of our study, it is important to conduct a thorough psychological analysis of different types of unusual situations in the coach and find ways to improve the effectiveness of decisions, which primarily depends on the level of psychological readiness of the individual to perform its.

Industrial risks

1981 ◽  
Vol 376 (1764) ◽  
pp. 133-149 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Element ◽  
Light Water ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Industrial Risks

A brief look is taken at the status of progress, or the lack of it, towards a quantitative approach to the estimation and assessment of risk for several technologies in the United States. The increase of interest in the consideration of comparative risks in decision-making is also discussed. Finally, a recently proposed trial approach to quantitative safety goals for light-water nuclear power reactors is summarized. The approach is divided into two major tasks: the predominantly social and political task of setting safety criteria, and the technical task of estimating the risks and deciding whether the safety criteria have been met. The safety criteria include the following: limits on hazard states within the reactor; limits on risk to the individual; limits on societal risk; a cost-effectiveness criterion as low as reasonably achievable; a small element of risk aversion.

scholarly journals Psychological Analysis of Occupational Conditions in Extreme Environments and the Structure of Non-Standard Situations

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-148
Author(s):  
Oksana KHURTENKO ◽  
◽  
Kseniia BEREZIAK ◽  
Roman KHAVULA ◽  
Oksana VDOVICHENKO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Behaviour Problem ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Professional Coaching ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Human Psyche ◽  
The Individual

Professional coaching career is associated with a wide range of issues and problems which need to be solved and are directly or indirectly determined by creative activity. Therefore, an appropriate training process of students, in particular prospective coaches, is an essential scientific and practical problem. The article presents a thorough psychological analysis of the structure of decision-making in extreme situations and identifies different types of non-standard situations in a coaching job. Also, it clarifies such concepts as “situation”, “non-standard situation” and “extreme situation” in the activity of the individual. It describes different types of non-standard situations which can be manifested in professional coaching and their impact on the human psyche. It analyzes extreme conditions in the activities of athletes and coaches and the role of various mental functions and personality traits in problem-solving. Importantly, the article emphasizes the role of the coach’s reflection and self-regulation in solving non-standard tasks under non-standard conditions. It indicates that two theoretical views on the nature of the human psyche and thinking correspond to two approaches to studying this particular problem. According to the first one, that is an adaptive approach, creative thinking as a form of behaviour is the result of learning, and only some individuals have creative ability. To teach creativity, however, one needs to include the elements of creative behaviour (problem-solving) and heuristics in the educational material. Another approach assumes that thinking is a productive process emerging as a result of a certain problematic situation. Prerequisites for the creative process are cognitive abilities and research activities of the individual.

ПСИХОТЕХНІКА ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ПРОЦЕСУ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ У СИТУАЦІЇ СТРЕСУ

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Олексій Поліщук
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Psychological Tools ◽  
Content Development ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type C ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Time Type

У статті актуалізовано проблему підтримання здоров’я людини шляхом використання психологічного інструментарію. Особлива увага звертається на значущість даної проблематики у контексті функціонування людини у ситуації стресу. Опираючись на результати власного дослідницького пошуку, автор пропонує у якості способу підвищення ефективності життєдіяльності людини у ситуації стресу використовувати спеціальну психотехніку, побудовану на основі встановлених теоретично-емпіричних закономірностей зв’язку між типом психологічного часу людини і успішністю прийняття нею рішень у ситуації стресу. Серед базових положень даної програми виділено наступні: а) перебіг стресової ситуації залежить від оптимальності прийнятих людиною рішень; б) усі люди поділяються на п’ять груп відповідно до свого типу психологічного часу; в) люди з різними типами психологічного часу демонструють різну успішність прийняття рішень у ситуації стресу залежно від часової організації ситуації прийняття рішень; г) людина здатна довільно регулювати часову організацію ситуації прийняття рішень, що створює передумови для підвищення ефективності її  функціонування в ситуації стресу. Власне учбова програма розвитку цільової навички описана згідно з етапами поступового засвоєння людьми її  змісту. Дана програма буде корисною для читачів у плані розвитку індивідуальних ресурсів подолання стресу. The article draws on the issue of maintaining well-being of a person via applying psychological tools. The emphasis is made on the significance of this issue in the context of functioning in a stressful situation. Based on the results of the research, the authors suggest a specific psychological technique for increasing efficiency of performance of a person. This technique was developed through theoretical and empirical correlations between the type of psychological time perception of a person and the success rate of decisions made by the person in a situation of a stress. The basic statements of the program are as follows: a) The features of the dynamics of a stressful situation depend on the optimality of the decision made;b) All people can be divided into five groups in accordance to their psychological time type; c) Individuals with different types of psychological time demonstrate different efficiency of decision making in stressful situations depending on time management of the situation of the decision making; d) A person is capable of regulating time management of the situation of decision making, and this creates conditions to enforce their functioning efficiency in the situation of stress. The actual program for the development of the target skill is described in the article in accordance with the stages of its content development. The article will be relevant for readers in terms of development of the individual resources for overcoming stressful situations.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

DECISION-MAKING ON INVESTMENT OF IT-INNOVATION BASED ON FUZZY EXPERT INFORMATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Olga Olegovna Eremenko ◽  
Lyubov Borisovna Aminul ◽  
Elena Vitalievna Chertina
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Investment Management ◽  
It Projects ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Project Cost ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
The Individual

The subject of the research is the process of making managerial decisions for innovative IT projects investing. The paper focuses on the new approach to decision making on investing innovative IT projects using expert survey in a fuzzy reasoning system. As input information, expert estimates of projects have been aggregated into six indicators having a linguistic description of the individual characteristics of the project type "high", "medium", and "low". The task of decision making investing has been formalized and the term-set of the output variable Des has been defined: to invest 50-75% of the project cost; to invest 20-50% of the project cost; to invest 10-20% of the project cost; to send the project for revision; to turn down investing project. The fuzzy product model of making investment management decisions has been developed; it adequately describes the process of investment management. The expediency of using constructed production model on a practical example is shown.

The transformation of the decision-making process on the part of economic agents influenced by social constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1202-1222
Author(s):  
M.V. Grechko ◽  
L.A. Kobina ◽  
S.A. Goncharenko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
External Signals

Subject. The article focuses on the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents given the existing social constraints. Objectives. We devise applied toolkit to study how socio-economic constraints transform the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents. Methods. The study involves means of the expert survey, the method that streamlines economic knowledge. Results. Social constraints are illustrated to influence the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents, assuming that the individual mind relies on specific mechanisms to make judgments and decisions. Generally, the mechanisms are very useful, however they may generate serious errors during the decision-making process. Given the social constraints, economic agents were found to follow four mental models to make their decisions in case of the full or partial uncertainty, i.e. the representative relevance, accessibility, relations, heuristics (modeling). Conclusions and Relevance. The scientific ideas herein show that the inner architecture of a choice an individual makes determines his or her decisions. The decisions often depend on the contextual environment that gives external signals perceived by the individual while evaluating alternative ways. The findings can possibly be used as a mechanism to manage the consumer choice.

Design, Development and Comparison of Heuristic Driven Algorithms Based on the Crossed Domain Products’ Reviews for User’s Summarization

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 884-892
Author(s):  
Sartaj Ahmad ◽  
Ashutosh Gupta ◽  
Neeraj Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Better Than

Background: In recent time, people love online shopping but before any shopping feedbacks or reviews always required. These feedbacks help customers in decision making for buying any product or availing any service. In the country like India this trend of online shopping is increasing very rapidly because awareness and the use of internet which is increasing day by day. As result numbers of customers and their feedbacks are also increasing. It is creating a problem that how to read all reviews manually. So there should be some computerized mechanism that provides customers a summary without spending time in reading feedbacks. Besides big number of reviews another problem is that reviews are not structured. Objective: In this paper, we try to design, implement and compare two algorithms with manual approach for the crossed domain Product’s reviews. Methods: Lexicon based model is used and different types of reviews are tested and analyzed to check the performance of these algorithms. Results: Algorithm based on opinions and feature based opinions are designed, implemented, applied and compared with the manual results and it is found that algorithm # 2 is performing better than algorithm # 1 and near to manual results. Conclusion: Algorithm # 2 is found better on the different product’s reviews and still to be applied on other product’s reviews to enhance its scope. Finally, it will be helpful to automate existing manual process.

Psychology and the New Private Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
Tess Wilkinson-Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Decision ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Normative Models

This chapter presents a framework for understanding the most promising contributions of psychological methods and insights for private law. It focuses on two related domains of psychological research: cognitive and social psychology. Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, which one might shorthand as “thinking.” Social psychology asks about the role of other people—actual, implied, or imagined—on mental states and human behavior. The chapter is oriented around five core psychological insights: calculation, motivation, emotion, social influence, and moral values. Legal scholarship by turns tries to explain legal decision-making, tries to calibrate incentives, and tries to justify its values and its means. Psychology speaks to these descriptive, prescriptive, and normative models of decision-making. The chapter then argues that psychological analysis of legal decision-making challenges the work that the idea of choice and preference is doing in private law, especially in the wake of the law and economics movement.

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