Cognitive Models of Loneliness in Women in Early and Middle Adulthood

The problem of loneliness is caused by a disunity and alienation of modern society, dissatisfaction with the basic social needs for acceptance and support. The fact that the subjective feeling of loneliness does not coincide with the real degree of social isolation determines the need to study the cognitive aspects. The aim of this study is to show the role of cognitive structures in loneliness in women. A survey of 144 women aged 26-55 years was conducted. Using the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Differential Loneliness Experience Questionnaire, loneliness was measured as a global experience, positive and negative attitudes towards it. Cognitive models were studied using the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, Young Schema Questionnaire, the author’s questionnaire that reveals cultural myths and gender stereotypes about loneliness. A comparative analysis of the groups showed no differences in the perception of loneliness among women with different family situations; it also does not depend on having children and their number. Age was found to be a significant determinant of perceptions of loneliness and family circumstances. Cognitive models influence women’s loneliness to a greater extent than family situation. The publication describes correlations between perceived loneliness and individual dysfunctional attitudes, and builds regression models of predictors of loneliness in different age groups. The study shows the prevalence of cultural stereotypes about the need for marriage and motherhood, and a special female vulnerability in relationships. The construct “tolerance to loneliness” is proposed and described, which reveals the positive potential of this experience for self-knowledge and self-development.

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FORMING GENDER CULTURE OF STUDENT YOUNG PEOPLE IN UKRAINE'S HIGHER EDUCATION STAFF

Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Pedagogy ◽

10.17721/2415-3699.2018.8.11 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 42-45

Author(s):

Liudmila Levitska

Keyword(s):

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Interpersonal Relations ◽

Modern Society ◽

Public And Private ◽

Interactive Technologies ◽

Gender Culture ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Theories ◽

Definition Of ◽

Relationship Of

The aspects of formation of gender culture of students in the process of studying psychological and pedagogical disciplines are revealed. Gender education and upbringing were studied as a psychological and pedagogical problem. Generalized existing approaches to the interpretation of the key concept of the study, which gave grounds for interpreting its own definition of the phenomenon of "gender culture". The essence and peculiarities of the gender culture of modern student youth have been established. The pedagogical conditions for the formation of the gender culture of student youth in the process of studying psychological and pedagogical disciplines are grounded: 1) the content of the content of educational disciplines is filled with a gender theme aimed at the formation of contemporary ideas about the relationship of the sexes among students; 2) the use of interactive technologies that will be based on improving the personality-oriented approach to increasing the motivation of student youth to form their own gender culture; 3) the organization of teachers of psychological and pedagogical disciplines of out-of-class work with student youth, aimed at the destruction of established and the formation of modern gender stereotypes. Realization of pedagogical conditions of formation of gender culture of students in the process of studying of psychological and pedagogical disciplines allowed us: to acquaint students with information about gender problems in modern society; promote the assimilation of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of gender studies, the formation of knowledge about gender theories, awareness in the legal and regulatory framework, the formation of ideas about the characteristics of gender and gender identity of a person; to focus on building humane interpersonal relations and recognizing the ideas of gender equality in the public and private spheres of life; form behavior based on gender.

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Adolescents Voice Preference in Auditory Advertisements

Journal of Student Research ◽

10.47611/jsrhs.v10i1.1301 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sydney Lynch

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Age Groups ◽

Research Process ◽

Future Research ◽

Generational Change ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

High School Juniors ◽

Gender Perception ◽

And Gender

This study aimed to gauge if adolescents' bias or prejudice towards a particular gender could be observed through narrator preference in auditory advertisements to ascertain if the perception of gender and its stereotypes has changed among younger generations. Prior research shows that when adult subjects are presented with multiple advertisements that they demonstrate a preference towards male narrated advertisements; however, these previous studies were performed on adults; therefore, narrator preference remains unknown for most teenagers. For this study, research data were collected through a mixed media survey in which a descriptive research process was completed. Participants in this study included 135 high school juniors and seniors both male and female. Initial results showed that statistically there was no preference for either male or female narration. From this data, one can conclude that today's teenagers do not show an overt bias for a narrator of a specific gender. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that the perception of gender and gender stereotypes have changed towards more egalitarian views in today's younger generations. However, this study was limited to high school-aged teenagers and did not encompass youth of all age groups. Future research should compare perceived gender stereotypes among various age groups to identify a more precise pattern of generational change of gender perception.

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Attitudes of professionals in Serbia on gender equality and gender-based violence: The research results

Temida ◽

10.2298/tem2002169c ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 169-201

Author(s):

Sanja Copic ◽

Bejan Saciri

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Civil Society Organizations ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Independent State ◽

State Institutions ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender

In 2019 the Victimology Society of Serbia conducted the survey aimed at assessing the attitudes of professionals who work in state institutions, independent state agencies and civil society organizations in Serbia about gender equality and genderbased violence, and collecting data on their experiences and challenges in dealing with gender-based violence victims, especially Roma women and women in rural areas. The survey was a part of the broader project aimed to contribute to policy and practice changes to ensure the recognition of harmful gender stereotypes and gender discrimination and to ensure suppression and timely response in cases of gender- based violence. It was a part of the program ?Ending Violence against Women in the Western Balkan countries and Turkey: Implementing Norms, Changing Minds?, implemented by the UN Women and funded by the European Commission. The survey was conducted on a sample of 199 respondents from the police, courts, prosecutors? offices, social welfare centres, independent institutions and civil society organizations, in 21 local communities in Serbia. The survey findings suggested that in general practitioners involved in the survey do not have negative attitudes towards gender equality and gender-based violence. However, when looking at some individual statements on the scales of attitudes on gender equality and gender-based violence, as well as answers to additional questions regarding the role of women and men at home, one can still conclude that traditional (gender) stereotypes are present in respondents of both sexes. The survey results also revealed a lack of knowledge about gender-based violence, which can result in the victim not being recognized, blaming the victim, failing to provide necessary assistance, support and protection, leading to re-victimization and secondary victimization. On average, male respondents have more conservative attitudes towards gender equality and gender-based violence than women. Older respondents, and consequently respondents with longer working experience, have more negative attitudes towards gender equality and gender-based violence than younger respondents. Respondents working in the judiciary, police and prosecution have more negative attitudes towards gender equality and gender-based violence than respondents from independent state bodies, centres for social work and civil society organizations. Attitudes on gender equality proved to be a strong predictor of attitudes about different forms of gender-based violence. Therefore, it is necessary to work further on raising awareness and strengthening capacities of practitioners in state institutions and civil society organizations on issues related to gender equality and gender-based violence, as well as on raising public awareness, including (potential) victims of gender inequality and gender-based violence, so that citizens can recognize their own or victimization of others and seek help and protect their rights.

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Sex Education in Italy between Science and Ideology

Klinička psihologija ◽

10.21465/2016-kp-op-0019 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 36-36

Author(s):

R. Cacioppo ◽

◽

E. Ragaglia ◽

E. Senna ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inclusive Education ◽

Sex Education ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Age Groups ◽

Professional Community ◽

Gender Violence ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Case Histories ◽

Complex Situation ◽

And Gender

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to present a reflection on sex education in schools of different stages and years in Italy, with specific attention to inclusive processes and practices in sexuality. In particular, we want to examine case histories of schoolchildren dealing with the inclusion of any individuals or minority groups (eg. LGBTI people or people with disabilities). Furthermore, we will try to reflect on attitudes and critical issues of the professional community of psychologists on the above matters, taking into account specific training needs and cultural frameworks. Design and Method: Qualitative research through case histories. Results: The analysis of the current state of sex education for younger age groups in Italy identifies how the matter has been at the center of a heated debate between secular assumptions and religious and moral positions for a long time, with strong connotations in terms of political and cultural roles and expectations linked to gender and sexual orientation. Upon request of the EU, Italy as well has committed to implement inclusive education policies, at least formally. However, in recent years government proposals to deconstruct gender stereotypes, to integrate sexual minorities, and to fight homophobic bullying and gender violence were hampered. Conclusions: The Italian case suggests a complex situation, in which the free and fluid self-expression of students in a respectful and non-discriminatory environment as preventive factor of homo/transphobic bullying and gender-based violence is still a goal to be achieved.

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A comparative study of sexual attitudes towards lesbianism and homosexuality with reference to age and gender

10.31219/osf.io/gn6tj ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Simran Sharma

Keyword(s):

Sexual Attitudes ◽

Age Groups ◽

Personal Data ◽

Sexual Attitude ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

The Other ◽

Age Group ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Male And Female ◽

And Gender

The aim of the present study was to find out whether age and gender have an influence on the sexual attitudes of people. The following components of sexual attitude were studied namely: Attitude towards lesbianism and homosexuality. The sample consisted of 100 subjects in which 50 were from the age group of 18-28 years further divided equally with respect to gender (25-male, 25-female) and the other 50 in the age group of 50-60 years similarly divided into male and female. 2×2 Factorial design was used as the research design for the present study. The sample was first divided in two groups on the basis of age and then further on the basis of gender. Personal data sheet and a questionnaire titled ‘Sexual Attitude Scale’ developed by Amit Abraham was used for data collection. Gathered data was calculated and analysed by F-test (ANOVA). The results revealed that subjects in the age group of 18-28 years had a favourable sexual attitude and 50-60 years had an unfavourable sexual attitude. On the basis of gender, males showed a favourable sexual attitude over females. While studying the interaction of age and gender on sexual attitudes it was found that males in the age group of 18-28 years had the most favourable sexual attitude whereas the females in the age groups of 50-60 years had the least favourable sexual attitude.

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A comparative study of sexual attitudes towards lesbianism and homosexuality with reference to age and gender

10.31234/osf.io/9wqtz ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Simran Sharma

Keyword(s):

Sexual Attitudes ◽

Age Groups ◽

Personal Data ◽

Sexual Attitude ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

The Other ◽

Age Group ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Male And Female ◽

And Gender

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Be yourself… but don’t be a wimp! Advice Literature in the USSR and Gender Roles in Contemporary Ukrainian Books for Girls and Boys

Miscellanea Posttotalitariana Wratislaviensia ◽

10.19195/2353-8546.2(7).5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 73-85

Author(s):

Mateusz Świetlicki

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Western Europe ◽

Age Groups ◽

Advice Literature ◽

The Usa ◽

Collapse Of Communism ◽

And Gender

Be yourself… but don’t be a wimp! Advice Literature in the USSR and Gender Roles in Contemporary Ukrainian Books for Girls and Boys. Even though advice literature for children has a long history in Western Europe and the USA, it became popular in all post-Soviet states only in the late 1980s. Still, advice literature for adults played an important role in the formation of gender stereotypes in the USSR. After the collapse of communism manuals for different age groups including advice on etiquette, manners, sex, and looks flooded bookstores and libraries in all post-Soviet states. The essay examines Ukrainian advice literature for boys and girls and the influence gender stereotypes it promotes have on children. Comparing two popular sets of contemporary handbooks for boys and girls, the author shows that they reinforce hegemonic patriarchal gender roles based on inequality and sexism.Будьте собой… только не будьте слабаками! Гендерные стереотипы в украинской справочной литературе для девочек и мальчиков. Эссе включает в себя изучение стереотипного описания гендерных ролей в украинской литературе. Материалом для исследования послужили четыре книги, опубликованные за последние пять лет. Рассматривая нормы и модели поведения, представленные в этих книгах, автор показывает роль таких книг в постсоветском возрождении патриархальных норм. Автор демонстрирует, что в украинских справочниках для мальчиков и девочек дети представлены как товар, на который может возрастать или падать спрос в обществе.

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Personality's Correlates of Adult Development and Aging

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027//1016-9040.8.3.131 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 131-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Gian Vittorio Caprara ◽

Mariagiovanna Caprara ◽

Patrizia Steca

Keyword(s):

Personality Traits ◽

Adult Development ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Age Groups ◽

Well Being ◽

Efficacy Beliefs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Education And Health ◽

Development And Aging ◽

And Gender

Three cross-sectional studies examined stability and change in personality over the course of life by measuring the relations linking age to personality traits, self-efficacy beliefs, values, and well-being in large samples of Italian male and female participants. In each study, relations between personality and age were examined across several age groups ranging from young adulthood to old age. In each study, personality constructs were first examined in terms of mean group differences accrued by age and gender and then in terms of their correlations with age across gender and age groups. Furthermore, personality-age correlations were also calculated, controlling for the demographic effects accrued by marital status, education, and health. Findings strongly indicated that personality functioning does not necessarily decline in the later years of life, and that decline is more pronounced in males than it is in females across several personality dimensions ranging from personality traits, such as emotional stability, to self-efficacy beliefs, such as efficacy in dealing with negative affect. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for personality theory and social policy.

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