Space radar terrain survey and the joint flight of a spacecraft pair

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.G. Paul ◽  
A.V. Simonov
Keyword(s):  
Flight Time ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Surface Element ◽  
Simple Estimate ◽  
Potential Accuracy ◽  
Phase Measurements ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Angular Coordinates ◽  
Radial Thrust

The paper considers the concept of space radar monitoring complex performing Earth observation by two spacecrafts according to the technology of synthesized aperture in an interferometry scheme that allows obtaining a global high-precision digital model of the Earth’s relief. The first key problem when creating the complex is the development of an algorithm for determining the heights of the resulting image relative to the relativity surface. Unlike the traditional interferometer scheme using angular coordinates, radar gives the current coordinates of all points involved in the measurement scheme. This allows new algorithm using the difference between two space phase measurements of the downrange to the same surface element to be proposed. Both measurements are performed from two points of common position, spaced apart and representing the interferometry base. As a result, a simple estimate of the potential accuracy of altitude measurement and conditions of its implementation required for the structural scheme of space interferometry are obtained. The second key problem is the arranging coordinated kinematics of the flight of two spacecrafts, forming the base of the space interferometer with the orientation and dimensions that provide the necessary accuracy of altitude measurement. It is shown that both problems are systemically interrelated and the selection of principal solutions to optimize the complex as a whole requires simultaneous consideration and interdisciplinary coordination of the requirements determined by the specifics of each of the two problems. The technique for preliminary project evaluation of results obtained from the orbital group, visually representing all the relationships between individual characteristics of key problem areas of the complex and output target indicators of its work is proposed. The characteristics of the passive flight of spacecraft pair and the conditions for the obtaining high-quality interferometer measurement are considered. It is shown that these conditions are ensured only for a certain part of the orbit, resulting in decreasing efficiency of using the orbital group flight time, and the global survey of the planet relief takes about a year. In this context the possibility of using a small radial thrust applied for a long enough time exceeding a day is shown. As a result, the measurement conditions are stabilized, and the duration of the global survey of the planet relief is reduced to a few months. In addition, the efficiency of using the flight time of the orbital group increases, which allows performing Earth sounding using other possible programs.

scholarly journals Trade Liberalization and the Lead Role of Human Capital and Job Attributes in Wage Determination: The Case of Pakistan’s Labor Market

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Yasmin
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Wage Determination ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Job Attributes ◽  
The Difference

This study analyzes the role of human capital and job attributes, i.e., supply-side determinants, in determining wages in a period of trade liberalization. Using the Mincerian earning function and based on data from the Labor Force Surveys, we construct a model to estimate various wage determinants and compute the rates of return to different educational qualifications and relative occupational wage shares for the years 2005/06 and 1990/91. The estimated earning functions for 1990/91 and 2005/06 are compared to investigate whether individual characteristics—such as gender, job location, nature of job, educational qualifications, and different occupations—cause the wage gap to widen or contract under conditions of trade liberalization. The mean and quantile regression approach is used for estimation purposes. Our key findings postulate (i) an increasing gender pay gap, (ii) a higher wage premium to the highest educational qualification, and (iii) more or less stable relative wages for different occupations over time. In addition, wage dispersion across occupational groups appears more pronounced in 1990/91 than in 2005/06, implying a declining trend in the difference in wage distribution across occupations.

scholarly journals 3D Measurement of Human Chest and Abdomen Surface Based on 3D Fourier Transform and Time Phase Unwrapping

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibin Wu ◽  
Shuang Yu ◽  
Xiaoyang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Phase Error ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Sequences ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Phase Unwrapping ◽  
3D Measurement ◽  
Human Experiments ◽  
The Difference

Monitoring respiratory movements is an effective way to improve radiotherapy treatments of thoracic and abdominal tumors, but the current approach is limited to measuring specific points in the chest and abdomen. In this paper, a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) measurement approach of the human chest and abdomen surface is proposed, which can infer tumor movement more accurately, so the radiotherapy damage to the human body can be reduced. Firstly, color stripe patterns in the RGB color model are projected, then after color correction, the collected stripe image sequences are separated into the three RGB primary color stripe image sequences. Secondly, a fringe projection approach is used to extract the folded phase combined 3D Fourier transform with 3D Gaussian filtering. By the relationship between adjacent fringe images in the time sequence, Gaussian filter parameters with individual characteristics are designed and optimized to improve the accuracy of wrapped phase extraction. In addition, based on the difference between the fractional parts of the folded phase error, one remainder equation can be determined, which is used for time-phase unwrapping. The simulation model and human experiments show that the proposed approach can obtain the 3D image sequences of the chest and abdomen surface in respiratory motion effectively and accurately with strong anti-interference ability.

scholarly journals Formal and informal social participation of the ‘young-old’ in The Netherlands in 1992 and 2002

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARJOLEIN BROESE VAN GROENOU ◽  
DORLY J. H. DEEG
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Religious Involvement ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Volunteer Work ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data

ABSTRACTThe study compares the formal and informal social participation of 60–69 year olds in The Netherlands in 1992 and 2002, and examines which attributes of the two cohorts favour social participation. Using data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, it was found that cohort differences in formal participation (as members of organisations, in volunteer work and in religious organisations) and in informal participation (having a large social network, and in cultural and recreational activities) associated with cohort differences in individual characteristics (level of education, health, employment status and marital status). Descriptive analyses showed an increase between 1992 and 2002 in all forms of participation except religious involvement. The 2002 cohort members were more educated and more engaged in employment, but in worse health and had a higher prevalence of divorce than the 1992 cohort members. Logistic regression analyses showed that the positive effect on social participation of the recent cohort's higher educational level was suppressed by the negative effect of their worse health. Being divorced had mixed effects on formal and informal participation, but the difference in the number of divorcees did not explain cohort differences in social participation. Interaction effects showed that the influence of sex and health on volunteer work and religious involvement changed over time. The paper concludes with a discussion of the prospects for higher levels of formal and informal social participation among future cohorts of young-older people.

scholarly journals The «Model» Budget: the Features of Its Formation and Implementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-323
Author(s):  
Sergei Leonov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Cost Factors

The paper analyzes the features of the formation of «model» budgets, assesses the consequences of the transition to the distribution of subsidies to the subjects of the Russian Federation from the federal budget on the basis of the calculation of the «model» budget and developed proposals for adequate consideration of the identified problems in the inter-budget policy of the Russian Federation. It is shown that the transition to the «model» budget in the Russian Federation is envisaged through the mechanism of redistribution of the total amount of subsidies to equalize the budget provision with simultaneous refinement of the method of increasing the allocated subsidies to the least affluent regions. The discrepancy between the current budget expenditures and the estimated need for budget allocations was revealed, which can lead to the emergence of unsecured budget expenditures for planned activities in a number of Northern and Far Eastern regions. The necessity for maximum orientation to the individual characteristics of the subjects of the Federation in the calculation of «model» budgets is shown, which is expressed in taking into account the rising cost factors associated with the uneven distribution of the population and the difference in the coefficients of transport accessibility in the subjects of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Attitudes towards Trusting Artificial Intelligence Insights and Factors to Prevent the Passive Adherence of GPs: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 3101
Author(s):  
Massimo Micocci ◽  
Simone Borsci ◽  
Viral Thakerar ◽  
Simon Walne ◽  
Yasmine Manshadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The Difference

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems could improve system efficiency by supporting clinicians in making appropriate referrals. However, they are imperfect by nature and misdiagnoses, if not correctly identified, can have consequences for patient care. In this paper, findings from an online survey are presented to understand the aptitude of GPs (n = 50) in appropriately trusting or not trusting the output of a fictitious AI-based decision support tool when assessing skin lesions, and to identify which individual characteristics could make GPs less prone to adhere to erroneous diagnostics results. The findings suggest that, when the AI was correct, the GPs’ ability to correctly diagnose a skin lesion significantly improved after receiving correct AI information, from 73.6% to 86.8% (X2 (1, N = 50) = 21.787, p < 0.001), with significant effects for both the benign (X2 (1, N = 50) = 21, p < 0.001) and malignant cases (X2 (1, N = 50) = 4.654, p = 0.031). However, when the AI provided erroneous information, only 10% of the GPs were able to correctly disagree with the indication of the AI in terms of diagnosis (d-AIW M: 0.12, SD: 0.37), and only 14% of participants were able to correctly decide the management plan despite the AI insights (d-AIW M:0.12, SD: 0.32). The analysis of the difference between groups in terms of individual characteristics suggested that GPs with domain knowledge in dermatology were better at rejecting the wrong insights from AI.

scholarly journals Application of Modern Development Tools in Increasing the Competence of the Staff

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Lesya Verbovska ◽  
Iryna Haliuk
Keyword(s):  
Staff Development ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Behavioral Skills ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

The article substantiates the main components of improving staff competencies in the face of change. It is determined that taking into account and combining "hard skills" and "soft skills" skills allow you to use the acquired knowledge to perform specific tasks in the workplace in a particular professional activity. Modern and traditional models, techniques and tools of personnel management are presented, according to which it is possible to clearly assess the difference in approaches to managing the competence of employees in the conditions of change. Based on the analysis of world practice, a list of methods is presented: discussions, brainstorming, Oxford debates, Case - Study, business and role - playing games, workshops, communication and management training, which are used to develop skills and abilities of employees. These methods allow expanding the educational opportunities of established forms of classes (lectures, seminars). The relationship between the acquisition of new and improvement of existing staff development competencies on the basis of training and coaching is shown. The proposed methods of acquiring competencies allow you to choose those competencies and methods of acquiring them that correspond to the individual characteristics of organizations. It is proved that the acquisition of competencies by staff allows identifying new competencies in employees, to form the need to use modern analytical and behavioral skills, providing greater opportunities for management skills and flexibility, dialectical thinking, ability to make creative decisions in unusual situations. It is substantiated that the combination of the SMART method in the acquisition of competencies significantly expands the possibilities of short-term learning, through the application of the concept of "lifelong learning". Different definitions of the essence of "competence" are analyzed, which allows emphasizing that when choosing different forms of education, in particular, trainings, different types of training it is necessary to use / apply modern methods and techniques. It has been proven that incompetent non-use by a staff of their knowledge, skills, experience and skills often leads to reduced profits and inefficient use of their potential.

scholarly journals High accuracy positioning with low-cost single-frequency GPS system in multipath environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulla Al-Naqbi
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Ionospheric Delay ◽  
Measurement Noise ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
International Gnss Service ◽  
Phase Measurements ◽  
Differential Positioning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gps System

Positioning using low-cost, single-frequency GPS receivers provides an economical solution, but these receivers are subject to biases leading to degradation of the accuracy required. Factors contributing to degradation in the accuracy of low-cost systems are ionospheric delay, multipath, and measurement noise. Unless carefully addressed, these errors distort the ambiguity resolution process, and result in less accurate positioning solutions. However, with the modern hardware improvements, measurement noise is now almost neglibible. Ionospheric delay has been dramatically reduced with the availablity of global or local ionospheric maps produced by various organizations (e.g., International GNSS Service (IGS), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administraion (NOAA). The major remaining constraint and challenging problem is multipath. This is because mulitpath is environmentally dependant, difficult to model mathematically, and cannot be reduced through differential positioning. The research proposes a new approach to identify multipath-contaminated L1 measurements. The approach is based on wavelet analysis using Daubechies family wavelets. First, the difference between the code and carrier phase measurements was estimated, leaving essentially twice the ionospheric delay, multipath and system noise. The ionospheric delay is largely removed by using high resolution ionospheric delay maps produced by NOAA. The remaining residuals contain mainly low-frequency multipath, if existed, and high-frequency part of the residual component described above. The L1 measurements obtaines from the staellites with lowest multipath were used to compute the final positions using Trimble Total Control (TTC) and Bernese scientific processing software packages. The AC12 single-frequency GPS receiver was extensively tested in static and kinematic modes. Accuracies within 5 cm was demostrated for baselines up to 65 km under various multipath environments.

scholarly journals Disparity in the Hospitals Utilization among Regions in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 1461-1466
Author(s):  
Trias Mahmudiono ◽  
Agung Dwi Laksono
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Hospital Utilization ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference

Abstract: The utilization of hospital services is a benchmark for the success of a health care referral system. Indonesia as the largest archipelago in the world encounters challenging conditions along with lack of infrastructure posed economic and health disparity among its regions. Disparities as a result of this development also have an impact on the accessibility of health care facilities. Regions with good economic movements tend to have good accessibility to health care facilities. For this reason, reducing disparity to achieve universal health services is the goal of health planners and policy makers. Chi Square test was used to test dichotomy variables and t-tests was performed for analysing the difference among continuous variables. These tests were employed to assess the hypothesis that there was significant regional difference in the access of health care in Indonesia. Estimation using multinomial logistic regression test was used to study the disparity between regions in hospital utilization. The results of this study showed that disparities between regions in Indonesia exist in term of hospital utilization. The disparities in hospital utilization among regions in Indonesia were associated with: marital status, socioeconomic status, education level, occupation and insurance ownership. However, the difference in odds ratio for mortality between regions decreased compared to the previous period. Conclusion. Disparities in the hospital utilization among region in Indonesia was associated with complex factors from individual characteristics through geographic barriers.

The effectiveness of rearing of steers of Aubrac breed depending on the age of their slaughter

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
A. Bakharev ◽  
O. Sheveleva ◽  
K. Fomintsev ◽  
L. Lysenko
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Effective Age ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Difference ◽  
Meat Productivity

The factors that influence the formation of meat productivity of cattle include feeding, breed, sex, age, fatness, conditions and individual characteristics of animals. The purpose of the work was to substantiate the effective age of slaughter of steers of specialized beef breed Aubrac. The research has been carried out in a breeding farm for breeding cattle of beef productivity in LLC “Bison” in the Omutinsky district in the Tyumen region. An economic assessment of the rearing of steers of Aubrac breed depending on the age of their slaughter has been presented in the paper. Studies have been carried out on steers have been reared up to the age of 15, 18 and 20 months. In the course of research, we have been studied the amount of feed have been consumed during the period of steers rearing and the total costs incurred. The amount of feed and energy consumed by the steers of the studied ages had a significant discrepancy. For example, steers reared before 18 and 20 months of age consumed more hay in relation to steers sold for meat at 15 months of age by 285,2 and 486,7 kg, haylage by 1228,7 and 2273,4 kg and concentrated feed by 276 and 462 kg, respectively. At the same time, the total difference in the amount of energy consumed was 1155,3 and 1685,9 EFU. The difference between the age of realization of steers at 18 and 20 months for the total energy consumed was 530,5 EFU. The level of profitability of production when selling steers for beef at the age of 18 months was 7,6 %, and at the age of 20 months it was 8,3 %. Early sale of steers for meat at the age of 15 months is unprofi table with a payback rate only 98 %.

scholarly journals Strategic improvisation and HEIs performance: the moderating role of organizational culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najafi Auwalu Ibrahim ◽  
Rosli Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Shukri Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Academic Leaders ◽  
Inconsistent Result ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study aims to explore the relationships between strategic improvisation, organizational culture and higher education institutions (HEIs) performance. The dynamic nature of today’s environment, increased population and demand and budget cuts have created a lot of pressure on HEIs around the world. Hence, the need for effective human resource capable of providing advanced policies for efficiency and sustainability of these institutions.Design/methodology/approachA total of 229 questionnaires were filled and returned by academic leaders from HEIs in Kano state, Nigeria. The study used partial least squares path modelling to test the hypotheses postulated.FindingsThe major findings indicate that both strategic improvisation and organizational culture dimensions have direct relationship with HEIs performance. However, only innovative culture moderates the relationship between strategic improvisation and HEIs, while bureaucratic culture and supportive culture fail to support the proposed hypothesis.Research limitations/implicationsMore studies are needed to further validate the impact of strategic improvisation (SI) on other public sector performance. Also, future studies should use longitudinal approach to establish at which stage SI has more impact on performance. Also, future studies should identify the difference that exists between units, department and faculty leaders, as some are more likely to engage in SI due to the nature of their specialization.Practical implicationsIt is obvious that HEIs performance is not only limited to organizational factors but also individual characteristics such as ability to improvise. Hence, HEIs should consider SI ability during employment to ensure efficiency, performance and sustainability. Moreover, organizational culture of HEIs needs to be updated and to be more flexible in accommodating new initiatives or failure to encourage display of such ability.Originality/valuePrevious studies especially in the for profit sector have demonstrated the role of SI and organizational culture on performance. Thus, the present study is one of the early studies in the non-profit sector, specifically the HEIs. Moreover, the inconsistent result of the previous findings necessitates the study to test the moderating effect of organizational culture.

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