scholarly journals The creation and characterization of the bread wheat line with a centric translocation T2DL.2RL

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 846-855
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Ivanova ◽  
L. A. Solovey ◽  
D. B. Loginova ◽  
E. E. Miroshnikova ◽  
N. I. Dubovets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Translocation Line ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Wheat Gene ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Chromosome Modifications

The development of bread wheat introgressions with alien genetic material from cultural and wild Triticeae species is an effective method for expanding the wheat gene pool necessary for breeding. To date, numerous collections of introgressions as substitutions and chromosome modifications have been obtained; however, the creation and study of wheat with new valuable traits still remain an important line of research. Rye Secale cereale L., whose chromosomes carry genes that control valuable economic and biological characteristics and properties, is widely used to produce new wheat forms. In this study, a wheat-rye translocation obtained by backcrossing the wheat-rye disomic-substitution line 2R(2D)1 with the variety Novosibirskaya 67 was characterized. The chromosomal composition of karyotypes was studied using fluorescent in situ hybridization and C-banding. Two centric translocations, derived from two long arms of chromosomes 2D and 2R, T2DL.2RL, were identified, the remaining 40 wheat chromosomes did not undergo modifications. Meiosis in the lines was stable. Chromosomes T2DL.2RL formed bivalents in all meiocytes, which confirmed their homology. The morphological characteristics of the spike in the T2DL.2RL line and Novosibirskaya 67 did not differ. A comparative analysis of productivity between the T2DL.2RL translocation line and the parental forms, Novosibirskaya 67 and the 2R(2D)1 line, was carried out. The T2DL.2RL line is inferior to Novosibirskaya 67 in all characters with different confidence levels. The productivity characters of the 2R(2D)1 line exceeded or did not differ from those of T2DL.2RL, however, the mass of 1000 grains was significantly lower. The results showed the effect of the T2DL.2RL translocation on the trait “plant height”. This character was significantly lower than that of Novosibirskaya 67 in two vegetation periods. Consequently, the T2DL.2RL translocation reduces plant height and productivity.

scholarly journals Molecular markers in the genetic analysis of crossability of bread wheat with rye

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-567
Author(s):  
I. V. Porotnikov ◽  
O. Yu. Antonova ◽  
O. P. Mitrofanova
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Wheat Gene ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Ph1 Gene ◽  
New Varieties

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the varieties of which are widely used for the grain production, is difficultly crossable with related species of Triticeae Dum. This factor limits the chance of introduction of alien genetic material into the wheat gene pool and the possibility of new varieties breeding with good adaptation to adverse environmental factors. The crossability between wheat and related species is controlled by Kr1-Kr4 genes (Crossability with Rye, Hordeum and Aegilops spp.) and the SKr gene (Suppressor of crossability). SKr and Kr1 have the largest influence on the trait. In the case of the recessive alleles, these genes do not function and the quantity of hybrid seeds after pollination with alien species can achieve more than 50 %. SKr is located on 5BS between the GBR0233 and Xgwm234 markers, closely linked with the markers Xcfb341, TGlc2 and gene12. Kr1 was mapped on 5BL, proximally to the Ph1 gene, between the EST-SSR markers Xw5145 and Xw9340. The markers of SKr were used to control the transfer of its recessive allele into other wheat genotypes, which made it possible to obtain highly crossable forms. However, the advantages of using the SKr and Kr1 markers in marker-assisted selection and in the screening of ex situ collections are not sufficiently studied. The published Kr1 sequence for varieties with different crossability offers great prospects, because it will be possible to create allele-specific markers. In this review, the following issues are considered: genetic resources created by wheat and rye hybridization, the geographical distribution of easy-to-cross forms of wheat, genetic control of the wheat and rye compatibility, advances of the use of molecular markers in the mapping of Kr-genes and their transmission control.

scholarly journals Characterization and Classification of Libyan Bread Wheat Germplasm Collections (Triticum aestivum L)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-464
Author(s):  
Abu Llbayda M. , Almajdoub ◽  
Mukhtar O. , Agoub ◽  
Ali S. Shreidi ◽  
Hassan E. Tantun
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation

A field experiment was carried out on the bread wheat crops under the supplementary irrigation system at Misurata Research Station during the agricultural season 2018/2019. It included forty-three varieties and accessions. Thirty-five of them were obtained in a germplasm collection mission in different Libyan regions in the 2017/2018 season. For comparison, eight additional old and modern local varieties from the gene bank of bread wheat crops being worked on in the breeding program at Misurata Research Station were included. Varieties and accessions were randomly planted according to the Augmented designs. The FAO certified profiling system was used to characterize samples in both the field and laboratory. The results showed that the different varieties and accessions differed greatly in their morphological characteristics, growth habits, adaptability to the environmental conditions of the study area, and resistance of major diseases and pests recorded during the growing season. The results also indicated a large variation in some key plant characteristics such as days to heading, which ranged from 41 to 93 days. A significant amount of genetic diversity was found in the fields cultivated with wheat included in the collection mission in different regions of Libya. Some of these genotypes were identified as well-known local varieties such as Sidi Al-Masry, Al-Mukhtar, Bohot 208, and Sabha. Many other genotypes are unknown and need more research so that their genetic material can be used in future breeding programs.

IMPROVEMENT AND ADAPTATION OF THE FAYOUMI CHICKEN

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hossaryl ◽  
E. S. E. Galal
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cooperative Society ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Actual Prevalence

SUMMARYThe Fayoumi (Oasis/Province of Fayotimi) or Ramadi (village of Dar-el-Ramad) breed of chicken is said to have been introduced into this area in the early part of the 19th century; phenotypically it recalls the Silver Campine from which it is reputed to descend. A hardy and well adapted breed it was saved through the creation of the Fayoumi Poultry Research Station in 194é, which also assured an active improvement policy of the breed. The creation in 1958 of the Fayoumi Poultry Cooperative Society further strengthened the conservation of the breed and its use through distribution of genetic material to farmers and smallholders of the Fayoumi province. Since the early é0's the breed is reported to have been successfully introduced to countries as different as the UK and the USA, Vietn@ Iraq, Pakistan and India. Its adaptability and resistance to the problems of xyrotherrnic tropical and sub-tropical conditions is confirmed by its actual prevalence in Southern Egypt.

scholarly journals Using the 6RLKu Minichromosome of Rye (Secale cereale L.) to Create Wheat-Rye 6D/6RLKu Small Segment Translocation Lines with Powdery Mildew Resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haimei Du ◽  
Zongxiang Tang ◽  
Qiong Duan ◽  
Shuyao Tang ◽  
Shulan Fu
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽  
Translocation Chromosome ◽  
Translocation Line ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene ◽  
Mildew Resistance ◽  
Small Segment ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Long arms of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 6 (6RL) carry powdery mildew resistance genes. However, these sources of resistance have not yet been successfully used in commercial wheat cultivars. The development of small segment translocation chromosomes carrying resistance may result in lines carrying the 6R chromosome becoming more commercially acceptable. However, no wheat-rye 6RL small segment translocation line with powdery mildew resistance has been reported. In this study, a wheat-rye 6RLKu minichromosome addition line with powdery mildew resistance was identified, and this minichromosome was derived from the segment between L2.5 and L2.8 of the 6RLKu chromosome arm. Following irradiation, the 6RLKu minichromosome divided into two smaller segments, named 6RLKumi200 and 6RLKumi119, and these fragments participated in the formation of wheat-rye small segment translocation chromosomes 6DS/6RLKumi200 and 6DL/6RLKumi119, respectively. The powdery mildew resistance gene was found to be located on the 6RLKumi119 segment. Sixteen 6RLKumi119-specific markers were developed, and their products were cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide BLAST searches indicated that 14 of the 16 sequences had 91–100% similarity with nine scaffolds derived from 6R chromosome of S. cereale L. Lo7. The small segment translocation chromosome 6DL/6RLKumi119 makes the practical utilization in agriculture of powdery mildew resistance gene on 6RLKu more likely. The nine scaffolds are useful for further studying the structure and function of this small segment.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Genetic Structure and Selective Sweeps in Chinese Indigenous Pig Breeds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiong Tong ◽  
Lianjie Hou ◽  
Weiming He ◽  
Chugang Mei ◽  
Bo Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze River ◽  
North China ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium Block ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Central China ◽  
Pig Breeds ◽  
Southern Chinese

Abstract Background Chinese indigenous pigs exhibit considerable phenotypic diversity, but their population structure and the genetic basis of agriculturally important traits have not been explored. Results Here, we sequenced the whole genomes of 24 individual pigs representing 22 breeds distributed throughout China. For comparison with European and commercial breeds (one pig per breed), we integrated seven published pig genomes with our new genomes. Our results showed that pig domestication occurred at three places in Southeastern Asia, namely the Mekong region, the middle to downstream regions of the Yangtze River, and Tibetan highlands. Moreover, we demonstrated that classic morphological characteristics such as coat color are not consistent with genetic data. We found that genetic material from European pigs likely introgressed into five Chinese breeds. Two new subpopulations of domestic pigs have been identified in South and North China that encompass morphology-based criteria. The Southern Chinese subpopulation comprises the classical Southern China Type and part of the Central China Type, whereas the Northern Chinese subpopulation comprises the North China Type, the Lower Yangtze River Basin Type, the Southwest Type, the Plateau Type, and the remainder of the Central China Type. Eight haplotypes and two recombination sites were identified within a conserved 40.09 Mb linkage-disequilibrium block on the X chromosome. Potential selection and domestication signatures were identified, mainly influencing body size, along with adaptations to cold and hot temperature environments. Conclusions Our findings provide insights into the phylogeny of Chinese indigenous pig breeds, and will be of enormous benefit in identifying beneficial genes to develop superior pig breeds.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE CORRELATION OF INTERRELATIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAIN SORGHUM

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Victoria Igorevna Starchak ◽  
Valery Ivanovich Zhuzhukin ◽  
Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Zhuk ◽  
Vera Valeryevna Bychkova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Coefficient Matrix ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits ◽  
Research And Design

In modern conditions, the need for cultivation of grain sorghum in regions with insufficient moisture is determined by its high yield and grain quality. For practical breeding, with the objective of assessing linkages 19 morphological and physiological traits model of the population including 15 varieties and 2 promising lines of grain sorghum that is created in the Russian Research and Design Technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize. The biochemical composition of the grain of the objects of research is presented graphically. A different degree of variation in the characteristics of grain sorghum was revealed: very strong (V> 40,0%) - productive bushiness, number of grains from 1 panicle; strong (20,0% <V <40,0%) - the width of the panicle, the extension of the panicle leg, the thickness of the upper internode, the area of the flag leaf, the area of the fourth on top of the leaf, the mass of the grain from 1 panicle; weak (V <10,0%) - the height of the plants after 30 days, the height of the plants during maturation. The group with an average degree of variation (10.0% <V <20.0%) includes all other signs measured in the experiment. Factor analysis was used to optimize, interpret the calculated matrix of correlation coefficients. In the analysis of the correlation coefficient matrix, hypothetical factors with a contribution of more than 5% to the accumulated variance are calculated. The first hypothetical factor is determined by the high effects of morphophysiological features. The second factor is largely due to the contribution of plant height 30 days after germination and the extension of the panicle legs. Plant height at maturity, weight of 1000 grains make the greatest contribution to the third factor. The width of the panicle makes the greatest contribution to the accumulated dispersion of the fourth factor. The fifth factor is determined by the effects of plant height at the beginning and end of vegetation, as well as the total contribution of all studied features.

scholarly journals Keragaman Karakter Morfologis Garut (Marantha arundinaceae L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tintin Suhartini ◽  
NFN Hadiatmi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Leaf Colour ◽  
White Colour ◽  
Stem Leaf ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

<p>Morphological Characteristics Variability of Arrowroot (Marantha arundinaceae L.). The arrowroot has been recognized by most society member of Indonesia as a source of potential foodstuf. The arrowroot has low glicemic index, and high carbohydrate content, high quality of flour and can replace position of wheat flour as food material and industry. Evaluation and characterization are needed to get informations of superior characteristic of arrowroot as source of genetic variability to develop promising new arrowroot varieties. The result showed that the morphological characteristic of 20 arrowroot accecions were not different on the qualitative characteristics. The characteristics of leaf colour, stem and stalk leaf colour, and white colour of tuber were not different among arrowroot accecions. The quantitative characteristics of tuber or rhizomes type (tuber length and tuber circle), plant height, number of tiller/hill, total leaf/main stem, leaf length and leaf width among accecions had low variability. The tuber weight per hill had positive correlation with plant height, number of leaf, tuber length and tuber circle and negative correlation with leaf length, leaf width and stalk length leaf.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Garut (Marantha arundinaceae L.) merupakan sumber pangan yang potensial bagi sebagian masyarakat di Indonesia. Garut memiliki indeks glikemik rendah dan kandungan karbohidrat tinggi. Tepung garut dapat menggantikan terigu sebagai bahan makanan dan industri. Evaluasi dan karakterisasi garut perlu dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi sifat-sifat unggul untuk dapat digunakan dalam perakitan varietas unggul. Hasil evaluasi 20 aksesi garut yang dikarakterisasi menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan morfologis sifat kualitatif. Warna daun, pelepah dan tangkai daun, bentuk daun, bentuk dan warna umbi memiliki kesamaan antaraksesi. Karakter kuantitatif pada bentuk umbi (panjang dan lingkar umbi), tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan/rumpun, jumlah daun pada batang utama, panjang dan lebar daun antar aksesi plasma nutfah garut memiliki keragaman yang sempit. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa bobot umbi per rumpun berkorelasi positif dengan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang, lingkar umbi, dan berkorelasi negatif dengan panjang daun, lebar daun, dan panjang tangkai daun.</p>

scholarly journals Morphological Characteristics of Two-rowed Barley (Hordeum sativum ssp. distichum L.) Landraces Originating from Herzegovina

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Ivan Kovačević ◽  
Đurađ Hajder ◽  
Danijela Kondić ◽  
Dragan Mandić ◽  
Desimir Knežević
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Spike Length ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Barley Landrace ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Significant Difference

Barley is a small grain cereal, tolerant to high temperatures and drought. Due to this characteristic, it can be regarded as a promising crop for production in dry conditions. Research on five spring landraces of two-rowed barley lasted two experimental years (2011 and 2012) in agro-ecological conditions of Banja Luka. In the experiment, the standard cropping practices were applied, without irrigation. The experiment was set as a complete randomized design with four replications. All measurements were performed in 10 plants per replication. Morphological characteristics included plant height (cm), spike length (cm), grain number per spike and grain weight per spike (g). Obtained data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance with landrace and growing season as main factors. Significant treatment or interaction effects were further analysed by Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test, often utilized for pairwise comparisons among arithmetic means. In all tested traits the maximum average values were obtained in barley landrace AM2, i.e. the plant height (86.89 cm), the spike length (8.90 cm), the grain number per spike (24.74) and the grain weight per spike (1.17 g). Due to these facts, two-rowed barley landrace AM2 can be marked as the most productive in this research, bearing a potential for different crop breeding practices.

Estimation of oil flax intra-species hybrids by breeding-genetic parameters for the creation of material with altered habitus

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Number Of Stems

The creation of a selection material for oil flax with a large number of stems, side shoots and an optimal height for cultivation is an urgent task, since the formation of additional bolls on the side shoots will increase the yield of seeds, and an increase in the vegetative mass of plants will increase its competitiveness against weeds and reduce moisture evaporation. from the soil surface. The use of genetic and statistical parameters allows to efficiently plan and carry out breeding work for oil flax, purposefully select parental pairs in crosses, select valuable genotypes, and reject low-value material at the first stages of breeding. The purpose of this study is to identify promising interspecific hybrid combinations based on breeding and genetic parameters for creating a new breeding material for multi-stem and multi-shoot forms. The studies were carried out at the Institute of Oilseeds NAАS of Ukraine in 2018-2020. The material of the research was F1 and F2 hybrids obtained in a system of dialle crosses with the participation of two wild species (L. angustifolium and L. hispanicum) and three samples of cultivated flax – L 6 (India), M 32/2 (Ukraine), L 5 (Czech Republic). The degree of dominance of traits in hybrids of the first generation was determined by the formula (Beil, Atkins 1965). The degree of heterosis is according to the formula (Rasul et al 2002). The coefficient of heritability in hybrids of the second generation – according to the formula (Ayala 1984). As a result of the research, interspecific hybrid combinations have been identified that are promising for obtaining breeding material with a modified habit: – with the effect of heterosis: by plant height – seven combinations of F1 (Ht = 3,58-13,76%); the number of stems per plant – one (Ht = 35,77%); the number of side shoots is six (Ht = 5,68-43,79%). The most valuable are combinations in which the effect of heterosis manifested itself simultaneously on two grounds – the height of the plants and the number of lateral shoots on the plant – L. angustifolium / L 6, L 5 / L. angustifolium, L. hispanicum / L 6, L 6 / L. hispanicum; plant height and number of stems per plant – M 32/2 / L. hispanicum; – with high coefficients of heritability: by plant height – four combinations of F2 (H = 0,67-0,87); the number of stems per plant – six (H = 0,66-0,81); the number of side shoots is four (H = 0,66-0,72). Interspecific combinations of L. hispanicum / M 32/2 and M 32/2 / L. hispanicum were distinguished by high rates of heritability by two characteristics – the number of stems and the number of lateral shoots on the plant. The potential of the selected combinations will be used in the further breeding process for increased branching.

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