scholarly journals CURRÍCULO INTEGRADO EM UM PROGRAMA DE INCLUSÃO SOCIAL: a visão dos gestores

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Ilma Vieira do Nascimento Vieira do Nascimento ◽  
Karyanne Moreira da Silva Nogueira Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Curriculum ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
San Luis ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Concrete Elements

RESUMO Neste artigo, discute-se sobre o currículo integrado do Projovem na visão dos gestores do programa desenvolvido na cidade de São Luís-MA. Reflete-se sobre diferentes concepções do currículo e especificamente sobre a proposta de currículo integrado para analisar a concepção de currículo integrado que embasa a proposta curricular do Projovem, cuja organização contempla três dimensões: escolarização, qualificação profissional e ação comunitária. A partir dessa revisão teórica da produção acadêmica que aborda o currículo integrado, discute-se as percepções dos gestores sobre o desenvolvimento desse currículo no Projovem. Para tanto, realizou-se estudo exploratório, pesquisa de campo com os gestores, por meio de entrevistas. A análise dos dados evidencia que a integração acontece na perspectiva das três dimensões curriculares do programa, porém não há percepção clara de currículo integrado percebido no discurso dos gestores das escolas. Por fim, ressalta-se a importância do currículo integrado para formação integral do aluno, sendo que os conteúdos trabalhados devem se constituir em elementos concretos na sua formação, de modo a lhe favorecer possibilidades de compreensão e intervenção na realidade.Palavras-chave: Currículo integrado. Projovem. Dimensões curriculares.CURRICULUM INTEGRATED IN A SOCIAL INCLUSION PROGRAMME: the vision of managers ABSTRACT This article discusses about the integrated curriculum Projovem in view of Program Managers developed in São Luis-MA. Reflected on different conceptions of the curriculum and specifically on the proposed integrated curriculum to analyze the design of integrated curriculum that supports the curriculum proposal Projovem, whose organization has three dimensions: education, professional training and community action. From this theoretical review of academic literature that addresses the integrated curriculum, discusses the perceptions of managers on the development of this curriculum in Projovem. For both held exploratory study, field research with managers, through interviews. Data analysis shows that integration takes place in the perspective of the three curricular dimensions of the program, but there is no clear perception of integrated curriculum perceived in the discourse of managers of schools. Finally, we emphasize the importance of integrated curriculum for comprehensive training of the student, and the contents worked should constitute concrete elements in their training, in order to favor her understanding of possibilities and intervention in reality.Keywords: Integrated Curriculum. Projovem. Curriculum dimensions.PLAN DE ESTUDIOS INTEGRADO EN UN PROGRAMA DE INCLUSIÓN SOCIAL: la visión de los gestore RESUMENEn este artículo se discute acerca de la Projovem plan de estudios integrado a la vista de los directores de programas desarrollados en San Luis-MA. Refleja en diferentes concepciones del plan de estudios y específicamente en el plan de estudios integrado propuesto para analizar el diseño del plan de estudios integrado que soporta la propuesta curricular Projovem, cuya organización tiene tres dimensiones: educación, formación profesional y de acción comunitaria. A partir de esta revisión teórica de la literatura académica que aborda el plan de estudios integrado, se analizan las percepciones de los directivos en el desarrollo de este plan de estudios en Projovem. Para ambas celebradas estudio exploratorio, la investigación de campo con los gerentes, a través de entrevistas. Análisis de los datos muestra que la integración se lleva a cabo en la perspectiva de las tres dimensiones del plan de estudios del programa, pero no existe una clara percepción de currículo integrado se percibe en el discurso de los administradores de las escuelas. Por último, destacamos la importancia del plan de estudios integrado para la formación integral del alumno y los contenidos trabajados deben constituir elementos de hormigón en su formación, con el fin de favorecer la comprensión de las posibilidades y la intervención en la realidad. Palabras clave: Curriculum integrado. Projovem. Las dimensiones del plan de estudios.

scholarly journals Introdução de Disciplinas na Modalidade EAD para Cursos de Qualificação Profissional: Propostas para um Ambiente Favorável

EAD em FOCO ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Dias Cerqueira ◽  
Jessica Sarubi De Moura
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Virtual Learning Environment ◽  
Technology Center ◽  
Vocational Qualification ◽  
Training Courses

A pesquisa em foco busca analisar a inserção de disciplinas, na modalidade EAD, para Cursos de Qualificação Profissional em um Centro Vocacional Tecnológico de Construção Civil do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A investigação pretende verificar se os ambientes educativos são favoráveis à implantação de Educação a Distância - EAD, bem como propor condições favoráveis para um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA). O presente trabalho tem seu enfoque também na cibercultura e nas mutações contemporâneas da relação com o saber (Lévy 1999) e se utiliza de Spritzer e Bittencourt (2009) para abordar questões referentes à qualidade pedagógica e técnica dos cursos mediatizados pela EAD. A metodologia da pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa se utiliza dos seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: observação participante, entrevista semipadronizada e pesquisa documental. Ao final da pesquisa de campo e do levantamento bibliográfico, são feitas pontuações sobre possíveis ambientes favoráveis que permitam viabilizar a modalidade EAD nos cursos de qualificação no Centro Vocacional Tecnológico, como também, tornam possível diagnosticar que, por vezes, a EAD se configura como mecanismo que promove distanciamento entre sujeito e informação. Palavras-chave: Educação a distância; Qualificação profissional; Inclusão social.Introduction Courses to EAD Professional Qualification: Proposals for a Friendly EnvironmentAbstract The focus of the reasearch is to analyze the inclusion of disciplines in DL mode for Professional Training Courses, in a Vocational Technology Center of Civil State of Rio de Janeiro Construction. The research aims to assess whether educational environments are conducive to the implementation of Distance Education - Distance Education and to propose favorable conditions for a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). This work focuses on cyberculture and also on contemporary mutations of relationship to knowledge (Lévy 1999). It uses Spritzer and Bittencourt (2009) to address issues of pedagogical and technical quality of courses mediated by EAD. The research methodology with a qualitative approach uses the following instruments: participant observation, semipadronizada interview, and documentary research. At the end of the field research and literature, scores are made about possible favorable environments that enable distance education modality in training courses in the Vocational Technology Center. These scores also make it possible to diagnose that sometimes, EAD is configured as a mechanism promoting detachment between subject and information. Keywords: Distance education; Vocational qualification; Social inclusion.

scholarly journals Reflexões sobre a dimensão do cuidado na busca da justiça curricular das escolas do campo do município de Humaitá (AM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e6225
Author(s):  
Zilda Gláucia Elias Franco
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
School Calendar ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Education School ◽  
Just Society ◽  
Field Schools

A justiça curricular, com suas  três dimensões - conhecimento, convivência e cuidado -, define que o currículo atenda a todas as necessidades dos envolvidos e os forme como pessoas solidárias e corresponsáveis na construção de uma sociedade mais justa. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste artigo, recorte de uma pesquisa de doutorado, foi identificar, na realidade das escolas do campo do município de Humaitá, Amazonas, os limites e as possibilidades no atendimento às crianças da região, tendo como parâmetro a dimensão do cuidado na busca da justiça curricular. A pesquisa participativa, utilizando-se de pesquisa de campo, análise documental, entrevistas, momentos de reflexão-ação e de escuta sensível (Barbier, 2007), com gestores, professores, merendeiras, pais e alunos, em sua fase exploratória, resultou no levantamento das dificuldades encontradas pelos participantes quanto ao atendimento da Educação do Campo: calendário escolar, transporte e merenda escolar. Os resultados apontam para a grande distância entre o que está escrito e a prática curricular, levando à injustiça curricular. Faz-se necessário, assim, refletir sobre a concepção da justiça curricular, em especial a dimensão do cuidado, pois um ambiente democrático e acolhedor das diferenças ajuda a garantir e a consolidar a formação solidária e modificar o processo de construção do conhecimento. Palavras-chave: Justiça Curricular, Cuidado, Escolas do Campo.   Reflections on the dimension of care in the search for curricular justice in the field schools of the municipality of Humaitá (AM)                ABSTRACT. Curricular justice, with its three dimensions - knowledge, coexistence and care -, defines that the curriculum meets all the needs of those involved and educates them as supportive and co-responsible people in the construction of a more just society. Therefore, the objective of this paper, a cutoff of a doctoral research, was to identify, in the reality of the field schools of the municipality of Humaitá, Amazonas, the limits and the possibilities in the care of the children of the region, having as parameter the dimension of care in the pursuit of curricular justice. Participatory research, using field research, documentary analysis, interviews, moments of reflection-action and sensitive listening (Barbier, 2007), with managers, teachers, school cooks, parents and students, in their exploratory phase, resulted in the survey of the difficulties encountered by the participants regarding the attendance of Rural Education: school calendar, transportation and school meals. The results point to the great distance between what is written and the curricular practice, leading to curricular injustice. It is therefore necessary to reflect on the conception of curricular justice, especially the dimension of care, since a democratic and welcoming environment of differences helps to guarantee and consolidate solidarity education and modify the process of knowledge construction. Keywords: Curricular Justice, Care, Rural Schools.   Reflexiones sobre la dimensión del cuidado en la búsqueda de la justicia curricular de las escuelas unitarias del municipio de Humaitá (Amazonas, Brasil) RESUMEN. La justicia curricular, con sus tres dimensiones - conocimiento, convivencia y cuidado -, define que el currículo atienda a todas las necesidades de los involucrados y los forme como personas solidarias y corresponsables en la construcción de una sociedad más equitativa. El objetivo de este artículo, el cual es un recorte de una investigación llevada durante el doctorado, fue identificar, en la realidad de las escuelas unitarias del municipio de Humaitá, Amazonas, los límites y las posibilidades en la atención a los niños de la región, teniendo como parámetro la dimensión del cuidado en la búsqueda de la igualdad curricular. En este estudio se utilizó una metodología investigación participativa, llevada a cabo mediante el trabajo de campo, el análisis documental, las entrevistas, los momentos de reflexión-acción y de la escucha sensible (Barbier, 2007), con gestores, profesores, monitores del comedor escolar, padres y alumnos, en su fase exploratoria, resultó en el levantamiento de las dificultades encontradas por los participantes en cuanto a la atención de la Educación del Campo: calendario escolar, transporte y merienda escolar. Los resultados apuntan a la gran distancia entre lo que está escrito y la práctica curricular, obteniendo como resultado lo que se denomina como injusticia curricular. Este hecho, hace que sea necesario reflexionar sobre la concepción de dicha justicia curricular, en especial la dimensión del cuidado, debido a que un ambiente democrático y acogedor de las diferencias ayuda a garantizar y consolidar la formación solidaria y modificar el proceso de construcción del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Palabras clave: Justicia Curricular, Cuidado, Escuelas Rurales.

scholarly journals Arte comunitario como herramienta de inclusión: experiencias en el Taller de Expresión Artística del Centro Penitenciario Madrid IV de Navalcarnero

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Rey ◽  
Laura Delgado ◽  
Jorge Fernández Cedena ◽  
Silvia Sainz
Keyword(s):  
Art Education ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Community Art ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
Prison Art ◽  
Different Cultures

Resumen: La Educación Artística, como herramienta para la integración social, puede funcionar como canal mediador en diferentes contextos para fomentar el pensamiento crítico y localizar lugares de encuentro e intercambio de perspectivas. En España se han desarrollado varios proyectos en los que esta disciplina se ha incluido en los programas educativos de prisiones para contribuir a la reinserción y el enriquecimiento cultural de los internos. En el presente artículo se expone la experiencia del taller de arte en el Centro Penitenciario Madrid IV, prisión ubicada en Navalcarnero, dentro de la Comunidad de Madrid. Esta iniciativa es coordinada por la asociación Solidarios para el Desarrollo, que trabaja dentro de la acción social y comunitaria con el objetivo de crear espacios que propicien el acercamiento socio-cultural. Se abordan en primer lugar los antecedentes existentes, para después profundizar en la actividad desde la primera toma de contacto en la intervención didáctica hasta la materialización y valoración de la actividad, dividendo la experiencia en dos bloques que explican tanto la acción desde la parte social como desde la parte artística. Los resultados que derivarán en conclusiones se obtienen a partir de las fichas de seguimiento de objetivos, así como de la extracción de categorías recogidas en la sesión de evaluación. Así, esta experiencia puede convertirse en un referente para las prácticas artísticas en contextos de privación de libertad como herramienta de mediación y reflexión comunitaria. Palabras clave: arte comunitario, centro penitenciario, educación artística, mediación, inclusión social, taller. Abstract: Art Education, as a tool for social integration, is able to work as a mediator in different contexts to enhance critical thinking, find out meeting points, and exchange perspectives. Spain has developed several projects in which this discipline has been included in education programs in prison centres in order to contribute to the reintegration and cultural enrichment of inmates. This text describes the experience in the art workshop at the Prison Centre Madrid IV, located at Navalcarnero, Madrid.This iniciative has been coordinated by the organization‘Solidarios para el Desarrollo’, which works within the social and community action with the aim of creating spaces that promote rapprochement between different cultures and social situations. This article analyses the existing background, and it then deepens in the experience from the first contact until the accomplishment and evaluation of the activity. It is divided in two main parts that explain the social action and the artistic intervention. The results, which will end up in conclusions, have been obtained through the tracking cards of the targets, and the categories gathered in the assessment session. In this way, this experience can become a referent in the task of bringing artistic practices to deprivation of liberty contexts, using it as a tool for mediation and community reflection. Key Words: community art, prison, art education, mediation,social inclusion, workshop. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.8.9914

scholarly journals PARA ENTENDER A CIBERCULTUR@ NA PRÁTICA. Reflexões a partir de investigação na Comunidade Emergente de Conhecimento Local La Otra Mina de Charcas, SLP-México

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Cicilia Maria Krohling Peruzzo
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Knowledge Community ◽  
San Luis ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
San Luis Potosi ◽  
San Luis Potosí

RESUMOO trabalho analisa o processo de desenvolvimento da cibercultur@ da CECL La Otra Mina. O objetivo é discutir a cibercultur@ na prática a partir da experiência da Comunidade Emergente de Conhecimento Local (CECL) La Otra Mina de Charcas, em San Luis Potosi (SLP), México. O estudo foi realizado com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de um estudo exploratório e pesquisa de campo. Conclui-se que as culturas de informação, de comunicação e de conhecimento se constituem de forma integrada, porém crescem e se desenvolvem no ritmo da própria comunidade. PALAVRAS CHAVE: Cibercultur@. Comunicação comunitária. Comunidade Emergente de      Conhecimento Local. Organização comunitária. Nossotrifição.  RESUMENEl trabajo analiza el proceso de desarrollo de la cibercultur@ de la CECL La Otra Mina. El objetivo es discutir la cibercultur@ en la práctica partiendo de la experiencia de la Comunidad Emergente de Conocimiento Local (CECL) La Otra Mina de Charcas, en San Luis Potosi (SLP), México. El estudio fui realizado en base en investigación bibliográfica y documental, además de un estudio exploratorio e investigación en el campo. Se concluye que las culturas de información, de comunicación y de conocimiento se constituyen de forma integrada, entretanto crecen y se desarrollan en el ritmo de la comunidad misma. PALABRAS CLAVE: Cibercultur@. Comunicación comunitaria. Comunidad Emergente de      Conocimiento Local. Organización comunitaria. Nosotrificación.  ABSTRACTThis work analyses the process of development of cybercultur@ of the ECLK La Otra Mina. The objective is to discuss cybercultur@ in practice from the experience of the Emerging Community of Local Knowledge La Otra Mina of Charcas, in San Luis Potosi (SLP), Mexico. The study was conducted based on bibliographic and documental research, as well as through exploratory study and field research. We conclude that the cultures of information, communication and knowledge are constituted in an integrated manner, but grow and develop at the pace of the community. KEYWORDS: Cybercultur@. Community communication. Emerging Community of Local Knowledge. Community organization. 

Stereotypes About Battered Women and Victim’s Self-Defense: Legal Implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110551
Author(s):  
Carmen Delgado-Alvarez ◽  
Andrés Sanchez-Prada
Keyword(s):  
Battered Women ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Battered Woman ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
And Gender

Recent research on the practices of justice operators with women victims of intimate partner violence has evidenced the existence of gender stereotypes and gender-blind practices in the Spanish legal system (Albertín et al., 2020; García Jiménez et al., 2019, 2020), as well as the graves consequences that such practices imply for these women. In this context, the present study explored the existence of a battered woman stereotype and its variation when the victim defends herself from the abuser. An opportunity sample of 505 undergraduates of Law, Psychology and other studies from two Spanish universities assessed some personality characteristics of a woman after watching a 1-minute-long silent video. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three observation conditions (“control”, “victim” or “self-defense victim”), which differed in the previous information given about the target woman. The Principal Components Analysis reduced the information from the questionnaire to three dimensions: “brittleness” (α = .91), “positive” (α = .786), and “hostile” (α = .809). The MANOVA confirmed the battered woman stereotype and its modification when the victim reacts against the abuser in self-defense: in this case the attribution of brittleness decreases and the attribution of hostility increases. The type of academic training showed significant effects on the stereotype, this being more negative among Law students than among Psychology ones. Law students perceive the target woman in the “victim” condition more hostile and manipulator. As for the “self-defense” condition, Law students attribute less brittleness to the victim, and perceive her more manipulator and dangerous. The effect of the observer's gender on the stereotype is consistent with the previous literature. Implications for professional training and judicial practices are discussed.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Prevention of Narcotics Abuse in Adolescents in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency (Study at the National Narcotics in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Indah Permata Futri ◽  
Zailani Surya Marpaung
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Input Process ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Depth Interviews

ABSTRACT This research is motivated by the circulation and use of narcotics in adolescents which are still rife in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of prevention of drug abuse in adolescents in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency. The method used in this study is a qualitative method. Data collection techniques are done through in-depth interviews and documentation studies. The theory used in this study is the theory of open systems according to Richard M Steers, namely effectiveness can be seen based on three dimensions, namely input, process and output. Based on the results of field research shows that the input, process and output has not been effective. The conclusion of this research is that the effectiveness of prevention of narcotics abuse in adolescents in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency (study at the National Narcotics Agency Ogan komering Ilir Regency) has not been effectively implemented. This research suggests that the effectiveness of preventing narcotics abuse among adolescents (a study at the National Narcotics Agency of Ogan Komering Ilir) can run well and effectively: (1) There needs to be communication and cooperation between BNNK OKI and the Regency Government, Police and Related Agencies to help resources in the prevention of narcotics, (2) socialization activities or counselling on the dangers of anti-drugs must be increased, and (3) prioritizing the use of traditional media.

scholarly journals Resources of Sustainable Economic Growth and Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Ignjatovic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Sustainable Development

The Sustainable Development Strategy implies a targeted long-term process that affects economic, social, environmental and institutional aspects of life. The goal is to meet the social and economic interests of citizens, reduce poverty, reduce unemployment and gender inequalities and reduce negative impacts on natural resources and the environment, resulting in long-term economic growth with economic efficiency, technology and innovation. Accordingly, in 2015, the United Nations adopted Resolution A / RES / 70/1 - Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, based on three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. At the end of the 20th century, parallel with the theory of development, which turned into the concept of sustainable development, there was globalization that integrated the entire world regions in order to gain as strong economic and financial positions as possible on the world stage. Today, Serbia is not in a position to choose whether to engage in modern globalization processes, but it must continue the initiated transitional reforms and accession to the European Union, regardless of the economic, political or environmental consequences. By implementing national policies, Serbia should aim at national and economic sovereignty, which will further influence sustainable development. Only by changing the current economic policy, by creating a national strategy based on the exploitation of domestic economic and industrial potentials, by reducing unemployment, social responsibility and individual freedom, economic growth and sustainable development can be achieved. This work, besides the introduction, consists of materials based on the presentation of the sustainable development strategy of the Republic of Serbia and also presents the results and discussion that draft the current situation with possible solutions to achieve sustainable development in the future. Finally, the final ratifications are provided.      

Social Inclusion and Intercultural Values in a School of Education

2017 ◽  
pp. 518-531
Author(s):  
Olga M. Alegre de la Rosa ◽  
Luis M. Villar Angulo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Student Teachers ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
School Of Education ◽  
Barriers To Learning ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Positive Elements

The aim of the study was to analyze the contextual and personal factors associated with student teachers' inclusive and intercultural values to minimize barriers to learning and participation. It also examined the role higher education played as a facilitator of social inclusion. Method. The sample was comprised of 1234 university students. Researchers applied the Guide Index for Inclusion (Booth & Ainscow, 2000) composed of three dimensions: Culture, Politics and Inclusive Practices. Positive elements emphasized the gender variable with highly significant scores on all dimensions. Besides, younger students with no cooperation between teachers and families didn't collaborate between teachers and family to promote inclusive attitudes. Moreover, it was noted that experience increases to more predisposition to the inclusion and recognition of barriers to learning and participation. As a conclusion, it was recognized that the principles of social inclusion may be influenced by variables such as gender, age, cultural experience and experience with people.

scholarly journals Community Surveillance of Child Nutrition

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Carl E. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Local Conditions

A new approach to community-based nutritional surveillance has potential for improving programmes for growth promotion by focusing on the children at greatest risk and increasing the capacity for appropriate action. First, cross-sectional surveys can help to identify where malnutrition is distributed in the community so that high-risk groups can be targeted for intensive monitoring. Second, field studies can be conducted in parallel with general implementation to help define causal factors influencing local patterns of growth faltering and guide selection of an appropriate mix of interventions and methods to suit local conditions. This information can provide a better basis for training mothers, volunteers, and service personnel. Cultural, ecological, and economic constraints need to be identified as part of stimulating self-reliant community action. Demonstration of locally relevant and simplified procedures by a field research unit in each region should be linked with systematic extension to all parts of that region. These field research units should themselves be linked in a mutually supportive national and international network. Feedback of information from community-based surveillance can assist policy and administrative decisions for programme correction. These methods may provide our most direct means of introducing and measuring “adjustment with a human face.”

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