scholarly journals OUVIR O ESPAÇO GEOGRÁFICO: a formação territorial de Itabaiana (Sergipe) nas memórias

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
João Pedro Celestino dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The People ◽  
Memory Register ◽  
The Social ◽  
De Se ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Memory Resource ◽  
Historia De Vida ◽  
Geographical Space

LISTENING TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE: the territorial formation ofItabaiana (Sergipe) in the memoriesESCUCHAR EL ESPACIO GEOGRÁFICO: la formación territorial de Itabaiana (Sergipe) en las memóriasO presente artigo proporciona uma discussão sobre como o recurso da memória – construída socialmente – desempenha papel relevante na leitura geográfica do espaço. Esta leitura é realizada através do registro de memória de sujeitos sociais históricos e atuantes, residentes do município de Itabaiana, Sergipe. O principal objetivoé entender como estes sujeitos sociais contribuíram para a formação territorial desse município a partir, principalmente, da análise de temas e questões suscitados por cada umdeles. Como recurso metodológico, a realização de entrevistas, apoiadas na História Oral. Os depoimentos registrados são analisados a fim de se obter um quadro de temas relativos à formação territorial de Itabaiana. A experiência com os depoimentos tem possibilitado a compreensão de marcas sociais e territoriais inerentes ao processo de exploração e formação do território: algumas passíveis de associações com a historiografia, outras próprias à história de vida das pessoas e à compreensão de seu espaço tempo.Palavras-chave: Formação Territorial; Itabaiana; Memória; Geografia.ABSTRACTThe present article provides a discussion on how the memory resource - socially constructed - plays a relevant role in the geographic reading of space. This reading is performed through the memory register of historical and active social subjects, residents of the municipality of Itabaiana, Sergipe. The main objective is to understand how these social subjects contributed to the territorial formation of this municipality, based mainly on the analysis of themes and issues raised by each of them. As a methodological resource, interviews were conducted, supported by Oral History. The recorded statements are analyzed in order to obtain a table of subjects related to the territorial formation of Itabaiana. The experience with the testimonies has made it possible to understand the social and territorial marks inherent to the process of exploration and formation of the territory: some of them may be associated with historiography, others are appropriate to the life history of the people and the understanding of their space time.Keywords: Territorial Formation; Itabaiana; Memory; Geography.RESUMENEl presente artículo proporciona una discusión sobre cómo el recurso de la memoria - construida socialmente - desempeña un papel relevante en la lectura geográfica del espacio. Esta lectura se realiza a través del registro de memoria de sujetos sociales históricos y actuantes, residentes del municipio de Itabaiana, Sergipe. El principal objetivo es entender cómo estos sujetos sociales contribuyeron a la formación territorial de ese municipio a partir, principalmente, del análisis de temas y cuestiones suscitados por cada uno de ellos. Como recurso metodológico, se realizaron entrevistas apoyadas en la Historia Oral. Los testimonios registrados son analizados a fin de obtener un cuadro de temas relativos a la formación territorial de Itabaiana. La experiencia con los testimonios ha posibilitado la comprensión de marcas sociales y territoriales inherentes al proceso de explotación y formación del territorio: algunas pasibles de asociaciones con la historiografía, otras propias a la historia de vida de las personas y la comprensión de su espacio tiempo.Palabras clave: Formación Territorial; Itabaiana; Memoria; Geografía.

The History of Unreason

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Samuel Teague ◽  
Peter Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
History Of

This chapter reflects on the importance of the historical narrative of mental illness, arguing that Western countries have sought new ways to confine the mentally ill in the post-asylum era, namely through the effects of stigma and medicalization. The walls are invisible, when once they were physical. The chapter outlines how health and illness can be understood as socially constructed illustrating how mental health has been constructed uniquely across cultures and over time. To understand this process more fully, it is necessary to consider the history of madness, a story of numerous social flashpoints. The trajectories of two primary mental health narratives are charted in this chapter. The authors argue that these narratives have played, and continue to play, an important role in the social construction of mental illness. These narratives are “confinement” and “individual responsibility.” Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault and Roy Porter, the authors describe how Western culture has come to consider the mentally ill as a distinct, abnormal other.

Tracing the Sociopolitical Reality of Race

What Is Race? ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 4-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Haslanger
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social ◽  
Racial Injustice ◽  
Cultural Empowerment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Critical Theorist ◽  
Philosophical Questions

The concept of race has a troublesome history. It has been used to divide societies and subordinate groups in unjust ways. It has also been a source of pride and strength for the subordinate (as well as, unfortunately, for the dominant). Historically it has also carried assumptions of naturalness: races are natural kinds that exist independent of human thought and activity. In recent years, however, the naturalness of race has been challenged and replaced with the idea that race is socially constructed. This raises many important philosophical questions: How should one inquire into the concept of race when there is such broad controversy over what race is? What are the relevant phenomena to be considered? How should such an inquiry take into account the social stakes (e.g. the potential impact of maintaining or rejecting the concept of race)? Is it possible for concepts to evolve, or is conceptual replacement the only option? In Chapter 1, the author takes up these methodological questions and positions herself as a critical theorist considering what role the concept of race has in the sociopolitical domain. She argues that there is a meaningful political conception of race that is important in order to address the history of racial injustice. This is compatible with there being different conceptions of race that are valuable in other contexts and for different purposes (e.g., for medical research, cultural empowerment).

Anti-Semitism, Unhappy Consciousness and the Social Construction of the Palestinian Nakba

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 397-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yakub Halabi
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Palestinian Refugee ◽  
Refugee Problem ◽  
State Of Israel

The history of Zionism is composed of two narratives: One is the history of anti-Semitism that begot Zionism, and the other is the history of the Zionist–Palestinian conflict that begot the Palestinian refugee problem (the Nakba). So far, these two narratives have been investigated in parallel and, thus, they were kept artificially disconnected from each other. The history of the Palestinian catastrophe has been examined mainly in the light of the 1947–1949 events that culminated in the 1948 War and the birth of the Nakba. This narrative ignores the identity of the Zionists, especially the link between anti-Semitism and the Nakba. Many Israeli scholars claim that the territorial demands of the two groups had ushered in the 1948 War, the outcome of which was determined by the balance of power between the Zionist forces and the Arabs. Based on theories of social constructivism, this essay claims, however, that the Nakba and the establishment of the state of Israel are a socially constructed enterprise that reflected the shared ideas, the collective unhappy consciousness and the identity of Zionists and their protracted history in Europe. Anti-Semitism shaped the world views of Zionists and their desire to establish a Jewish state on the total area of mandatory Palestine—the area west of the Jordan River under British administration—in which the Jews aspired to live alone with themselves. Finally, in order to uproot the ‘diaspora mentality’ from the Jewish newcomers to Palestine and to construct a Jewish nationality, the Zionists had excluded the Palestinians from the Hebrew labour market.

Walter Bagehot and Liberal Realism

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Easton
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Contemporary Liberalism

In the decline of his life, a disappointed man might well ask himself what destiny would have held in store for him if at some crucial juncture of his maturity he had accepted the earnest advice of a solicitous friend or even of a keen-sighted foe. Today liberalism is confronted with a similar question. It is on the defensive in all parts of the Western world except in the United States. Even there its position is deceptive. Perhaps it survives tenuously under the artificial protective canvas of postwar inflation. Today one can hardly question this threatened eclipse of liberalism. Because of this foreboding, disturbing questions haunt the liberal. What deficiency in liberalism is leading to the abandonment of its tenets throughout Europe? Was there counsel offered and ignored in the past which might have retarded the infirmities of age?The answer to the first question has long been apparent. Yet in practice contemporary liberalism, both of the progressive and nineteenth-century varieties, has never assimilated its essential meaning. Following the French Revolution and the English Reform Act, liberalism began its long history of divorcing theory from practice. In the splendor of Victorian industrial success, this separation was not driven into the consciousness either of the intellectual leaders or of the people. But with the tension, domestic and international, of the eighties, liberals themselves, like T. H. Green and then Hobhouse, undertook the task of correcting some of the glaring discrepancies between the doctrine and the reality. In the light of the basically abstract character of liberalism, these collectivist renovations now appear like amateurish tinkering with a vastly complex apparatus.Liberal doctrine had indeed long been suffering from a negative attitude toward the state. But this was simply a diagnostic symptom of an even deeper defect: liberalism's unconscionable indifference to the material conditions of society, and its ensuing failure to put its theories to the test of the social reality.

Tools for Academic Research on Human Rights in Latin America: the Inter-American Human Rights System

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Orrego Hoyos
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe article below, which is written by Gloria Orrego Hoyos, presents an overview of the Inter-American Human Rights System, its main instruments, its organs for the protection and promotion of human rights in the Americas and the available tools for the academic research and the activism in the vindication for human rights in the region. This information is presented from the contextualization of the system within a history of violation of human rights in the region, and the role of both the Inter-American Convention and the Inter-American Court in the transformation of the social, political and institutional realities of the people of the continent.

scholarly journals Ecodomy: Taking risks and overstepping boundaries in the Book of Ruth

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Gerda De Villiers
Keyword(s):  
Social Conventions ◽  
The People ◽  
Creative Initiative ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

This chapter examined the concept of ‘Ecodomy’ – life in its fullness – as it unfolds in the Book of Ruth. The book is dated to the post-exilic period in the history of Israel, and is read as narrative critique against the Moabite paragraph in Deuteronomy 23:3–5, and against the way that this text is interpreted and implemented in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Naomi, Ruth and Boaz, the protagonists in the narrative, become paradigmatic of the situation in post-exilic Israel. Their stories, dealing with loss and the actions they take in order to heal the brokenness become indicative for the post-exilic community. As the narrative plot develops, the chapter aims to indicate how ‘life in its emptiness’ is changed into ‘life in its fullness’ by the courage and creative initiative of individuals, even if it meant overstepping boundaries and challenging the social conventions of the time. Against the exclusivist policy of Ezra and Nehemiah, the Book of Ruth argues that foreigners may be included in the community of YHWH and that their solidarity with Israel is to the benefit of all the people. The point that the chapter wishes to make, is that life in its fullness cannot be taken for granted, but requires effort.

scholarly journals A JUSTIÇA DO COMENDADOR (BAIXA PROVENÇA, SÉCULO XIII) - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v39i1.36481

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Damien Carraz
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Princely State ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Verbal Processes ◽  
The Temple

RESUMO: As ordens militares, como senhores eclesiásticos, exerceram a justiça temporal sobre populações das quais elas estavam encarregadas. A historiografia, se ele se interessou pelos conflitos de jurisdição que opuseram os poderes soberanos às comendadorias, subestimou, salvo exceções, as atividades judiciárias destas últimas. Os ricos arquivos das ordens do Hospital e do Templo, no Midi Francês, fornecem belas séries de atas da prática judiciária – clamores, inquéritos criminais, processos verbais de condenações... O caso dos dois senhorios templários de Lansac e de Montfrin e as comparações oferecidas pela importante jurisdição hospitalária de Manosque, recentemente e notavelmente estudada, autorizam uma contribuição sobre o papel dos irmãos guerreiros na difusão dos usos jurídicos e no controle social. O pessoal empregado no serviço destas pequenas justiças senhoriais, os procedimentos utilizados pela justiça criminal, a repressão da delinquência ordinária que assolava estes castra da Baixa Provença e, enfim, os limites opostos ao poder coercitivo do Templo pela organização das comunidades e pelo reforço do Estado foram sucessivamente evocados. O funcionamento, os ideais almejados, assim como a ação repressiva, pouco evidenciam a especificidade desta justiça da Igreja que não recusava o exercício do merum imperium e a aplicação das penas aflitivas. Centradas sobre o século XIII, período de transição na história do procedimento, estas primeiras observações desejariam ser prosseguidas para os dois séculos seguintes: a originalidade da justiça do Hospital, com a instauração de uma ordem moral, mais do que cívica, apareceria mais, tanto que seria necessário avaliar a resistência destes senhorios às reconquistas jurisdicionais do Estado principesco. ABSTRACT:The military orders, as ecclesiastical gentlemen, exercised the temporal justice over populations which they were in charge of. The historiography, if he got interested about the jurisdiction conflicts that have opposed the sovereign powers to the commanderies, underestimated, with some few exceptions, the judicial activities of these last ones. The rich archives from the orders of the hospital and the temple, at the French Midi, provide beautiful series of the judicial practices - clamors, criminal investigations, verbal processes of condemnations... The case of the two templary landlords of Lansac and of Montfrin and the comparisons offered by the important hospitaller jurisdiction of Manosque, recently and notably studied, authorize an contribution over the role of the warrior brothers on the difusion on the juridical uses and on the social control. The people who ar e employed on the service of those small stately justices, the procedures used by the criminal justice, the repression of the ordinary delinquency that plagued those castra of the Low Provence and, ultimately, the limits opposed to the coercive power of the temple for the organization of the communities and for the reinforcement of the state were successively evoked. The operation, the desired ideals, just like the repressive action, do not show at all the specificity of the church's justice which wouldn't refuse the exercise of merum imperium and the application of the afflictive feathers. Centered over the 13th century, period of transaction on the history of procedure, these first observations would desire to be pursued for the two following centuries: the originality of the hospital's justice, with the establishment of a moral order, more than civic, would appear so much more that it would be necessary to evaluate the resistance of tho se landlords to the court re-conquests of the princely State.

scholarly journals O corpóreo e a erupção da bestialidade em Carne e Sozinho Contra Todos, de Gaspar Noé // The bodily and the eruption of bestiality in Meat and I Stand Alone, by Gaspar Noé

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Josette Alves de Souza Monzani ◽  
Mario Sergio Righetti
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historia De Vida ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Aesthetic Procedures

Resumo: Procura-se apontar de que modo os procedimentos estéticos do diretor franco-argentino Gaspar Noé acabam por realizar uma proposta de cinematografia radical que estabelece uma tensão no compartilhamento sensorial entre o corpo da tela, o corpo da câmera e o corpo do espectador. Carne (1991) e Sozinho Contra Todos (1998) narram a história de vida do Açougueiro, um cidadão à margem da sociedade metropolitana francesa, marcada por represamentos afetivos que o comprimem e levam a cometer ações bestiais marcadas por ‘enganos’, equívocos que o prejudicarão para sempre.O corpo cinematográfico de Noé faz uso da imagem e do som hápticos, trilhando um caminho batailleano - através da transgressão, da sensorialidade e da experimentação do abjeto -, e através deles busca induzir no espectador o que denominamos afeto carnal e corporeidade imanente como forma de pontuar as questões sociais e éticas propostas pelo diretor. Abstract: It is tried to point out how the aesthetic procedures of the French-Argentine director Gaspar Noé end up making a proposal of radical cinematography that establishes a tension in the sensorial sharing among the body of the screen, the body of the camera and the body of the spectator. Meat (1991) and I Stand Alone (1998) chronicle the life history of the Butcher, a citizen on the fringes of French metropolitan society, marked by affective imprisonments that compel him to commit bestial actions marked by ‘mistakes’, mistakes that will do him harm forever. The cinematographic body of Noé makes use of haptic image and sound, traversing a Bataillean path - through transgression, sensoriality and experimentation of the abject - and by them seeks to induce in the viewer what we call carnal affection and immanent corporeity as a way of punctuating the social and ethical questions proposed by the director.

scholarly journals Semangat Reformasi Persembahan Umat Pasca Pembuangan Menurut Maleakhi 3:6-12

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Rudolf Panggabean
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
The Real ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

The tithe offering to God shows the repentance of the people to Him. Obedience in giving a true tithe offering is a practice of covenant between God and His people, but n its implementation, people break their covenants against God's decree.  people still practice the wrong practices of worshipping God, especially regarding things. The real tithe is not of how much the people give to God, but rather a form of obedience to Him. This condition was conveyed by Malachi to the people of Israel. This study aims to analyze the text of Malachi 3:6-12 to gain an understanding of the spirit of reform of post-exile offerings. The method used in this study is qualitative by applying descriptive methods through the analysis of the social history of the text. In terms of the spirit of reform of the people after the exile according to the text of Malachi 4:6-12, it is obtained an understanding of the spirit of reform of the offering of the people as obedience through thanksgiving to God and to the common welfare.AbstrakPersembahan persepuluhan kepada Allah menunjukkan pertobatan umat kepada-Nya. Ketaatan dalam memberikan persembahan persepuluhan yang benar merupakan salah satu praktik perjanjian antara Allah dan umat-Nya, namun pada pelaksanaannya, umat melanggar perjanjian mereka terhadap ketetapan Allah itu. umat masih saja melakukan praktik peribadatan yang salah kepada Allah, khususnya mengenai persembahan perse-puluhan. Kondisi ini disampaikan Nabi Maleakhi kepada umat Israel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa teks Maleakhi 3:6-12 untuk mendapatkan pemahaman semangat reformasi persembahan umat pasca pembuangan. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, dengan menerapkan metode deskriptif melalui analisis sejarah sosial teks. Dalam hal semangat reformasi persmbahan umat pasca pembuangan  menurut teks Maleakhi 4:6-12, maka didapatkan pemahaman mengenai semangat reformasi persembahan umat sebagai ketaatan melalui ucapan syukur kepada Allah dan untuk kesejahteraan bersama

scholarly journals A diglossia literária em Patrick Chamoiseau: o caso de seus romances autobiográficos Antan d’enfance e Chemin d’école / The Literary Diglossy in Patrick Chamoiseau: the Case of His Autobiographic Romances Antan D’Enfance and Chemin D’École

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Annick Marie Belrose
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Aime Cesaire ◽  
Patrick Chamoiseau ◽  
Edouard Glissant ◽  
West Indians ◽  
The People ◽  
De Se ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Resumo: Patrick Chamoiseau (1953) é um escritor martinicano contemporâneo que produziu romances, ensaios, peças de teatro e contos filosóficos. Considerado sucessor de grandes autores martinicanos como Aimé Césaire e Édouard Glissant, Chamoiseau é um autor comprometido que questiona em seus textos a noção de literatura, a tradição literária francesa, a história das Antilhas francesas e a relação dos escritores antilhanos com o mundo e seus papéis no contexto cultural globalizado. Este trabalho de reflexão é realizado pelos personagens de seus romances, bem como pelos diferentes narradores. Chamoiseau construiu seu discurso teórico principalmente em filiação com o pensamento de Edouard Glissant. A poética da Relação de Glissant (1990) constitui a linha diretriz a partir da qual ele desenvolve sua reflexão. Ele dedica grande parte de seu trabalho a tentar entender, explicar e resolver o dilaceramento diglóssico experimentado por ele e pelo povo da Martinica, presos entre a língua crioula (língua dominada) e a língua francesa (língua dominante). Assim, mostrar-se-á como em seus romances autobiográficos Antan d’Enfance-Une enfance créole I (1996), Chemin-d’école – Une enfance créole II (1996), mas também o seu ensaio teórico Écrire en pays dominé (1997), o autor reflete essa busca. Neles, Chamoiseau revela as questões identitárias geradas no seu encontro com as duas línguas, relata a complexidade dos mecanismos psicológicos e relacionais, as dificuldades de se construir como indivíduo e como membro de uma comunidade. A escrita de Chamoiseau procura traduzir esse conflito e busca resolvê-lo, criando uma linguagem híbrida, poética e polissêmica, onde a língua crioula habita em uma narração em francês, e onde os gêneros se misturam.Palavras chave: literatura; autobiografia; diglossia; oralidade; identidade.Abstract: Patrick Chamoiseau (1953) is a contemporary Martinican writer who wrote novels, essays, plays and philosophical tales. He is considered the successor of great Martinican authors like Aimé Césaire and Édouard Glissant. Chamoiseau is a committed author who questions in his texts the notion of literature, the French literary tradition, the history of the French West-Indies, as well as the relationship of the west-Indians writers with the world and their roles in the globalized cultural context. This reflection work is carried out by the characters of his novels, as well as by the different narrators. Chamoiseau constructed his theoretical discourse mainly in affiliation with the thinking of Edouard Glissant. The poetic of Relationship of Glissant (1990) constitutes the guideline from which he develops his reflection. He dedicates a large part of his work trying to understand, explain and resolve the diglossic tearing experienced by him and the people of Martinique, caught between the Creole language (dominated language) and the French language (dominant language). Thus, we will show how in his autobiographical novels Antan d’Enfance – Une enfance créole I (1996), Chemin-d’école – Une enfance créole II (1996), but also his theoretical essay Écrire en pays dominé (1997) the author reflects this search. In them, Chamoiseau reveals the identity issues generated in his encounter with the two languages, reports the complexity of the psychological and relational mechanisms, the difficulties of building himself as an individual and as a member of a community. Chamoiseau’s writing seeks to translate this conflict, and seeks to resolve it, creating a hybrid poetic and polysemic language, where the Creole language lives in a narration in French and where the genres are mixed.Keywords: literature; autobiography; diglossy; orality; identity.

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