scholarly journals A JUSTIÇA DO COMENDADOR (BAIXA PROVENÇA, SÉCULO XIII) - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v39i1.36481

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Damien Carraz

RESUMO: As ordens militares, como senhores eclesiásticos, exerceram a justiça temporal sobre populações das quais elas estavam encarregadas. A historiografia, se ele se interessou pelos conflitos de jurisdição que opuseram os poderes soberanos às comendadorias, subestimou, salvo exceções, as atividades judiciárias destas últimas. Os ricos arquivos das ordens do Hospital e do Templo, no Midi Francês, fornecem belas séries de atas da prática judiciária – clamores, inquéritos criminais, processos verbais de condenações... O caso dos dois senhorios templários de Lansac e de Montfrin e as comparações oferecidas pela importante jurisdição hospitalária de Manosque, recentemente e notavelmente estudada, autorizam uma contribuição sobre o papel dos irmãos guerreiros na difusão dos usos jurídicos e no controle social. O pessoal empregado no serviço destas pequenas justiças senhoriais, os procedimentos utilizados pela justiça criminal, a repressão da delinquência ordinária que assolava estes castra da Baixa Provença e, enfim, os limites opostos ao poder coercitivo do Templo pela organização das comunidades e pelo reforço do Estado foram sucessivamente evocados. O funcionamento, os ideais almejados, assim como a ação repressiva, pouco evidenciam a especificidade desta justiça da Igreja que não recusava o exercício do merum imperium e a aplicação das penas aflitivas. Centradas sobre o século XIII, período de transição na história do procedimento, estas primeiras observações desejariam ser prosseguidas para os dois séculos seguintes: a originalidade da justiça do Hospital, com a instauração de uma ordem moral, mais do que cívica, apareceria mais, tanto que seria necessário avaliar a resistência destes senhorios às reconquistas jurisdicionais do Estado principesco. ABSTRACT:The military orders, as ecclesiastical gentlemen, exercised the temporal justice over populations which they were in charge of. The historiography, if he got interested about the jurisdiction conflicts that have opposed the sovereign powers to the commanderies, underestimated, with some few exceptions, the judicial activities of these last ones. The rich archives from the orders of the hospital and the temple, at the French Midi, provide beautiful series of the judicial practices - clamors, criminal investigations, verbal processes of condemnations... The case of the two templary landlords of Lansac and of Montfrin and the comparisons offered by the important hospitaller jurisdiction of Manosque, recently and notably studied, authorize an contribution over the role of the warrior brothers on the difusion on the juridical uses and on the social control. The people who ar e employed on the service of those small stately justices, the procedures used by the criminal justice, the repression of the ordinary delinquency that plagued those castra of the Low Provence and, ultimately, the limits opposed to the coercive power of the temple for the organization of the communities and for the reinforcement of the state were successively evoked. The operation, the desired ideals, just like the repressive action, do not show at all the specificity of the church's justice which wouldn't refuse the exercise of merum imperium and the application of the afflictive feathers. Centered over the 13th century, period of transaction on the history of procedure, these first observations would desire to be pursued for the two following centuries: the originality of the hospital's justice, with the establishment of a moral order, more than civic, would appear so much more that it would be necessary to evaluate the resistance of tho se landlords to the court re-conquests of the princely State.

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Orrego Hoyos

AbstractThe article below, which is written by Gloria Orrego Hoyos, presents an overview of the Inter-American Human Rights System, its main instruments, its organs for the protection and promotion of human rights in the Americas and the available tools for the academic research and the activism in the vindication for human rights in the region. This information is presented from the contextualization of the system within a history of violation of human rights in the region, and the role of both the Inter-American Convention and the Inter-American Court in the transformation of the social, political and institutional realities of the people of the continent.


Traditio ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 317-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Forey

The most outstanding event in the history of the military orders at the end of the thirteenth and start of the fourteenth centuries was, of course, the dissolution of the Temple. This was not, however, an isolated happening. Although the accusations which led to the abolition of that order had been publicly voiced only shortly before the Templars‘ arrest, the proceedings against the Temple took place at a time when criticism of the military orders in general was mounting, and this growth of hostile opinion no doubt facilitated Philip IV's attack on the Templars. Ever since their foundation the military orders had been subjected to some criticism, but much early censure had been of a kind which might be directed against any religious establishment, especially by members of the secular clergy who found that their authority and resources were being impaired by the privileges which the military orders and other religious institutions enjoyed: it was not primarily concerned with the orders’ contribution to the struggle against the infidel. But as the fortunes of the crusading states declined, the military orders became increasingly criticised for their inadequacies as defenders of Christendom. Defeat in the Holy Land had to be explained by faults on the Christian side rather than in terms of Muslim superiority, and the military orders were an obvious target for attack. The authors of the numerous crusading proposals which were put forward in the late-thirteenth and early-fourteenth centuries were inevitably influenced by this growing criticism, and many crusading plans therefore included suggestions concerning the military orders. Those who drew up proposals did not themselves provide a reasoned or detailed account of the orders' faults or attempt to judge to what extent these failings contributed to Christian defeats, but the criticisms on which they based their plans were clearly not altogether groundless: although some strictures were ill-informed or excessive, the policies which the orders themselves pursued certainly provided a starting-point for the growth of hostile opinion. Yet some writers did not seek merely to remedy existing defects in the orders; they sought also to discuss what the role of the military order should be in the struggle against the infidel, and thus viewed the subject in a rather wider context.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Dede Burhanudin

Boen Bioyang Temple, located in Surabaya City, is one of the houses of worship in Indonesia that still cling to the purity of Confucian religious teachings. Especially, it still maintains the pure values of Confucian tea¬chings that do not go through syncretism like other temples. Temples in Indonesia are mostly Tridharma temples used by three religions, namely Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. This article wishes to reveal (1) the context and historical back¬-ground of the founders of Boen Bio Temple, which includes the time, the founding figures, and the conditions of the community around that time; (2) data on the architectural model of the building, and the objects as well as the philosophical meanings contained therein and (3) the role of religious spreading and the social and cultural use since its inception to date. The expected benefits of this research can add to the religious treasures of the Indonesian archipelago, exploring the values of local wis¬dom. These also conserve and preserve historical religious places of worship in Indonesia, especially the Confucian Chinese people who are Confucians in Surabaya and generally the people of Indonesia. Basically, the research method used here is descriptive and quali-tative, related to history. The use of such methods may present evidence of evidence and facts contained in the temple through the stages of historical studies. A historical approach is made to describe the historical back¬ground of the existence of a historic place of worship, while the archae¬ological approach is done to describe the ancient objects and the symbols within them. Keywords: Temple, Confucianism, Chinese, Surabaya, Indonesia. Latar belakang penelitian Klenteng Boen Bio yang ada di Kota Surabaya ini, adalah salah satu satu tempat ibadah di Indonesia yang masih berpegang teguh pada kemurnian ajaran agama Khonghucu. Teru-tama masih mempertahankan nilai-nilai murni ajaran Khonghucu yang tidak mengalami sinkretisme seperti kelenteng-kelenteng lainnya. Jika Kelenteng-kelenteng di Indonesia kebanyakan merupakan kelenteng Tri-dhar¬¬ma yang digunakan oleh tiga agama, yakni Khonghucu, Budha dan Tao. Adapun tujuan dan manfaat dari penelitian ini diantaranya (1) untuk mengungkapkan konteks latar sejarah berdirinya Klenteng Boen Bio, yang meliputi waktu, pendiri, serta kondisi masyarakat di sekitar saat itu. (2) Didapatnya data tentang model aristektur bangunan, dan benda-benda berikut makna filosofis yang terkandung di dalamnya serta (3) mengetahui peran penyebaran agama serta pemanfaatan sosial budaya sejak awal berdirinya sampai saat ini. Manfaat yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini dapat menambah khazanah keagamaan Nusantara, menggali nilai-nilai kearifan lokal dan mengkonservasi dan melestarikan tempat-tempat iba¬dah keagamaan bersejarah di Indonesia. khususnya masyarakat Tionghoa yang beragama Khonghucu di Surabaya dan umumnya masyarakat Indonesia. Secara mendasar metode penelitian ini deskriptif kualitatif yang terkait dengan sejarah dan kekunoan.Penggunaan metode tersebut diharap¬kan dapat memaparkan bukti temuan dan fakta yang terdapat pada Klen¬teng tersebut melalui tahapan kajian sejarah. Pendekatan yang dilakukan disesuaikan dengan sifat penelitian yang akan dilakukan yaitu historis dan arkeologis. Pendekatan historis dilakukan untuk men-deskripsikan latar belakang sejarah keberadaan rumah ibadah bersejarah, sedang¬kan pende¬ka¬tan arkeologis dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan benda-benda kuno serta simbol yang ada didalamnya.Karena keterbatasan waktu dan teknis, maka dalam penelitian ini hanya di analisis melalui pendekatan sejarah. Kata Kunci: Klenteng, Khonghucu, Tionghoa, Kota Surabaya, Indonesia.


2020 ◽  
pp. 166-174
Author(s):  
О. А. Тарасенко ◽  
А. А. Тарасенко ◽  
Н. Р. Кубриш

The purpose of the article is to study the history of creation and ideological content of mosaics MykolaAndrievichStorozhenko (1928–2015) in the interior of the Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, NAS of Ukraine, Theophany (1969) in the context of Ukrainian and world heritage of monumental art. The study used historical-cultural, comparative, iconographic and iconologic methods. We rely on the theory of "big time" by M. M. Bakhtin, that allows us to consider the mosaic M. A. Storozhenko with the legacy of world art. The significance of the artistic images of the enlighteners as the apostles of spiritual and scientific knowledge – the pillars of the Temple of Science is shown. Artistic-stylistic analysis revealed the features of the embodiment of the idea of scientific and cultural interconnection of generations of Ukrainian scholars-educators by means of monumental art. The importance of the heritage of national and world art in the addition of the individual style of M. A. Storozhenko is studied. The role of ornament as a national code for the embodiment of the idea of the connection between the clan and the people is revealed. The significance of mosaics in the history of monumental art of Ukraine is determined. The philosophical, cultural and historical content of the monumental compositions of M. A. Storozhenko was studied in conjunction with the problems of national self-identification and polystylism of twentieth-century art. The results of the study are necessary to create the history of monumental decorative art of Ukraine at the modern level of art history.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Laura Andri Retno Martini

Folklore is a story of the past that characterizes every nation with its diverse cultures, including the rich culture and history of each nation. The folklore that tells incest is found all over the world. In almost all ethnic groups there is an incest first mythology. Versions are submitted vary, depending on the social life of the community. Bujang Munang and Oedipus are cultural myth stories that have the theme of the origin of the incest ban. Oedipus is a myth that developed in Greece while Bujang Munang is a myth that developed in Nanga Serawai Santang district of West Kalimantan. There is a linkage of the basic structure of the narrative in the story of Oedipus and Bujang Munang. Incest behavior is also not allowed to occur in the norms of life of Greek society and the people of West Kalimantan. There will be unfavorable consequences for incest and surrounding people if the rule is violated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Addi Arrahman

<p><em>Weaving handicrafts became the motor Minangkabau's economy at the beginning of the 20th. It encouraged the establishment of weaving centers, such as Amai Setia (1911) and Andeh Setia (1912). Amai Setia handicrafts' are still standing strong nowadays, while Andeh Setia is thus no longer known by the people of Sulit Air today. This paper uses the social history approach and exposes the history of the emergence and fall of Andeh Setia as an economic movement in Sulit Air. The establishment of Andeh Setia is inseparable from the role of ninik mamak and women in Sulit Air. Andeh Setia's success was ultimately drowned due to the loss of driving figures, the reduction in women's interest in weaving crafts, and the overflow of merantau. This finding also suggests that the economic independence of the people in Sulit Air, depends heavily on the role of </em>perantau<em>. This situation is thus an obstacle to the realization of economic independence. </em></p><p> </p><p>Kerajinan tenun menjadi penggerak perekonomian di Minangkabau pada awal ke-20. Ini mendorong terbentuknya pusat kerajaninan tenun, seperti Amai Setia (1911) dan Andeh Setia (1912). Kerajinan Amai Setia hingga saat ini masih dapat ditemukan, sedangkan Andeh Setia justeru tidak dikenal lagi oleh masyarakat Sulit Air hari ini. Padahal, pada tahun 1912, kualitas tenun Andeh Setia sangat diminati pasar. Itulah sebabnya, Andeh Setia menjadi penggerak ekonomi perempuan di Sulit Air. Artikel ini juga menemukan bahwa sebab hilangnya Andeh Setia adalah karena kehilangan tokoh penggerak, menurunnya minat kaum perempuan terhadap kerajinan tenun, dan menguatnya arus merantau.</p><p> </p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-526
Author(s):  
Archpriest Timofey Fetisov ◽  

The article is devoted to the consideration of the place and role of the political factor as an instrument of Divine Providence, realized in the Sacred history of the biblical state. The exodus from Egypt became a manifestation of the supernatural political power of God. The Decalogue was not only a religious and ethical code, but also the actual constitution of the Hebrew state. Fulfillment of the Ten Commandments, brought down by Moses, and obedience to God went beyond the scope of religious duty, being a means of realizing national identity and citizenship. The establishment of the institution of the kingdom in Israel was the development of the idea of a theocracy, in which the monarch was assigned the sacred function of an intermediary between God and the people, and the keeper of Divine laws. The disintegration of the statehood of Israel in the prophetic writings was closely associated with the fall of the entire people and the breakdown of the union with God. Its revival was expected as a result of repentance. The destruction of the temple, the loss of shrines and the fall of the monarchy were perceived as a coherent phenomenon. At the same time, the hope for political liberation of the people and the restoration of the union with God were closely linked with the reconstruction of the monarchy, which acquired a religious and messianic significance. The opposition of the Pharisees to Christ and the death sentence to the Savior had a pronounced political implication.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 208-213
Author(s):  
E.-B. M. Guchinova ◽  

This publication is devoted to an important period in the history of Kalmykia, but not yet sufficiently studied by anthropologists and sociologists - the deportation of the people to Siberia (1943–1956), and the memory of this. The goals and objectives of the publication are to show the role of the oral history method in the study of the daily survival practices of Kalmyks in Siberia, as well as the specifics of the Kalmyk narrative of deportation, which reflects the social dynamics of relations between repressed Kalmyks and the local population, from the first meeting, part of the traumatic one to subsequent friendships. The author shows examples of positive work with a traumatic past that is reflected in the Trains of Memory and focuses the work of a grateful memory.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 615-655
Author(s):  
Zofia Rzeźnicka ◽  
Maciej Kokoszko

The present study has resulted from a close reading of prescriptions for therapeutic wines inserted in book V of De materia medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, the eminent expert in materia medica of the 1st century A.D. The authors emphasise the role of wine varieties and selected flavourings (and especially of myrrh) in order to determine the social status of those to whom the formulas were addressed. This perspective gives the researchers ample opportunity for elaborating not only on the significance of wine in medical procedures but also for underscoring the importance of a number of aromatics in pharmacopoeia of antiquity and Byzantium. The analysis of seven selected formulas turns out to provide a fairly in-depth insight into Mediterranean society over a prolonged period of time, and leads the authors to draw the following conclusions. First, they suggest that medical doctors were social-inequality-conscious and that Dioscorides and his followers felt the obligation to treat both the poor and the rich. Second, they prove physicians’ expertise in materia medica, exemplifying how they were capable of adjusting market value of components used in their prescriptions to financial capacities of the patients. Third, the researchers circumstantiate the place of medical knowledge in ancient, and later on in Byzantine society. Last but not least, they demonstrate that medical treatises are an important source of knowledge, and therefore should be more often made use of by historians dealing with economic and social history of antiquity and Byzantium.


2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 186-196
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saeed Nasir ◽  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Barirah Nazir

The Genre of Drama had always been reflective of social life. The history of drama is as old as of humans on earth. Saraiki drama is believed to be developed from undeveloped but organized expressions of caricatures; such kind of organized caricature is found still in the local area. It is a tradition that people of the lower caste named Bhaands. This kind of art was established by the people who were very poor, and they used to caricature the rich and gentry to amuse them and other people. The present study is aimed to trace the social realities and their representation in Saraiki Drama. Two Saraiki dramas Roshan Zameer and Qatil e Hamsheer had been analyzed in light of the Qualitative Content Analysis model proposed by Altheide(1996). It has been found that selected Saraiki dramas speak the prevailing ideological, social realities. It is suggested that more studies should be conducted to explore tradition and social realities existing in the Saraiki region so that regional social and cultural traditions may get a voice in international literary landscapes.


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