scholarly journals The current state and promising innovative directions to development methods for bioimplant sterilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 634-646
Author(s):  
V. V. Rozanov ◽  
I. V. Matveychuk
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
The State ◽  
Radiation Sterilization ◽  
Individual Factor ◽  
Current State ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Development Methods

We have analyzed the state-of-the-art methods for sterilization of bone implants. The problem of finding effective bioimplant sterilization methods is still far from its optimal solution and remains as urgent as before. The factors limiting further development of the main biomaterial sterilization methods include limitations related to each existing method and the use of technologies with sterilizing effect. Comparative analysis of the main techniques for bioimplant sterilization that are used in medical and biological areas (treatment with ethylene oxide, radiation, wet warmth, liquid media, and ozone) allows for a conclusion on the advantages of the radiation sterilization. However, the choice is challenged by the dilemma: higher radiation dose would increase the sterilization effect, but at the same time can lead to multiple morphological abnormalities in the tissues, deterioration of their mechanical characteristics, destruction of morphogenetic proteins and consequently to lower efficacy of the reparative bone formation. As a  result, the material can become unsuitable for clinical use. One of the real approaches to solve this problem is to use as low absorbed radiation dose as possible during irradiation of biomaterials, at least to 15 kGy. The developments made by the authors within the last years have shown that such a  result can be achieved by the use of combines sterilization techniques based on combines effects of a  number of physical and chemical factors on the biomaterial being sterilized. Mutual enhancement of the sterilizing effects of these factors creates prerequisites for their synergy, whereby the intensity of each factor can be reduced. This makes it possible to decrease the degree of harmful adverse events associated with each individual factor with higher total effect. The search for innovative solutions for the urgent problems of the bone bioimplant sterilization, for the development of the state-of-the-art health-sparing technologies can be successful only with unification of the efforts by specialists from related sciences. This would allow for creating of breakthrough technologies for sterilization and for optimization of this procedure with achievement of its high efficacy.

scholarly journals Influence of Biological Factors on the Strength of Static Rope Used by Firefighters in Rescue Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 7-30
Author(s):  
Michał Cecelski ◽  
Robert Piec ◽  
Barbara Szykuła-Piec
Keyword(s):  
Biological Agents ◽  
The State ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Document Review ◽  
The Impact

After conducting a document review, the authors found no reports concerning the influence of biological factors, such as blood, mould, and dirt, on the durability of rescue ropes. This study aims to answer the question of whether and how selected biological factors affect static rope 10.5, which is frequently used by firefighters for rescues. In the first stage of the research, focus studies were conducted among fifteen members of the Specialist High-Rescue Group in Plock (Poland), which aimed to determine the state of knowledge about the impact of biological factors on the strength of rope. The results indicated that the group had knowledge as to the impact of physical and chemical factors on the rope; however, a lack of information on the impact of biological factors was identified. In the second stage, the force necessary to break static rope contaminated with selected biological agents was measured. To achieve this, a 100-m section of a new rope was divided into 63 sections, which were then exposed to impurities. The first endurance measurement was taken after 9 months and the second after 12 months. Findings: contamination with biological agents has an impact on static rope strength, and knowledge about this impact is negligible and not included in any rope-use instructions.

scholarly journals Digital Archiving in Archaeology: The State of the Art. Introduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian D. Richards ◽  
Ulf Jakobsson ◽  
David Novák ◽  
Benjamin Štular ◽  
Holly Wright
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Digital Archiving ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The articles in this special issue demonstrate significant differences in digital archiving capacity in different countries. In part these reflect differences in the history of archaeology in each country, its relationship to the state, whether it is centralised or decentralised, state-led or commercially driven. They also reflect some of the different attitudes to archaeology across the world, most recently explored in a survey conducted under the auspices of the NEARCH project. They reflect a snapshot in time, but our aim is to record the current state-of-the-art in each country, to inform knowledge, stimulate discussion, and to provoke change.

Knowledge-based expert systems — The State of the Art in the US

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hayes-Roth
Keyword(s):  
Expert Systems ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The State ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Us

SummaryThis paper aims to describe the current state of knowledge systems technology and its commercialisation in the US. First, knowledge systems are defined and placed in a historical context. The introduction is concluded with a preview of major ideas. The paper will assess the technological state of the art and will survey the current state of commercialisation. Finally, some anticipated future trends will be discussed.

The Present State of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Applications and Technologies

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Nicholson ◽  
A. J. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Underwater Vehicle ◽  
The State ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Current State ◽  
Do So

AUVs have proved their usefulness in recent years and continue to do so. This paper is a review of the current state of the art of AUVs. Present AUV capabilities are reviewed through a discussion of feasible present-day AUV missions. The state of key AUV design features and sensor technologies is also addressed, identifying those areas most critical to continued future progress in AUV development.

Integrating Psychology and Theology: Some Reflections on the State of the Art

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary R. Collins
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Future ◽  
Levels Of Integration

Evaluations of the six articles on integration which comprise this issue are provided within a framework formulated to assess the current state of the art of integration. The evaluative elements of the overall framework utilized include: Levels of Integration, Theories of Integration, Varieties of Integration, Personal Approaches to Integration, Issues in Integration, and Practical Emphases in Integration. A concluding section on the Future of Integration places in perspective the tasks which remain, with special emphasis on the need to bring widely-varying viewpoints to bear on our efforts to unify our understanding.

scholarly journals The state of the art in plant lipidomics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheka Kehelpannala ◽  
Thusitha Rupasinghe ◽  
Thomas Hennessy ◽  
David Bradley ◽  
Berit Ebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Plant Lipid ◽  
Current State

In this review, we provide a critical appraisal of the key developments, current state and future trends in liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry-based workflows for plant lipid analysis.

scholarly journals The State-of-the-Art of Dating Techniques Applied to Ancient Mortars and Binders: A Review

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Urbanová ◽  
Elisabetta Boaretto ◽  
Gilberto Artioli
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Optically Stimulated Luminescence ◽  
Osl Dating ◽  
Current State ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Single Grain ◽  
Carbonate Materials

ABSTRACTThe most recent workshop on mortar dating (25–27 Oct. 2018, Bordeaux, Montaigne University, France), which closely followed the publication of an extensive round robin-exercise involving several laboratories, was an opportunity to review the history and challenges of mortar dating methods and procedures currently in use. This review stems from the keynote lectures presented at the meeting, and wishes to summarize recent results, present trends, and future challenges. Three major areas are brought into focus (1) radiocarbon (14C) dating of complex mortars: can we assess the chances of successful dating?, (2) 14C dating of archaeological carbonate materials: difficulties, new directions and applications, and (3) single grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of mortars in architectural archaeology: the current state of the art. This paper reflects the material presented by the authors and discussed at the workshop.

Protocol-Level Service Composition Mismatches

2012 ◽  
pp. 50-70
Author(s):  
PengCheng Xiong ◽  
Calton Pu ◽  
MengChu Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Web Service ◽  
Petri Net ◽  
Service Composition ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
The State ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Reachability Graph ◽  
The Future ◽  
Low Efficiency

Protocol-level mismatch is one of the most important problems in service composition. The state-of-the-art method to deal with protocol mismatch is to generate adaptors to check deadlock-freeness based on a reachability graph. When this property is violated, the generation process will repeat itself until no deadlock state is found; however, the main drawback of this method is that it does not take into account the future deadlock state and requires many interactions with a developer. In this regard, it suffers from low efficiency. In this paper, the authors model multiple web service interaction with a Petri net called Composition net (C-net). The protocol-level mismatch problem is transformed into the empty siphon problem of a C-net. The authors take future deadlock states into consideration through this model, while finding the optimal solution that involves fewest interactions with a developer. The proposed method is proved to achieve higher efficiency for resolving protocol-level mismatch issues than traditional ones.

Two-level Q-learning: learning from conflict demonstrations

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao Li ◽  
Yi Wei ◽  
Daniel Kudenko
Keyword(s):  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Current State ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Traditional Assumption ◽  
Optimal Action ◽  
Multiple Experts ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract One way to address this low sample efficiency of reinforcement learning (RL) is to employ human expert demonstrations to speed up the RL process (RL from demonstration or RLfD). The research so far has focused on demonstrations from a single expert. However, little attention has been given to the case where demonstrations are collected from multiple experts, whose expertise may vary on different aspects of the task. In such scenarios, it is likely that the demonstrations will contain conflicting advice in many parts of the state space. We propose a two-level Q-learning algorithm, in which the RL agent not only learns the policy of deciding on the optimal action but also learns to select the most trustworthy expert according to the current state. Thus, our approach removes the traditional assumption that demonstrations come from one single source and are mostly conflict-free. We evaluate our technique on three different domains and the results show that the state-of-the-art RLfD baseline fails to converge or performs similarly to conventional Q-learning. In contrast, the performance level of our novel algorithm increases with more experts being involved in the learning process and the proposed approach has the capability to handle demonstration conflicts well.

scholarly journals The state of zooplankton communities in the lower Dniester area under the conditions of river regulation and actual climatic changes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liubovi Lebedenco ◽  
◽  
Mykhailo Nabokyn ◽  
Nadejda Andreev ◽  
Svetlana Kovalyshyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zooplankton Community ◽  
River Regulation ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Current State ◽  
Zooplankton Communities ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
Planktonic Communities

The study focuses on zooplankton communities of the Lower Dniester. The quantitative indicators of plankton are given and the annual dynamics is described. An assessment of the current state of the river according to the state of zooplankton communities is presented, together with a comparison with historical data, at different stages of river regulation. The changes that occurred in the river zooplankton since the 1950s were analyzed. The relationships between individual characteristics of planktonic communities and the physical and chemical characteristics of the river was also investigated. A comparison of actual data with those collected during 70-80s revealed no significant changes in the structure of the zooplankton community. The proportion of different groups of zooplankton organisms changed insignificantly, the saprobity indices improved slightly, and the average zooplankton biomass did not change. However, compared to the period before 1950s, prior to river regulation for hydropower purposes the role of rotifers in the community was reduced. It might be difficult to identify the main factor determining the development of zooplankton in the Lower Dniester, in order to understand the processes taking place in planktonic communities, it is necessary to analyze the complex impact of hydrological and hydrochemical factors on planktonic communities.

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