Effect of dry cow therapy on incidence of clinical mastitis,milk yield and composition in crossbred cows

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiwani Tiwari ◽  
T. K. Mohanty ◽  
T. K. Patbandha ◽  
A. Kumaresan ◽  
M. Bhakat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Dry Cow Therapy ◽  
The Impact

Mastitis is considered as one of the important production disease in dairy cows which incurs huge economic losses to dairy industry, despite considerable efforts has been dedicated to solve it for the last two decades. In the present study, the impact of dry cow therapy (DCT) on incidence of clinical mastitis, milk yield and composition in crossbred cows was studied. About 20 healthy crossbred cows were selected at dry-off and randomly allotted either to control or treatment group. Daily milk yield of cows was recorded up to 45 days post-partum and fortnightly separate quarter wise milk samples were collected for estimation of milk composition. While no quarter in the treatment group showed clinical mastitis, 33.33% of quarters in control group showed clinical mastitis within 45 days post-partum. Milk production increased by 9.71, 8.40 and 18.18% during first, second and third fortnight with overall value 11.84% during the entire 45 days post-calving period in DCT treated cows compared to control group. Also, the overall fat-corrected milk, solid-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk production following 45 days post-partum increased significantly (P<0.05) by 22.71, 23.70 and 22.80%, respectively in treated group than control group. However, overall mean milk components such as fat, protein, lactose, SNF and TS remained similar between treatment and control groups. Taken together, the above results indicated that DCT increased milk yield by reducing incidence of clinical mastitis during early lactation.

Milk production, peripartal liver triglyceride concentration and plasma metabolites of dairy cows fed diets supplemented with calcium soaps or hydrogenated triglycerides of palm oil

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G Karcagi ◽  
Tibor Gaál ◽  
Piroska Ribiczey ◽  
Gyula Huszenicza ◽  
Ferenc Husvéth
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Liver Triglyceride

The aim of the study was to test the effect of rumen-inert fat supplements of different chemical forms or containing different unsaturated/saturated (U/S) fatty acid contents on milk production, milk composition and liver and blood metabolic variables of high-yielding dairy cows in the peripartal period. Thirty Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were divided into three equal groups and fed a corn silage-based diet, without fat supplementation (control) or supplemented with 11·75 MJ NEl per day of calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids (CAS; U/S=61/39) or with 11·75 MJ NEl per day of hydrogenated palm oil triglyceride (HTG; U/S=6/94). Each diet was fed from 25±2 d prior to the expected calving to 100±5 d post partum. Compared with the control, both CAS and HTG supplementation resulted in an increase of the average milk yield. Milk fat content and fat-corrected milk yield were higher in the HTG group but lower in the CAS group than in the control group. In all groups liver triglyceride concentrations (TGL) increased from 15 d prepartum to 5 d post partum, and then decreased thereafter. At 5 d TGL was lower in the HTG group than control or CAS cows. No significant differences were detected in TGL among dietary treatments at 15 d prepartum and 25 d post partum. Higher plasma glucose and insulin and lower non-esterified fattay acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and aspartate aminotransferase activity were measured in the HTG group than in the control or CAS groups at 5 d or 25 d post partum. Our results show that HTG may provide a better energy supply for high-yielding dairy cows in negative energy balance than CAS around calving.

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS PRODUKSI ASI PADA IBU POST PARTUM DENGAN MASSAGE ROLLING (PUNGGUNG)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Elvika Fit Ari Shanti
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breast Milk Production ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

Abstrak: Produksi ASI yang kurang dan lambat keluar dapat menyebabkan ibu tidak memberikan ASI pada bayinya dengan cukup. Selain hormon prolaktin, proses laktasi juga bergantung pada hormon oksitosin, yang dilepas dari hipofise posterior sebagai reaksi terhadap penghisapan putting. Rolling massage salah satu terapi relaksasi yang bertujuan menstimulasi saraf pusat pada hipofisis posterior dan anterior sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi ASI khususnya pada ibu post partum dan memberikan kenyamanan dan rileksasi setelah persalinan. Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui efektifitas produksi ASI pada ibu post partum dengan massage rolling (punggung) di BPM Sri Sukeni Sleman. Metode penelitian ini adalah Quasi Experimental Design dengan rancangan penelitian two group post test design. Kelompok kontrol adalah ibu postpartum tanpa dipijat Massage roliing dan kelompok perlakuan adalah kelompok ibu postpartum yang dipijat masssage Roliing. Analisis data menggunakan uji independent t test dan paired sample t test. Hasil penelitian uji t sampel menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0.023<) produksi ASI (berat badan bayi) antara kelompok kontrol ( 2687,07 ± 160,155) dengan kelompok perlakuan (2846,13± 198,968). Perbedaan ini terlihat pada rerata berat badan bayi pada kelompok perlakuan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelompok. Massage rolling memengaruhi produksi ASI di BPM Sri Sukeni Sleman Tahun 2017. Abstract: The inadequate, slow production of breast milk makes mothers unable to provide enough breast milk to their babies. Besides the prolactin hormone, the lactation process also depends on oxytocin hormone which is secreted from the posterior hypophysis as a reaction on nipple suckling. Rolling massage is one of the relaxation therapy which aims to stimulate the central nerve on posterior and anterior hypophysis, so the breast milk production can be increased, particularly in the postpartum mothers, and comfort and relaxation after childbirth can be provided. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of breast milk production in the postpartum mothers with massage rolling (back) in Sri Sukeni Community Empowerment Agency, Sleman. The methodology in this research is Quasi-Experimental Design with two-group posttest design. The control group is postpartum mothers without massage rolling and the treatment group is postpartum mother treated with the massage rolling. Data analysis used the independent t-test and the paired sample t-test. The research shows the result that in samples of t-test, there is a meaningful difference (p = 0.023<) in breast milk production (weight of baby) between control group (2,687.07 ± 160.155) and treatment group (2,846.13 ± 198.968). This difference is shown in the average weight of baby in treatment group which is higher compared with the control group. Massage rolling affects breast milk production in Sri Sukeni Community Empowerment Agency, Sleman in 2017.

scholarly journals Effect of concentrate supplementation during transition period on production and reproduction of indigenous buffalo

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
MR Habib ◽  
MZ Islam ◽  
MS Bari ◽  
MZ Islam ◽  
MAH Sarker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Heat Period ◽  
Days Open ◽  
The Impact

This study was to investigate the impact of concentrate supplementation on the growth, milk yield and quality, postpartum heat period and days open in transient buffalo. Hence, six selected indigenous transient buffaloes were equally divided into two groups viz. control (n=3) and supplemented (n=3). About 56.0 kg mixed green fodders (Para:German=3:1) and 2.0 kg concentrate mixtures were offered as a basal diet to each buffalo. Besides these, an additional amount (0.5 kg) of concentrate mixture (wheat bran-50%, mustard oil cake-40%, common salt-2% and di-calcium phosphate-8%) was supplied to each buffalo of the supplemented group. The dry matter intake of the supplemented buffalo was 2.5 and 2% higher (p<0.001) at pre- and post-partum period, respectively than that of the control fed buffalo. Pre- and post-partum body weight, and body condition score of buffaloes between the group were found similar (p>0.05). About 20% more (p=0.02) milk was obtained in the supplemented group compared to the control group, however, the milk composition was not different (p>0.05). Calf birth weight was found ≈10% higher (p=0.51) in the supplemented group than that of the control group. Postpartum heat period and days open of the supplemented buffaloes were reduced remarkably by 13 and 14 days, respectively compared to the buffaloes in control group. Overall, concentrate supplementation to the transient indigenous buffaloes has noteworthy effects on milk yield, postpartum heat period and days open. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (1): 83-90

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS BREAST CARE POST PARTUM TERHADAP PRODUKSI ASI

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titik Wijayanti ◽  
Atik Setiyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Increase Milk Production ◽  
Breast Care ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

ABSTRAKPerawatan payudara masa nifas (Breast Care Post Partum) merupakan suatu kebutuhan bagi ibu nifas. Dimana dengan perawatan payudara akan sangat membantu pengeluaran ASI yang berimbas pada peningkatan produksi ASI. Dengan produksi ASI yang berlimpah, bayi akan mendapatkan ASI Eksklusif. Cakupan ASI Eksklusif di kab. Semarang  pada tahun 2014 masih dibawah target  yaitu 44,3 %, demikian juga di Susukan hanya sebesar 24,8 % (Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Semarang tahun 2014). Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi rendahnya cakupan ASI Eksklusif, salah satunya adalah faktor rangsangan yang berupa perawatan payudara. Apabila seorang ibu nifas diberi rangsangan berupa metode breast care secara rutin akan membantu meningkatkan produksi ASI sehingga ibu bisa menyusui secara eksklusif. (Soetjiningsih, 2010). Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian quasi eksperimen dengan pendekatan non equvalentcontrol group desain yaitu suatu penelitian yang terdapat kelompok perlakukan dan kelompok kontrol. (Notoatmodjo, 2005). Kelompok kontrol adalah ibu nifas yang tidak dilakukan breast care dan kelompok perlakuan adalah ibu nifas dengan breast care. Responden adalah ibu nifas hari ke-1 sampai hari ke-7. Untuk kelompok perlakuan diberikan breast care 2x sehari (pagi dan sore)  kemudian diobservasi produksi ASI-nya pada hari ke-8. Responden sejumlah 36 ibu nifas, diambil dengan tehnik purposive sampling terdiri dari 18 ibu nifas dengan breast care  dan 18 ibu nifas tidak diberikan breast care. Hasil perhitungan independent t-test diketahui bahwa besarnya nilai t-hit (16.40) > t-tab (1.691). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Breastcare Postpastum efektif meningkatkan produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui.Kata Kunci : Produksi ASI, Breast Care post partum..POSTPARTUM BREASTCARE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRODUCTION ASI ABSTRACTBreast Care Post Partum is a requirement for postpartum mothers. Where to breast care will greatly assist ASI expenditures which impact on the increase in milk production. With the abundant production of milk, the baby will be breastfed exclusively. Scope of exclusive breastfeeding in the district. Semarang in 2014 was still below target at 44.3%, so in Susukan only by 24.8% (Semarang District Health Profile 2014). Many factors affect the low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding, one of which is a factor stimulation in the form of breast care. If a given stimulus in the form of postpartum mothers breast care routine methods will help increase milk production so that mothers can breastfeed exclusively. (Soetjiningsih, 2010). Study is a quasi-experimental research with non equvalentcontrol approach to the design of a study group contained treatment group and the control group. (Notoatmodjo, 2005). The control group was postpartum mothers who do not breast care and the treatment group was puerperal women with breast care. Respondents are postpartum mothers day 1 to day 7. For the treatment group given breast care 2x a day (morning and evening) and then observed their milk production on the 8th day. Respondents number 36 puerperal women, taken by purposive sampling technique consisted of 18 puerperal women with breast care and 18 postpartum mother was not given breast care. Results of independent t-test calculation is known that the value of t-hit (16:40) > t-tab (1.691). It can be concluded that Breastcare Postpastum effectively increase milk production in nursing mothers.Keywords: milk production, post partum Breast Care.

The impact of feeding a supplement based on aloe and Manuka honey on milk yield from dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Whyte ◽  
Kuldeep Sharma ◽  
Paul Tarver
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Manuka Honey ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Peak Lactation

SummaryAn Aloe vera and manuka honey commercial supplement (Cow and Calf Formula, DairyCare Ltd, NZ) was fed to approximately 40% of a commercial New Zealand herd with over 1000 cows in lactation following spring calving (August) until the end of lactation (April the following year). The 5 ml of supplement was added automatically to the feed for the treatment group via transponder identification units during at milking. At peak lactation (until October) there was a 5.5% increase (11.76 versus 12.41 litres per milking for control and treated cows respectively; P < 0.001) in yield for the supplemented cows, and over the whole season there was a 4.7% milk yield increase (8.12 versus 8.50 litres per milking for control and treated cows respectively). Data from December and January (high summer) showed no significant increase in milk yield, which was due to a major drought in the area and loss of grazed forage intakes. From these results, it was considered that that the Aloe vera and manuka honey, acting either separately or in synergy, resulted in more nutrients being available for milk production.

Heat stress amelioration measures in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes: Effect on body weight changes, dry matter intake, milk production and economics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyan Sundar Das ◽  
Jitendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Ghansham Singh ◽  
Raman Malik ◽  
Parminder Singh Oberoi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weights

The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of heat stress amelioration on body weight changes, dry matter intake, milk yield and economics in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes during hot-dry (HD; April to Mid June) and hot-humid (HH; Mid June to August) seasons under tropical climate. Forty two Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were uniformly divided into two groups of twenty one in each considering their lactation number, stage of lactation, body weight, dam’s milk yield and milk yield in current lactation. The control (T0) group buffaloes were kept in separate shed without any nutrient supplementation and modification in microclimate and management. The treatment (T1) group was supplemented with niacin, yeast, edible oil in feed and provided curtains and mist fans in the shed, and altered feeding time, frequency and type of ration. The overall mean body weights in control and treatment group buffaloes were noted to be 517.4 kg and 523.4 kg, respectively. Under HD and HH seasons, mean body weights at different fortnights in treatment group buffaloes were 515.6 kg and 531.1 kg, respectively. In control group, the respective values were 512 kg and 522.7 kg. Although the body weights were higher in treatment than control group, there were no statistically significant differences between two experimental groups. The overall mean daily total dry matter intake (TDMI), dry matter intake through concentrate (CDMI), dry matter intake through dry fodder (DFDMI) and dry matter intake through green fodder (GFDMI) were noted to be 13.04, 4.21, 1.02, 7.92, 14.13, 4.24, 1.17 and 8.65 kg in control and treatment group buffaloes, respectively. Under both seasons, treatment group buffaloes consumed more dry matter than control group throughout the experimental period. The values were also differed significantly (ranged from P<0.05 to P<0.0001) between two groups. The overall mean values of fortnightly total milk production were 103.2 kg in control group and 121.5 kg in treatment group. Throughout the period, treatment group buffaloes produced more milk than control. Milk production was also significantly (P<0.0001) differed between control and treatment groups under two seasons. The daily average additional input cost per buffalo was maximum 22/- and additional income per buffalo was minimum 35/-. Therefore, the net profit was around 13/- per buffalo per day. The input: output ratio was calculated to be 1:1.59. It can be concluded that the use of such types of housing, nutritional and management interventions in the form of one package not only helps to maintain body weight but also increases dry matter intake and favours economic milk production in lactating buffaloes through reducing heat stress during hot-dry and hot-humid seasons in tropical climate.

Accessing drop in milk production in cattle due to cold climate and subsequent nutrient amelioration in temperate Kashmir

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovais Aarif ◽  
Z. A. Pampori ◽  
Dilruba Hasin ◽  
Aasif A Sheikh ◽  
Irfan A. Sheikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Live Stock ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
The Difference

The preliminary study to quantify the drop in milk production in cattle due to cold climate and subsequent nutritional amelioration in temperate Kashmir where the temperature in the winter months ranges from -4 to 10 0C was conducted at Mountain Live stock Research Institute (MLRI), SKUAST-Kashmir and in various dairy farms in the vicinity. In the treatment group, the animals were provided with 150 grams of jaggery and 200 grams of crushed fenugreek daily in addition to normal feeding schedule. The data regarding milk yield and associated parameters were compared between winter (December to February) and spring (March to May) months. The milk yield was recorded daily for 15 days and then presented as an average. The average milk yield in treatment group (6.41±0.53 kg) was significantly (p than 0.05) higher as compared to control group (4.48±0.21 kg) in the winter months. Similarly, the milk yield in the spring months was higher in treatment group (9.12±0.22 kg) as compared to control group (8.68±0.23 kg) but the difference was statistically non-significant. No significant changes were observed in milk composition in winter and spring months in both control and treatment groups. The overall milk production in the treatment group (7.76±0.49 kg) was significantly (p than 0.05) higher in comparison to control (6.58±0.39 kg). Prolactin was higher in treatment group in both winter and spring months but the difference was significant (p than 0.05) in winter months (7.20±0.38 and 5.67±0.13 ng/ml) only. Similarly, growth hormone in treatment group (5.53±0.16 ng/ml) was significantly higher as compared to control group (3.34±0.16 ng/ml) in winter months. Cortisol concentration was significantly (p than 0.05) higher in control group (33.04±0.27 ng/ml) as compared to treatment group (24.33±1.84 ng/ml) in winter months.

The impact of uterine curettage postpartum on maternal sFlt-1 concentration

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Ossada ◽  
Alexander Jank ◽  
Holger Stepan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relative Decrease ◽  
Open Case ◽  
Uterine Curettage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

AbstractOur purpose was to investigate the influence of a uterine curettage on the immediate maternal sFlt-1 concentration post partum. Forty-six patients booked for delivery via primary caesarean section were included in a prospective open, case control study. Eighteen of them achieved an intraoperative curettage and formed the treatment group, 28 patients without curettage were enrolled in the control group. Maternal sFlt-1 serum values were measured immediately before and 24 h after delivery. Patients who underwent a uterine curettage showed a relative decrease of 70% (median 3670±1110 pg/mL–1143±270 pg/mL) in comparison to the control group with 65% (median 3132±636 pg/mL–1098±611 pg/mL; P=0.558). Additionally, three patients with preeclampsia and curettage were included, who showed a relative decrease of 76%. A uterine curettage may slightly accelerate the fall of the postpartal sFlt-1 concentration. The previously described benefit of curettage in patients with preeclampsia regarding faster recovery or treatment of postpartum seizures may be partly explained as mediated by anti-angiogenic factors.

Effects of periparturient systemic treatment with penethamate hydriodide on udder health and milk yield of dairy heifers

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Kreiger ◽  
Gabriele M Friton ◽  
Johannes Hofer ◽  
Klemens Fuchs ◽  
Petra Winter
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Dairy Heifers

Sixty dairy heifers from seven Austrian herds, with high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, were used in this pilot study. Heifers were randomly allocated to two groups. The treatment group received at parturition intramuscularly 10 million i.u. of penethamate hydriodide and then 24 h later, 5 million i.u.; the control group received no treatment. Bacteriological examination was conducted on 7, 14, 21, 35 and 49 d post partum (pp) and milk yield data, fat and protein contents and SCC data were collected every 5th week for the first 200 d of lactation. Occurrence of retained placenta and endometritis were recorded, and the days open of both groups were compared. No effect was observed on the postparturient genital tract health and reproduction indicators. On day 7 pp, four intramammary infections (IMI; two severe clinical; one mild clinical; and one subclinical mastitis) were detected in the untreated control group, whereas there were no IMI in the antibiotic-treated group. At subsequent samplings, there were fewer IMI in the antibiotic-treated group, which were later in lactation, less severe and less persistent. Although SCC was numerically lower in the treatment group, significant differences in SCC between groups could not be detected. Antibiotic-treated heifers produced significantly more milk during the first 15 weeks of lactation than untreated heifers. Over the whole observation period (200 d), peripartum antibiotic-treated heifers produced 323 kg more milk than heifers in the untreated control. Periparturient antibiotic treatment of heifers with penethamate hydriodide prevented IMI during the first week after parturition and achieved a significant increase in milk yield, which was found to be economically beneficial.

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document