Comparative Study on Distribution of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands in Skin of Different Domestic Animals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Raghav ◽  
Varinder Uppal ◽  
Anuradha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Paraffin Block ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin Stain

Background: Skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for 15-20% of the total body weight and acts as a barrier between the external and internal environment and maintain homeostasis.The sweat and sebaceous glands in dermis of skin play vital role in developing the adaptive ability to the heat stress. Besides this, the distribution pattern and number of these glands vary in different animals that may aid in identification of different species.Methods: The study was conducted on abdominal skin of 36 adult cattle, buffalo, horse, goat, pig and dog (six sample of each) collected from abattoir, Veterinary clinics and post-mortem hall of GADVASU, Ludhiana. After collection, the tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for paraffin block preparation. The paraffin sections of 5-6 µm were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Result: The study revealed that the sebaceous glands were multilobular, alveolar glands comprised of several layers of epithelial cells and were associated with hair follicles in all species studied. The number of sebaceous glands/mm2 was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in goat (1.60± 0.11) than in pig (0.44±0.06) whereas sebaceous gland diameter was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in buffalo (109.83±6.14 µm) than in goat (61.16 ±2.42 µm).The sweat glands were of saccular and simple coiled tubular type and most of them were associated with hair follicles. The number of sweat glands/mm2 was the highest in horse (3.10 ± 0.24) and the least in buffalo (0.76 ±0.05). Sweat gland diameter was significantly higher (p≤0.05) maximum in buffalo (123±3.15 µm) and minimum in goat (50.33 ±2.85 µm) and the difference.

scholarly journals A Morphological and Histological Investigation of the Sinus Interdigitalis in Konya Merino Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1509-1513
Author(s):  
Zekeriya Özüdoğru ◽  
Ramazan İlgün ◽  
Derviş Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Histological Investigation ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Neck Part

In the study, it was aimed to reveal the morphological, morphometric and histological characteristics of sinus interdigitalis found in the fore and hind feet of Konya merino sheep. For this purpose, the fore and hind feet of 10 Konya merino sheep, weighing between 44-79 kg, were used. Sinus interdigitalis were dissected out from the feet, and after morphometric measurements were made, morphological examinations were performed and photographed. The shape of the sinus interdigitalis, present in all the forefeet and hind feet, resembled a pipe consisting of neck and body. It was determined that the neck part was longer than the body at all feet. The inner surface of the gland was covered with hair, and there was more hair on the neck than on the body. The weight of the gland, body length and diameter, flexura, canal length and diameter were measured morphometrically. In the measurements made, it was determined that all the values of the forefeet were higher than the hind feet. In histological examination, it was found that the wall of the sinus interdigitalis consists of three layers: epidermis, dermis and fibrous capsule, and in the dermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, m. arrector pili and sweat glands were found.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN SKIN. XV. SITES OF PHOSPHORYLASE AND AMYLO-1,6-GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVITY

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD A. ELLIS ◽  
WILLIAM MONTAGNA
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
External Auditory Meatus ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Glucosidase Activity ◽  
Stratum Spinosum ◽  
Peripheral Cells ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Glands

The localization of phosphorylase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity has been studied in surgical specimens of human skin from the palm, sole, axilla, external auditory meatus, and other representative regions of the body. With few exceptions these enzymes are found in cells which are known to contain glycogen normally. The epidermis shows some variability, but amylo-1,6-glucosidase is generally present in the stratum spinosum, while phosphorylase is found in both the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum. The relative amounts of the enzymes vary with the thickness of the epidermis and with the age of the donor. Growing hair follicles have abundant phosporylase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase in their outer root sheaths, while resting ones contain only phosphorylase. A short portion of the epidermal duct of the eccrine sweat glands has no enzymatic activity, but the remainder of the duct and the secretory portion of the gland is richer in phosphorylase than any other structure of the skin. The apocrine sweat glands have neither enzyme in their secretory coils, but the duct of these glands is rich in phosphorylase. Time sebaceous glands contain both enzymes, but phosphorylase is more concentrated in the peripheral cells of the gland. Neither the centers of the glands nor the sebum contain either enzyme.

scholarly journals Histological, Morphometrical and Topographical Study of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands in the Skin of Local Black Males Goat

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-178
Author(s):  
Ghada Sultan ◽  
Muayad Abdulraheem
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Medial Surfaces ◽  
Healthy Adult Male ◽  
Abdominal Surface ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin Stain

The aim of this study was to add more information in the field of knowledge regarding the skin structures of a local black goat. topographical, histological and morphometrical studies were carried out in twelve certain different areas of the skin using twenty healthy adult male goats in the autumn season. Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and Masson's Trichrome stain were used for all samples. Results; that the sebaceous glands are composed of clusters of pale staining epithelial cells that located within the dermis and accompanied all primary and some of the secondary follicles. depending on skin area, the sebaceous glands were large in the skin of muzzle, scrotum, abdomen, the medial surface of the limbs and the abdominal surface of the ear. while their sizes are decreased in the skin of tail, lateral surfaces of limbs and dorsal aspect of ear skin. The size of sebaceous glands were inversely proportional to the hair density. The sweat glands except in the skin tail were apical secretion type, while their levels within the beneath of dermis and their density were varied according to the skin area. the skin of muzzle, tail, dorsal surface of the ear had high glandular density followed by the skin of cranial and middle back in addition to lateral surfaces of limbs. Less glandular density was found in the abdominal surface of ear, abdomen, medial surfaces of limbs and scrotum. In addition to the apocrine sweat glands, serous tubular acinus compound glands in the muzzle skin which extended widely beneath of dermis to subdermal layer. these glands were entirely serious excretion units with the main excretory channel that opens directly on the surface of the skin and had no relation with hair follicles.

Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. E. Hafez ◽  
A. L. Badreldin ◽  
M. M. Shafei
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Dermal Papillae

The structure, distribution and dimensions of skin strata and sweat glands have been investigated in Egyptian buffaloes and cattle. Samples from sixteen body regions were taken from three adult bulls of both species. Identical studies were also made on one buffalo calf and two buffalo embryos. Serial vertical and horizontal sections were cut from each body region using the ‘terpineol paraffin wax’ method. The following results were obtained.1. Buffalo skin is characterized by dermal papillae enclosing papillomatous epidermis. The fibrous structure of the dermis is similar in both species. In buffaloes, the average thickness of skin, main epidermis, papillomatous epidermis, and cornium is 6·5 mm., 50, 115, and 11μ respectively. The epidermis coefficient is 12 for the main epidermis and 18 for the papillomatous epidermis. In cattle, the average thickness of skin, epidermis and cornium layer is 4·3 mm., 51 and 5 μ respectively, while the epidermis coefficient is 8.2. The average number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. Each hair follicle is accompanied by two large lobulated sebaceous glands in the buffalo, and one small bilobed gland in cattle.3. There is no species difference in the histology of the sweat glands. Each hair follicle is accompanied by one sweat gland in both species. In the buffalo, the body of the sweat gland is oval and convoluted, while the duct is twisted at its attachment to the body. In cattle, the body of the gland is elongated while the duct is straight. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. The dimensions of the sweat glands are larger in buffaloes than in cattle. The length, circumference and sweating surface of the gland is 0·58, 0·47, and 0·276 sq.mm. in the buffalo, and 0·47, 0·26, and 0·124 sq.mm. in cattle respectively. The glandular surface of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 1·07 sq.cm. in the buffalo and 3·08 sq.cm. in cattle.4. The type of sweat gland secretion is apocrine in both species. In the buffalo, successive stages of apocrine secretion are observed, and the merocrinelike form is rare. In cattle, the merocrine-like form prevails and the other stages are very rare. The theory (Findlay & Yang, 1950) of intraluminal transformation, of secretory products from coarse granularity to fluid homogeneity is supported. The effect of locality on the type of sweating activity is stressed.5. There are species differences in the distribution of blood vessels and capillaries. In the subepidermal level, the arterial branches are more frequent and superficial in buffaloes than in cattle. Capillaries are found in the dermal papillae of buffalo skin. The capillary loops encircling the hair follicle are more frequent in cattle than in buffaloes. The blood capillaries supplying the sebaceous glands are more numerous in the buffalo than in cattle. The blood supply of sweat glands is poor in both species.6. There are age differences in the skin histology. The number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin in a 5-months-old embryo, calf at birth, and adult buffaloes is 10560, 1248 and 400 respectively. There are no skin glands in the 1-month and 5-months-old embryos. The sweat gland in the calf is small in size and similar in structure to that of the adult. Calves have fewer sweat glands than adults.7. The body conformation and the degree of pigmentation are affected by species, breed and locality.8. The secreting activity of the sweat glands may be affected by the locality.9. It seems that there are species differences in the mechanism of heat convection and radiation, insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration, due to histological differences.

scholarly journals The Dermis of Millivora Capenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Samad Muhammed Mohd ◽  
Dalal Abdul Hussain Kadium ◽  
Ashwaq Kadium Ebed ◽  
Hussain sattar Rebat Alzerfi
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin Stain

The present study was conducted on the dorsal skin of  three (Millivora  Capenesis)., Dermis were collected from  healthy animals,formalin fixed and carried out routein histological procedure,then section at thicness six micrometer and stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin stain .  Histologically,the dermis was composed of the papillary and reticular layers , the papillary layer was formed from loose connective tissue, composed of a bundant collageneous fibers, few elastic fibers, net work of blood capillaries, large artery , large vein and meissner , and pacinian corpscules (tactile corpscules) , the deeper layer of dermis was contain dense connective tissue that included skin appendages such as hair , sebaceous glands , sweat glands , there was two types of hair follicles , primary and secondary follicles , the sebaceous glands which surrounded the hair follicles , these glands were alveolar glands , while sweat glands were simple saccular glands that lined by low cuboidal epithelium from another hand , the ducts of sweat gland was lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium .the meissner corpscule was singly located in the papillary layer of the dermis, while the pacinian corpscule was found in the reticular layers ,our findings were showed these corpscules as onion shapes.The dermis of Millivora Capenesis consist of papillary and reticular layers with skin layer appendage; Sweat gland, sebaceous glands, primary and secondary hair follicles with meissner and pacinian corpscules.        DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3376377                                                                                                 

scholarly journals A genetic basis of variation in eccrine sweat gland and hair follicle density

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (32) ◽  
pp. 9932-9937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana G. Kamberov ◽  
Elinor K. Karlsson ◽  
Gerda L. Kamberova ◽  
Daniel E. Lieberman ◽  
Pardis C. Sabeti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Gland ◽  
Eccrine Glands ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

Among the unique features of humans, one of the most salient is the ability to effectively cool the body during extreme prolonged activity through the evapotranspiration of water on the skin’s surface. The evolution of this novel physiological ability required a dramatic increase in the density and distribution of eccrine sweat glands relative to other mammals and a concomitant reduction of body hair cover. Elucidation of the genetic underpinnings for these adaptive changes is confounded by a lack of knowledge about how eccrine gland fate and density are specified during development. Moreover, although reciprocal changes in hair cover and eccrine gland density are required for efficient thermoregulation, it is unclear if these changes are linked by a common genetic regulation. To identify pathways controlling the relative patterning of eccrine glands and hair follicles, we exploited natural variation in the density of these organs between different strains of mice. Quantitative trait locus mapping identified a large region on mouse Chromosome 1 that controls both hair and eccrine gland densities. Differential and allelic expression analysis of the genes within this interval coupled with subsequent functional studies demonstrated that the level of En1 activity directs the relative numbers of eccrine glands and hair follicles. These findings implicate En1 as a newly identified and reciprocal determinant of hair follicle and eccrine gland density and identify a pathway that could have contributed to the evolution of the unique features of human skin.

Localization of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

1992 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Choudhry ◽  
M. B. Hodgins ◽  
T. H. Van der Kwast ◽  
A. O. Brinkmann ◽  
W. J. A. Boersma
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Epidermal Keratinocytes ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Dermal Papillae

ABSTRACT A mouse monoclonal antibody against the N-terminal region of human androgen receptor (AR) was used to identify receptors by immunoperoxidase staining in frozen serial sections of skin from scalp, face, limb and genitalia of men and women aged 30–80 years. AR staining was restricted to cell nuclei. In sebaceous glands, AR were identified in basal and differentiating sebocytes. The percentage of receptor-positive basal sebocyte nuclei in the temple/forehead region was greater in males (65%) than in females (29%). AR staining was restricted to the cells of dermal papillae in anagen and telogen hair follicles. The percentage of dermal papillae containing AR was greater in males (58%) than in females (20%). The number of positively stained dermal papillae was lowest in female scalp skin. In 163 hair follicles sectioned, AR were absent from germinative matrix, outer root sheath (including the bulge region), inner root sheath, hair shaft and hair bulb, and from the capillaries present in some large dermal papillae. AR were present in pilosebaceous duct keratinocytes, suggesting that androgens may influence pilosebaceous duct keratinization. AR were also identified in interfollicular epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts although, in both cell types, intensity and frequency of staining were greatest in genital skin. AR were identified in luminal epithelial cells of apocrine glands in genital skin and in certain cells of the secretory coils of eccrine sweat glands in all body sites. This study indicates that androgens regulate sebaceous gland and hair growth by acting upon two different types of target cells, the epithelial sebocytes of sebaceous glands and the mesenchymal cells of the hair follicle dermal papilla. AR staining in either cell type was not influenced by age in adults. The distribution of AR in human skin is consistent with the diverse effects of androgens on the structure and function of skin and its appendages. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 133, 467–475

Integumentary glands of Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus): Sciuridae

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Keith Kivett
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Anal Glands ◽  
Spermophilus Columbianus ◽  
Columbian Ground Squirrels ◽  
Dorsal Gland ◽  
Volar Surface

The integumentary glands of Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus) were examined histologically. In addition to sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles, gland complexes were found in the oral angle, dorsal, and anal regions. The oral angle gland, located immediately posterior to the oral angle, was an apocrine-type gland consisting of three lobes each drained by a separate duct. Approximately 60 individual, oval-shaped glands, extending posterior from the scapular region, made up the dorsal gland field. These glands exhibited an apocrine secretory process and were drained by single ducts. The anal glands were located in retractable papillae near the anal aperture, one median ventral and two lateral. Equal portions of sebaceous and apocrine elements made up the anal glands. Sweat glands were found on the volar surface of the foot pads. Gland structure and location are discussed in relation to behavior patterns that appear to involve secretions from these glands. Possible functions of scent from these integumentary glands are considered briefly.

DISTRIBUTION OF ANDROGEN METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN ISOLATED TISSUES OF HUMAN FOREHEAD AND AXILLARY SKIN

1978 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. HAY ◽  
M. B. HODGINS
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Androgen Metabolism ◽  
Isolated Tissues

The distribution of androgen metabolism in human skin was studied using tissues isolated either by direct dissection of axillary skin or by dissection of collagenase-digested forehead and axillary skin. All tissues (epidermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and dermis) were found to contain 17β-, 3β- and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-Δ4–5 isomerase (Δ5-3β-HSD) activity and 5α-reductase activity. All tissues converted testosterone into 5α-dihydrotestosterone. In confirmation of previous histochemical studies, over 90% of the Δ5-3β-HSD of forehead skin was found in the sebaceous glands. In forehead skin, 40–66% of the 5α-reductase activity was in the sebaceous glands, while in axillary skin 50–70% was in the sweat glands, especially the apocrine glands. There was a more even distribution of 17β-HSD activity in skin tissues than histochemical studies have indicated previously. Knowledge of the distribution of these enzymes has helped in the understanding of the function of androgen metabolism in skin.

scholarly journals Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Hair Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2324-2333
Author(s):  
Mr. Bade Vikas Vinayak
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Herbal Preparation ◽  
Accessory Structure ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Saponification Value ◽  
Study Evaluation

Abstract: In the present study herbal Hair oils were formulated. Hair is one of the vital parts of the body and a protective appendage on the body and considered accessory structure of integument along with sebaceous glands, sweat glands and nails. Hair oils are widely used by the consumer of the cosmetic industries. The hair oil samples comply for the requirements of color, odour, PH, Viscosity, Density, acid value. Present investigation was undertaken to standardize the selected herbal hair oils on physicochemical parameters and some standard. Excellent results were seen in formulation prepared by boiling method of oils preparation technique. Keyword: Herbal preparation, Hair oil, Acid value, Saponification value AIM: To Formulate & Evaluate Polyherbal Hair Oil. Objectives:  To collect information about Marketed herbal hair oils.  To prepare polyherbal hair oil.  To explore the use of Neem, Banyan tree of Arial root & Amla  To study evaluation of hair oil such as PH, Viscosity, Density, Refractive index, Acid value, Saponification value.  To achieve best formula for the hair oil using herbal ingredients.

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