Utilization of concentrate supplements containing varying levels of cassava leaf pellet by growing goats fed a basal diet of pangola hay

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying levels of cassava leaf pellet (CLP) on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation of goats fed with pangola hay as roughages. Eight growing crossed (Thai native x Anglo-Nubian) goats between 10 to 12 months of age and pre-trial average body weight of 18.5 + 2.5 kg were allotted into two groups on the basis of body weight in a randomized double 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate the utilization of concentrate mixtures of varying levels of CLP. The four concentrate mixtures had CLP included at 0% (control), 10 % (CLP1), 20% (CLP2) and 30% (CLP3) in concentrate as replacing soybean meal (SBM) with CLP as 25 %CP, 50%CP and 75%CP, respectively. On average, all parameters measured, including dry matter intake (DMI), nutrients digestibility, ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N), ruminal total volatile fatty acid (total VFA), individual VFAs concentration (mM/L), microbial N supply, and N retention increased (P less than 0.05) with the addition of CLP in concentrate up to 20% (CLP2) in concentrate, thereafter decreased (P less than 0.05) in goats fed CLP 30% (CLP3). The results indicated that replacing SBM with CLP as 50 %CP (CLP2), resulted in higher animal performance as a consequence of improved ruminal fermentation, microbial yield and N balance, but decreased (P less than 0.05) with 30% CLP diet. It is concluded that cassava leaf pellet can successfully replace soybean meal 50% CP as a protein source in growing goats.

PSIV-13 Supplemental phytase increases phosphorus digestibility in pigs regardless of phytase source or feed pelleting

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.466 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 229-229

Author(s):

Bokyung Hong ◽

Beob G Kim

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Inorganic P ◽

Different Doses ◽

Fecal Collection

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of phytase source and feed pelleting on digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein, organic matter (OM), and phosphorus (P) with different doses of phytase in pigs. In Exp. 1, ten barrows (31.4 ± 3.5 kg of BW) were individually housed in metabolic crates and allotted to a replicated 5 × 6 Latin square design with 5 diets and 6 periods. In Exp. 2, ten barrows (28.2 ± 3.2 kg of BW) were individually housed in metabolic crates and allotted to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods. Each period lasted 10 d consisted of a 5-d adaptation and a 5-d collection periods and the marker to marker method was used for fecal collection. In both experiments, a basal diet was prepared based on corn and soybean meal without phytase or inorganic P. Four additional diets were prepared in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with 2 phytase sources (Buttiauxella spp. or Escherichia coli) and 2 feed forms (mash or pellet). Both experiments employed the same treatments but had different supplemental phytase doses (500 and 1,500 FTU/kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). In Exp. 1, supplemental phytase increased standardized total tract digestibility of P (66.1 vs. 51.7%; P < 0.001) with no effects of phytase source or feed pelleting. Feed pelleting increased digestibility of DM, crude protein, and OM (P < 0.001). In Exp. 2, supplemental phytase increased standardized total tract digestibility of P (72.8 vs. 44.8%; P < 0.001) with no effects of phytase source or feed pelleting. Feed pelleting increased digestibility of DM and OM (P < 0.001). Taken together, supplemental phytase at 500 and 1,500 FTU/kg increases P digestibility regardless of phytase source or feed pelleting.

Partial substitution of fish oil for linseed oil enhances beneficial fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation but reduces ruminal fermentation and digestibility in growing goats

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab116 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lam Phuoc Thanh ◽

Noppharat Phakachoed ◽

Wisitiporn Suksombat ◽

Juan J Loor ◽

Tran Thi Thuy Hang

Keyword(s):

Fish Oil ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Latin Square ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Minimal Risk ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Growing Goats

Abstract This study was performed to investigate effects of partial replacement of fish oil (FO) for linseed oil (LO) on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation in growing goats. Experiment 1 was carried out in four growing male goats aged 6 months in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Goats were fed a basal diet supplemented with 25 g/kg dry matter either LO alone or in combination with tuna FO. Treatments were developed by replacing FO for LO at ratios of 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg DM corresponding to FO-0, FO-5, FO-10 and FO-15, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out in an in vitro incubation system including 12 fermenters with the same four treatments. Each fermenter consisted of 40 mL goat ruminal fluid, 160 mL warm buffer, 2 g mixed substrates, and 50 mg FO-0, FO-5, FO-10 or FO-15. Fish oil inclusion reduced (P < 0.05) digestibility and nitrogen retention in Exp. 1. Increasing doses of FO in the diet induced a strong drop (P < 0.001) in ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and protozoa population at 3 h post incubation, but did not affect individual VFA proportions. Substitution of FO for LO decreased mean concentrations of C18:0 (P = 0.057), c-9,c-12 C18:2 and C18:3n-3 (P < 0.001), but increased (P < 0.001) C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Feeding FO-10 enhanced formation of ruminal c-9,t-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration compared with FO-0. Overall, combined data suggest that to improve ruminal concentrations of C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and c-9,t-11 CLA for deposition in tissues or milk with minimal risk of affecting digestibility and ruminal fermentation, a dietary supplementation of 15 g/kg LO and 10 g/kg FO would be suitable.

Effect of incorporating forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay into cereal hay on ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility when fed to beef heifers

10.1139/cjas-2020-0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 100 (4) ◽

pp. 716-728

Author(s):

A.A. Pursley ◽

B. Biligetu ◽

T.D. Warkentin ◽

H.A. Lardner ◽

G.B. Penner

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Inclusion Rate ◽

Reduced Crude Protein ◽

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion rate of pea hay in barley or oat hay diets for beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated heifers (407 ± 38 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square (25 d periods) with a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments included whole-crop barley or oat hay with pea hay blended in to achieve inclusion rates of 0%, 15%, or 30% (dry matter basis) of the forage. Pea hay inclusion increased dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.03) by 0.75 kg d−1 relative to diets without pea hay, but the response was not linear or quadratic. Inclusion of pea hay linearly increased mean ruminal pH (P = 0.039), the concentration of butyrate in ruminal fluid (P = 0.013), plasma urea nitrogen (N) concentration (P = 0.001), and quadratically increased ruminal ammonia concentration (P < 0.001). Pea hay inclusion reduced crude protein (CP) digestibility by 2.87% relative to cereal-only treatments (P = 0.025), but did not affect N intake, microbial N, or N excretion. Overall, pea hay inclusion increased DMI, increased ruminal butyrate concentration, but reduced CP digestibility without affecting N balance.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF GROUND AND/OR AMMONIATED CORN STOVER

10.4141/cjas80-042 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 327-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

P. J. MORRIS ◽

D. N. MOWAT

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Corn Stover ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Latin Square ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Anhydrous Ammonia ◽

Forage Harvester

Corn stover stacks were harvested and a portion of these were treated with anhydrous ammonia at a level of 3% of dry matter (DM) and left covered with plastic for at least 30 days during the fall of 1977. In the spring, both treated and untreated corn were chopped through a forage harvester. A portion of each was then ground through a 1.3-cm screen. Treatments were: untreated chopped, untreated ground, ammoniated chopped, ammoniated ground. Treatments were evaluated with eight Hereford-Angus yearling steers in a double 4 × 4 latin square design. In addition to the stover, rations contained 10% molasses, 6% soybean meal, and 2.3% mineral mix. Urea was added to the untreated rations at the level of 1.6% to make rations isonitrogenous. Steers were injected with vitamins A, D and E at 90-day intervals. With both control and ammoniated rations, grinding increased (P < 0.001) intake on a body weight raised to the 0.75 power basis (MBW) of DM, digestible energy (DE) and digestible DM by 47%, 39%) and 39%), respectively. With both chopped and ground stover rations, ammoniation increased (P < 0.001) intake of digestible DM and DE and increased (P < 0.01) intake of DM all on a MBW basis by 22%, 31% and 12%), respectively. However, grinding decreased digestibilities of DM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (P < 0.001) and of organic matter (OM) (P < 0.01) by 5%, 10% and 5%, respectively. With both chopped and ground stover rations, ammoniation increased (P < 0.001) digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF by 9%, 9% and 14%, respectively. Ammoniation plus grinding increased (P < 0.01) intake (MBW) of DM, digestible DM and DE by 64%), 71% and 85%), respectively, over untreated chopped rations. Grinding increased (P < 0.01) rumen acetate 0.5 h preprandially but did not significantly affect other rumen parameters measured preprandially or 2 h postprandially. Ammoniation increased (P < 0.01) rumen propionate 0.5 h preprandially but did not significantly affect the remaining rumen parameters. Before versus after feeding levels of rumen metabolites did not differ except for an increase (P < 0.01) in ammonia-N and total VFA postprandially. No significant treatment interactions were present.

Amino acid and energy digestibility in different sources of rice bran for growing pigs

10.4141/a04-084 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 355-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

C. Kaufmann ◽

W. C. Sauer ◽

M. Cervantes ◽

Y. Zhang ◽

J. He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Latin Square ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

The Individual

Studies were carried out to determine the digestibilities of amino acids (AA) and energy in five sources of rice bran (RB). The sources of RB included two that were not further processed, a defatted, an extruded, and an atypical source of RB consisting mainly of starchy endosperm referred to as polish. Six barrows, average initial body weight 36.5 kg, were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, and fed six diets according to a 6 × 6 Latin square design. The five RB-containing diets contained 53.8% corn, 19.9% soybean meal, and 23.1% RB. The basal diet contained 71.0% corn and 26.3% soybean meal. The dietary allowance was provided at a rate of 4% (wt/wt) of the individual body weight determined at the initiation of each experimental period. Each experimental period comprised 11 d. Following a 7-d adaptation period, faeces were collected for 48 h and ileal digesta for 24 h in two 12-h periods. Chromic oxide was used as the digestibility marker. There was considerable variation in AA digestibilities among the RB samples. By aid of the difference method under the dietary conditions specified, the apparent ileal digestibilities of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan ranged from 62.6 to 82.2, 61.4 to 76.0, 58.4 to 82.8, and 58.8 to 82.6%, respectively. The digestibilities were lowest in the defatted source of RB and highest in polish. Not including polish of which the total tract energy digestibility was 88.2%, the digestibilities of the other samples ranged from 60.5 to 65.8%. A small proportion of the variation in AA digestibility can be attributed to the content of crude protein, fat and ash in RB. Key words: Amino acids, digestibility, energy, pigs, rice bran

Concentration and estimated flow of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen entering the omasum of dairy cows as influenced by different protein supplements

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5720 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 79-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C.-W. CHOI ◽

A. VANHATALO ◽

P. HUHTANEN

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Limiting Step ◽

Meal Protein ◽

Ruminal Degradation ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Four ruminally fistulated Finnish Ayrshire cows were used to study the effects of different protein supplements on concentration and flow of soluble non-ammonia N (SNAN)into the omasum.The treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were a basal diet of grass silage and barley and the basal diet supplemented with fishmeal, soybean meal and maize gluten meal. Protein supplements significantly increased concentrations of peptide N (P=0.009)and total SNAN (P =0.03)fractions in omasal digesta.Peptide constituted the largest proportion of SNAN flow into the omasum indicating that hydrolysis of peptides to amino acids is the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis.The microbial contribution to SNAN was on an average 0.64 indicating that a large proportion of SNAN flow leaving the rumen was of microbial origin.The estimated SNAN flow per kg dry matter intake from the basal diet and protein supplemented diets indicated that approximately 49,22 and 37 g kg-1 of fishmeal,soybean meal and maize gluten meal protein, respectively, escaped from ruminal degradation as SNAN.;

The digestion of barley-based diets by cattle: the effect of feeding of three diets containing different amounts of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9830809 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 809

Author(s):

JA Lindsay ◽

HL Davies ◽

J Leibholz

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Small Intestines ◽

Ad Libitum Feeding ◽

Six growing cattle, with intestinal fistulae, were fed on barley-based diets to which were added increments of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal; the latter was substituted for whole-grain barley. The digestion of organic matter (OM), �-linked glucose polymer (starch), nitrogen (N) and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured at a restricted level of intake. The cattle were offered air-dried feed at 3.4 kg per head daily, or approximately ad libitum (i.e. 4.2 kg air-dried feed per head per day). The three diets contained 19.7, 27.8 or 42.9 g nitrogen (N) per kg and were fed in a Latin-square design. When the feed was offered ad libitum there was a significant increase in OM digestibility, from 78% on the lowest N diet to 84% on the highest N diet. Relatively large quantities of starch (140-477 g/day) entered and were apparently digested in the small intestine, especially on the 19.7 g N/kg dry matter (the highest starch diet) on ad libitum feeding. The molar proportions of VFA in rumen liquor largely reflected the amount of starch which was fermented in the rumen. The digestion of nitrogen was characterized by a net gain in flow to the duodenum compared with intake. There was a significant increase in the amount of N apparently digested in the small intestines on the 42.9 g N/kg dry matter diet. The proportion of microbial N at the duodenum declined as more formaldehyde-treated soybean meal was added to the diet. Compared with that of the lowest N diet, the amount of amino acids entering and being apparently digested in the small intestines doubled in the highest N diet, and the concentrations of plasma-free amino acids reflected this. The feed intake comparison indicated that differences in interpretations of digestion studies were likely if animals were fed solely at restricted intakes. The main discrepancies were in OM digestibility, starch digestion in the small intestine, the proportion of microbial N flow at the duodenum and in the estimation of amino acid absorption and requirement.

Replacing Soybean Meal with Urea in Diets for Heavy Fattening Lambs: Effects on Growth, Metabolic Profile and Meat Quality

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9110974 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 974 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saro ◽

Mateo ◽

Andrés ◽

Mateos ◽

Ranilla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Albumin Concentration ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Fermentation Pattern ◽

And Control

Thirty-six Assaf male lambs (29.4 ± 3.10 kg body weight (BW)) were used to study the feasibility of including urea (at 0, 0.6 or 0.95% of dry matter for Control, Urea1, and Urea2 diets, respectively) in substitution of soybean meal in fattening diets. Animals were individually penned and feed intake was recorded daily. Blood samples were taken at days 35 and 63 of the experimental period to determine the acid-base status and the biochemical profile. At the end of the experiment (nine weeks), lambs were slaughtered, ruminal contents were collected and carcass and meat quality were evaluated. There were not differences (p > 0.05) among treatments in dry matter intake, animal performance, ruminal fermentation pattern, and carcass and meat parameters. Serum albumin concentration was higher and concentration of HCO3 and total CO2 in blood were lower in Urea2 compared to Urea1 and Control lambs. These results, together with the tendency to lower (p = 0.065) blood pH in this group might suggest a moderate metabolic acidosis. Partial replacement of soybean meal with urea did not impair growth rate in heavy fattening Assaf lambs (from 29 to 50 kg body weight), reduced feeding costs and had no adverse effects on feed efficiency, rumen fermentation and carcass and meat quality.

Effects of barley and corn as sources of silage and grain on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility in growing beef heifers

10.1139/cjas-2020-0025 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brittney D Sutherland ◽

Jordan A Johnson ◽

John McKinnon ◽

Tim A. McAllister ◽

Gregory B. Penner

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of barley (BS) or corn (CS) silage when fed with dry-rolled barley (BG), corn (CG), or an equal blend (BCG) of BG and CG for backgrounding cattle. Ruminally cannulated heifers (n=5) were assigned to an incomplete 6 × 6 Latin square design. Treatments contained either BS or CS in combination with BG, CG, or BCG. Samples were collected to determine DMI, ruminal fermentation, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance. Interactions between cereal silage and cereal grain sources were detected for the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate where the magnitude of change with the type of cereal grain was increased in heifers fed CS relative to BS. Feeding CS increased estimated microbial N production (silage, P = 0.022) and fecal N excretion (silage, P = 0.042) over BS. Diets containing BG had greater DM, OM, starch, and GE digestibility values compared to CG, but values for BCG were not different (grain, P ≤ 0.043). Based on limited silage x grain interactions, use of CS in backgrounding diets may increase microbial N production relative to BS and dry-rolled CG may reduce apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility relative to dry-rolled BG.

Effects of Dietary Stevioside Supplementation on Feed Intake, Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation, and Blood Metabolites of Goats

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9020032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 32 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xuefeng Han ◽

Chaoxi Chen ◽

Xiaoli Zhang ◽

Yuqing Wei ◽

Shaoxun Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Eating Time ◽

Total Diet ◽

Serum Biochemical

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of tevioside on feed intake, feeding behavior, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and serum biochemical parameters in goats. Nine male Xiangdong black goats (21.8 ± 1.5 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square. All goats were fed a basal diet including concentrate and forage (chopped rice traw). The three treatments were 0, 400, or 800 mg stevioside per kg chopped rice traw on a dry matter (DM) basis. Dry matter intake of forage and total diet linearly increased (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04) with increasing stevioside in the diet. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of stevioside inclusion in the diets on eating time, rumination time, or total mastication time for the goats. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in the rumen responded quadratically (p < 0.01), decreasing from 0 to 400 mg/kg stevioside inclusion and increasing thereafter. The inclusion of steviosid in the diets promoted a quadratic increase in the apparent total tract digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p = 0.02) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p = 0.01). Based on the results of this experiment, it could be concluded that supplementing goat diets with stevioside at 400 mg/kg to 800 mg/kg forage (about 270 to 541 mg/kg diet) resulted in increased dry intake of forage and total diet, suggesting that stevioside has positive potential as a feed additive to improve feed intake.