scholarly journals ON THE ISSUE OF ESTABLISHING ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCESIN FOOD PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO HEALTH RISK CRITERIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Pavel Z. Shur ◽  
N. V. Zaitseva ◽  
S. A. Khotimchenko ◽  
E. V. Fedorenko ◽  
S. I. Sychik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Risk Criteria ◽  
Modifying Factors ◽  
Chemical Admixtures ◽  
Short Term Exposure

Hygienic standards for chemical admixtures contents in food products in the Eurasian Economic Union countries are an integral part of the technical regulations adopted in the Customs Union and the EEU. However, not all of them have been substantiated by the moment in relation to acceptable consumers’ health risk. The aim of this research is to discuss fundamentals for fixing acceptable daily intake (ADI) for chemical substances in food according to human health risk criteria. We analyzed problems related to fixing hygienic standards for chemical substances in food advisable in the process to apply data obtained in previous research and published in relevant literature sources. When choosing points of the establishment for fixing ADI or provisional tolerable intake (PTI) in a situation when data on several different starting points are available, one should choose such parameters that require the application of fewer modifying factors, namely reference levels (BMD) detected as for epidemiologic research results for the most sensitive population groups. It is advisable to supplement a set of mathematic modeling techniques applied for fixing hygienic standards for chemical admixtures content in food products with evolution modeling of health risk that can be applied to verify suggested values. When fixing ADI, one should primarily apply such modifying factors as those that allow for interspecies extrapolation, points of establishment for ADI/PTI, and extrapolation of research results under short-term exposure onto persistent exposure scenarios. The suggested recommendations for substantiation of modifying factors will allow unifying their application to a certain extent when calculating ADI/PTI of chemicals. Before any permissible risk levels are fixed in a process of hygienic standard development, it is advisable to apply the following permissible health risk level: for quantitative assessment, lifelong risk of a severe disease or death being equal to 1∙10-4; for semi-quantitative risk characteristics, hazard quotient equal to 1; for risk evolution analysis, reduced health risk index equal to 0.05.

scholarly journals Potential Health Risk to Humans Related to Accumulation of Brodifacoum and Bromadiolone in the Wheat Grown on Rodenticide Contaminated Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
R. Hromada ◽  
I. Miňo ◽  
Ľ. Korytár ◽  
E. Holotová ◽  
M. Ondrašovič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Model Experiment ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Risk

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine in a model experiment the potential residues of bromadiolone and brodifacoum in the wheat grown on soil treated with these rodenticides and to compare them with the respective acceptable daily intake (ADI) in order to obtain information lacking in the scientific literature. The study focused on the level of residues of chronic rodenticides Broder G, with the active ingredient brodifacoum, and DERATION G, with the active ingredient bromadiolone, in wheat (Triticum spp.). The preparations were used in the form of granular bait. In the wheat grown on the soil treated with 100 g.m−2 of the preparation BRODER G, the brodifacoum residues ranged from 0.012 to 0.0218 mg.kg−1, while the treatment of soil with 500 g.m−2 resulted in residues ranging between 0.0344 and 0.0436 mg.kg−1. When using the preparation DE-RATION G, bromadiolone residues ranged between 0.012 and 0.018 mg.kg−1 after the treatment of soil with 100 g.m−2 and between 0.030 and 0.0428 mg.kg−1 after the treatment with 500 g.m−2. We observed that the acceptable daily intake was exceeded significantly in all of the cases and the residual levels depended on the rodenticide dose. In the case of brodifacoum, the ADI was exceeded more than 700-fold at a dose of 100 g.m−2 and more than 1400-fold at a dose of 500 g.m−2 of soil. With bromadio-lone, the ADI was exceeded 150-fold at a dose of 100 g.m−2 and more than 350-fold at a dose of 500 g.m−2. This indicates the risk to consumers from such crops.

scholarly journals Examination and hygienic assessment of health risk depending on heavy metals content in foods

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 706-709
Author(s):  
M A Kazimov ◽  
N V Alieva
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Absorbed Doses ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Metal Levels

Aim. To determine total daily intake and absorbed doses of some heavy metals with subsequent hygienic assessment of health risks associated with exposure to them. Methods. To determine the levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, copper and zinc) in food products included in the daily diet, actual nutritional status of 57 individuals was studied using questionnaire survey method in accordance with the existing guidelines. Samples of 18 food items were chemically analysed. Bio-materials (blood and hair) taken from randomly selected study subjects were analysed to determine the levels of heavy metals. The heavy metal levels in food products and biological media were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer («Shimadzu», Japan). Actual intake and absorbed daily doses of heavy metals were calculated using the quantitative data on the daily diet and metal levels in individual products according to the existing guidelines. Health risk values were estimated based on the gained results. Results. Various levels of heavy metals in food products were revealed. Their ranking order by levels present in basic food products (in bakery and meat products) is as follows: Zn Cr Ni Cu Pb Cd. High levels of heavy metals intake with daily diet (compared with the reference values) were revealed. Furthermore, high absorbed doses of heavy metals, particularly chromium and nickel, were accompanied by increased concentrations in blood and hair. The dose risk ratios for chromium and nickel were assessed as 1.31 and 3.77 respectively (for other metals - 0.15-0.58). Conclusion. The daily dietary intake and absorbed doses of chromium and nickel represent respectively low and increased risk to human health among the studied heavy metals.

Human Health Risk of Dietary Intake of Some Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Camels Slaughtered in the Districts of Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1199-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled A Osman
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
National Level ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Camel Meat

Abstract Organochlorine residues were detected in 54/200 of muscles and 55/200 of livers of camels slaughtered in different districts of Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, by using GC/MS analysis. The ΣDDT residues (Σ-DDT = p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD + p,p'-DDA) in muscles and livers were the most frequent. The levels and distribution of residues varied with location. Al-Qassim region population's average estimated daily intake (EDI) was between 0.0 and 12.74 μg/kg body weight/day, and the hazard index [EDI/acceptable daily intake (ADI)] was higher than unity for ΣDDT and lindane in some samples. The intakes were much higher than the ADIs in some districts of Al-Qassim region, and the exposure level of all tested residues was high enough to produce health risk, suggesting the need for regular monitoring programs for pesticide residues in camel meat at the national level to protect consumers' health.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEREBUSAN SAYUR BAYAM MERAH (Amaranthacea gangeticus) TERHADAP KANDUNGAN NITRIT (NO₂⁻) DENGAN BERBAGAI VARIASI WAKTU

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Sri Bulan Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Total Daily Intake ◽  
Maximum Limit ◽  
Nitrite Content

The red spinach is a complementary vegetable dish that has a characteristic feature that the stems and leavesof red. Chemical substances that can be found are protein, fat, carbohydrates, potassium, iron, amaranthin,routine and purin, and vitamin A, B and C. In general, people already know that spinach vegetable stew canheated, but many do notknow how much influence a change in the nitrite content of boiling red spinach witha variety of time. The purpose of this study was to analysis effect of boiling red spinach to the nitrite (NO₂⁻)content with variety of time for 0 hours, 3 hours, and 5 hours. The maximum limit allowed nitrite levels inaccordance ADI (Total Daily Intake) established by WHO is 8 mg Nitrite per 60 kg body weight orequivalent to 0,133 mg Nitrite/kg body weight. Nitrite content in a vegetable stew ofred spinach wasdetermined using quantitative methods that measuring the value of nitrite contentin the boiled red spinachwith variety of time for 0 hours, 3 hours, and 5 hours with diazo method and using a spectrophotometer.From the results of the research it was obtained with variations in time 0 hours, 3 hours, and 5 hours were5,14 mg/kg; 10,25 mg/kg; dan 13,05 mg/kg. During stroge 0 hours to 3 hours increased 100% and for 3hours to 5 hours had 30%. Storage red spinach vegetable stewfor 5 hours was seaved for consumption forthe people with its weight body 60 kg’s in the result of boiled vegetable red spinach according to totalamount ±611,4 grams of the result according with maximum limit of Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)established by WHO. By knowing the nitrite content in a vegetable stew of red spinach is expected toconsumers to immediately process the red spinach after purchase and consume immediately after cookingand not for too long vegetable red spinach store in the refrigerator.

Risk Assessment of Sulphite Exposure through Foods Among Adolescents of Delhi (India)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-693
Author(s):  
Arushi Jain ◽  
Pulkit Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Permissible Levels

Background: Sulphites added as preservatives in food have been associated with adverse health effects in humans. Objective: The present study was designed with an objective of assessing the risk of sulphite exposure through food in adolescents (12-16 years old) of Delhi, India. Methods: A total of 1030 adolescents selected from four private and four government schools of Delhi, were asked to record their food intake using a 24 hour food record, repeated on three days, for assessing exposure to sulphites. The risk was assessed using six different scenarios of exposure. Results: The actual intake for sulphites for average consumers was 0.15 ± 0.13 mg / kg b.w. / day which was 21.4% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers (P95), it was 65% of the ADI. However, for 2 respondents, the actual intake exceeded the ADI. The major food contributors to sulphite intake were beverage concentrates (46%), ready to serve beverages (22%) followed by miscellaneous food items (16%), mainly ice creams and snowballs. Estimation of sulphite intake using different exposure scenarios revealed that for certain scenarios where the highest reported sulphite level or maximum permissible levels were considered for calculation, the high consumers exceeded the ADI, though, for average consumers, intake was well below the ADI. Conclusion: Actual intake of sulphite for average consumers was well below the ADI but for high consumers was approaching the ADI. People with sulphite sensitivity need to be aware of hidden food sources of sulphites.

scholarly journals A Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Other Metals in Pharmaceutical Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements Containing Ginkgo biloba in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8285
Author(s):  
Patricia Rojas ◽  
Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez ◽  
Camilo Ríos ◽  
Ángel Ruiz-Chow ◽  
Aldo A. Reséndiz-Albor
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Herbal Products

The use of the medicinal plant Ginkgo biloba has increased worldwide. However, G. biloba is capable of assimilating both essential and toxic metals, and the ingestion of contaminated products can cause damage to health. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in 26 items containing Ginkgo biloba (pharmaceutical herbal products, dietary supplements, and traditional herbal remedies) purchased in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Metal analysis was performed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All of the products were contaminated with Pb, 54% of them with As, and 81% with Cd. The lowest values of Pb, As, and Cd were detected in pharmaceutical herbal products > dietary supplements > traditional herbal remedies. The daily intake dose (DID) of pharmaceutical herbal products was within the established limits for the five metals. Dietary supplements and traditional herbal remedies exceeded the DID limits for Pb. The hazard quotients estimation and non-carcinogenic cumulative hazard estimation index for Mn, As, and Cd indicated no human health risk. Our results suggest that products containing G. biloba for sale in Mexico are not a health risk.

scholarly journals Aspartame and cancer – new evidence for causation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Landrigan ◽  
Kurt Straif
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
New Findings

Abstract Background Aspartame is one of the world’s most widely used artificial sweeteners and is an ingredient in more than 5000 food products globally. A particularly important use is in low-calorie beverages consumed by children and pregnant women. The Ramazzini Institute (RI) reported in 2006 and 2007 that aspartame causes dose-related increases in malignant tumors in multiple organs in rats and mice. Increased cancer risk was seen even at low exposure levels approaching the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Prenatal exposures caused increased malignancies in rodent offspring at lower doses than in adults. These findings generated intense controversy focused on the accuracy of RI’s diagnoses of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors (HLTs). Critics made the claim that pulmonary lesions observed in aspartame-exposed animals were inflammatory lesions caused by Mycoplasma infection rather than malignant neoplasms. Methods To address this question, RI subjected all HLTs from aspartame-exposed animals to immunohistochemical analysis using a battery of markers and to morphological reassessment using the most recent Internationally Harmonized Nomenclature and Diagnostic (INHAND) criteria. Findings This immunohistochemical and morphological re-evaluation confirmed the original diagnoses of malignancy in 92.3% of cases. Six lesions originally diagnosed as lymphoma (8% of all HLTs) were reclassified: 3 to lymphoid hyperplasia, and 3 to chronic inflammation with fibrosis. There was no evidence of Mycoplasma infection. Interpretation These new findings confirm that aspartame is a chemical carcinogen in rodents. They confirm the very worrisome finding that prenatal exposure to aspartame increases cancer risk in rodent offspring. They validate the conclusions of the original RI studies. These findings are of great importance for public health. In light of them, we encourage all national and international public health agencies to urgently reexamine their assessments of aspartame’s health risks - especially the risks of prenatal and early postnatal exposures. We call upon food agencies to reassess Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) levels for aspartame. We note that an Advisory Group to the International Agency for Research on Cancer has recommended high-priority reevaluation of aspartame’s carcinogenicity to humans.

scholarly journals Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils and Bulbs of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7023
Author(s):  
Vannini Andrea ◽  
Martina Grattacaso ◽  
Giulia Canali ◽  
Francesco Nannoni ◽  
Luigi Antonello Di Lella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Allium Ampeloprasum ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Risk Indices ◽  
High Concentrations

The aim of this study was to provide, for the first time, data on the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils and bulbs of elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) cultivated in Valdichiana, a traditional agricultural area of Tuscany, Italy. Bulbs of elephant garlic and soil samples were collected in four cultivation fields and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, U, V, Zn. The concentrations of these PTEs in bulbs and cultivation soils were used to calculate geochemical, ecological and health risk indices. The results of this study suggest that, although bulbs of elephant garlic from the Valdichiana area may present slightly high concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb, the associated health risk based on the daily intake is absolutely negligible. Cultivation soils had somewhat high Cu concentrations probably due to the diffuse use of Cu-based products in agriculture, but showed overall a very low ecological risk.

Effects of pesticide mixtures at the acceptable daily intake levels on rat carcinogenesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1091-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ito ◽  
A. Hagiwara ◽  
S. Tamano ◽  
M. Futacuchiá ◽  
K. Imaida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Pesticide Mixtures
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