Apgar Scoring: Its Use and Meaning for Today’s Newborn

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Juretschke
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Accepted Practice

Apgar scoring is a common and accepted practice used for evaluating newborns immediately after delivery. After its development by Dr. Virginia Apgar in the late 1940s/early 1950s, its use and meaning have evolved over the past five decades. Today, every baby born in a U.S. hospital is given an Apgar score. With advances in neonatology and improved survival rates for infants with lower gestational ages, a new or revised scoring system may be warranted in order to more appropriately evaluate the extremely preterm infant. In addition, the predictive capabilities of Apgar scoring must be considered with caution for all gestational age groups.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Language Delay among Healthy Preterm Children, Language Outcomes and Predictive Factors

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Miguel Pérez-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Extremely Preterm

Language delay (LD) and its relationship with later language impairment in preterm children is a topic of major concern. Previous studies comparing LD in preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) children were mainly carried out with samples of extremely preterm and very preterm children (sometimes with additional medical problems). Very few of them were longitudinal studies, which is essential to understand developmental relationships between LD and later language impairment. In this study, we compare the prevalence of LD in low-risk preterm children to that of FT children in a longitudinal design ranging from 10 to 60 months of age. We also analyze which variables are related to a higher risk of LD at 22, 30 and 60 months of age. Different language tests were administered to three groups of preterm children of different gestational ages and to one group of full-term children from the ages of 10 to 60 months. ANOVA comparisons between groups and logistic regression analyses to identify possible predictors of language delay at 22, 30 and 60 months of age were performed. The results found indicate that there were practically no differences between gestational age groups. Healthy PT children, therefore, do not have, in general terms, a higher risk of language delay than FT children. Previous language delay and cognitive delay are the strongest and longest-lasting predictors of later language impairment. Other factors, such as a scarce use of gestures at 10 months or male gender, affect early LD at 22 months of age, although their effect disappears as children grow older. Low maternal education appears to have a late effect. Gestational age does not have any significant effect on the appearance of LD.

SURVIVAL OF A ONE-POUND FEMALE INFANT BORN IN 1847

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-253
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Female Infant ◽  
Second Child ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Child ◽  
Accepted Practice

After a thorough literature search of the survival rates of premature infants, I believe the infant described below was the smallest to survive until this century.1 I am mindful that the reported birth weights in the past may have been inaccurate because the weighing of newborn infants was not an accepted practice prior to this century. 2 Mrs. A. (aged 30) weaned her first child on the 17th of November 1846, a fortnight after which (1st December) she menstruated naturally. Two days after the catamenia disappeared (7th December), she conceived, having the same sensations post coitu which she felt at her previous conception. At four months she quickened. She was delivered (by a midwife) of her second child, a female, on the 14th of May 1847-on the hundred and fifty-eighth day of gestation. The child had only rudimentary nails, and almost no hair, except a little, of slightly reddish colour, at the lower part of the back of the head. It weighed one pound, and measured eleven inches. It was merely wrapped up at first, laid in a box about a foot long, used by the father (who is a slater) for carrying nails, and set on the kitchen fender, before the fire, to keep it warm. It came on very well, and was subsequently treated very much the same as other children, except perhaps, that it was a little more looked after than usual, being considered a curiosity. She is still of small make but is quite healthy, and takes her food well.

scholarly journals Human Cost of Tyranny in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal Ameen
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Leslie Matrix ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
Armed Intervention

Abstract Background The 2003 liberation/invasion of Iraq and the resulting casualties from civilians and armed forces attracted researchers publishing in high prestigious journals but little mentioned about the events that led to the armed intervention. This paper is assessing the human cost of successive Iraqi governments tyrannical rule in Kurdistan Region of Iraq over three decades.Method The two most recent and reliable census datasets of 1947 and 1957 were used to estimate fertility and survival rates by age group under normal circumstances. These were used in the classical Leslie Matrix to predict 2007 Kurdistan Region of Iraq population. Results were contrasted with estimates for the same year that were obtained by the World Food Programme as part of their Food Security Analysis for Iraq to arrive at estimates that would indicate the scale of the loss in human capital from Saddam’s tyranny that was imposed on the region. Findings Kurdistan Region has lost around 1,911,479 of which 1,043,549 were male and 867,930 female of different age groups. These include direct victims of the past genocide actions of successive Iraqi governments as well as those who thought refuge beyond the boundaries of Kurdistan Region during the past decades. Interpretation Saddam’s actions were directed to all indigenous inhabitants irrespective of gender and age. As such, any possible offspring, had life continued as normal, is counted as human loss. Impacts of changes in demography, socio-political and the environment of Saddam’s tyrannical rule are worth further investigation.Funding None

Cell therapy for the preterm infant: promise and practicalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K Baker ◽  
Susan E Jacobs ◽  
Rebecca Lim ◽  
Euan M Wallace ◽  
Peter G Davis
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Changing Patterns

Recent decades have seen the rapid progress of neonatal intensive care, and the survival rates of the most preterm infants are improving. This improvement is associated with changing patterns of morbidity and new phenotypes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and preterm brain injury are recognised. Inflammation and immaturity are known contributors to their pathogenesis. However, a new phenomenon, the exhaustion of progenitor cells is emerging as an important factor. Current therapeutic approaches do not adequately address these new mechanisms of injury. Cell therapy, that is the use of stem and stem-like cells, with its potential to both repair and prevent injury, offers a new approach to these challenging conditions. This review will examine the rationale for cell therapy in the extremely preterm infant, the preclinical and early clinical evidence to support its use in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and preterm brain injury. Finally, it will address the challenges in translating cell therapy from the laboratory to early clinical trials.

scholarly journals Availability of Breast Milk for Preterm Neonates by Gestational Age during NICU Stay

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. e227-e232
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Panda ◽  
Kalpita Sahoo ◽  
Pratap Kumar Jena ◽  
Avantika Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Mother’S Own Milk

AbstractThe objective of this study was to explore the availability of expressed breast milk (EBM) volume for the premature neonates born from mothers in different gestational age groups during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay. All preterm infants (extreme-preterm infant [EPTI, <28 weeks], very-preterm infant [VPTI, 28–316/7 weeks], and moderate-preterm infant [MPTI, 32–336/7 weeks]) and their mothers were included in the study. Infants not receiving mother's own milk and neonates deceased or discharged against medical advice, and the mother with illness during postpartum period were excluded from the study. A predesigned tool was used to collect information on maternal characteristics, neonatal characteristics, and milk diary for preterm neonates from the NICU case records. The primary outcome variable EBM volume available on day 7 was compared across three gestational groups. Logistic regression was used to predict EBM availability. A total of 78 preterm neonates, including 10 EPTI, 37 VPTI, and 31 MPTI, had average birth weight of 962.5 ± 228.25, 1,185.1 ± 183.14, and 1,293.2 ± 182.92 g, respectively. Receipt of exclusive breast milk among EPTI, VPTI, and MPTI was 80, 94, and 83.8%, respectively. Maternal characteristics were similar except for the mode of conception (p = 0.001), mode of delivery (p = 0.04), and antenatal steroid exposure (p = 0.02) among three gestational categories. The median (Q1–Q3) volume of EBM on day 7 were 160 (136.3–202.5), 150 (140–187.5), and 160 (150–220) mL for EPTI, VPTI, and MPTI neonates, respectively, without any statistical significance. Regression analysis suggests no effect of gestational age on EBM availability. The feasibility of mother's own milk use for extremely preterm neonates is similar to higher gestational preterm neonates.

Resuscitation Decisions for Extremely Premature Infants: A UK NICU Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 097321792110597
Author(s):  
Jennifer Peterson ◽  
Mia Kahvo ◽  
Ramiyya Tharumakunarajah ◽  
Nabiah Malik ◽  
Ranganath Ranganna
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chest Compressions ◽  
Infant Outcomes ◽  
Antenatal Steroids ◽  
Extremely Preterm

Background: Improvements in extreme preterm infant outcomes have led to an increasing recognition of the importance of antenatal optimization and delivery room (DR) management strategies for these infants. Methods: Retrospective cohort evaluation of every infant born at 22+0 to 25+6 weeks gestation in St Mary’s tertiary NICU between 2008 and 2018. Aiming to evaluate utilization of chest compressions and resuscitation medications during DR-resuscitation of extremely premature infants. Results: This study found that 90% of infants 22+0 to 22+6 weeks did not receive antenatal steroids. Whereas, for infants born between 23+0 and 23+6 weeks gestation, 75% did receive antenatal steroids. This difference is significant ( P value = .00006). This study shows there is a predisposition to not provide DR-chest compressions (DR-CC) and/or adrenaline (DR-CC+/−A) to extremely preterm For infants. Infants that received DR-CC, there was no statistically significant increase in death and no clear association with poorer long-term outcomes in survivors. Conclusions: Marked differences in provision of perinatal care were found dependent on gestational age. If infants are inadequately prepared for delivery and resuscitative measures are not fully utilized, it cannot be clear whether subsequently increased rates of death in the lower gestational age groups are solely due to gestational age or are influenced by the lack of preparative management.

The past, present and future of food consumption databases

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (43) ◽  
pp. 1692-1700
Author(s):  
Viktória Szűcs ◽  
Erzsébet Szabó ◽  
Diána Bánáti
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
International Projects ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
The Eu

Results of the food consumption surveys are utilized in many areas, such as for example risk assessment, cognition of consumer trends, health education and planning of prevention projects. Standardization of national consumption data for international comparison is an important task. The intention work began in the 1970s. Because of the widespread utilization of food consumption data, many international projects have been done with the aim of their harmonization. The present study shows data collection methods for groups of the food consumption data, their utilization, furthermore, the stations of the international harmonization works in details. The authors underline that for the application of the food consumption data on the international level, it is crucial to harmonize the surveys’ parameters (e.g. time of data collection, method, number of participants, number of the analysed days and the age groups). For this purpose the efforts of the EU menu project, started in 2012, are promising. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1692–1700.

Cirurgia Paliativa em Pacientes com Tumor Periampular Irressecável: Estudo Retrospectivo de 5 Anos em um Hospital em São José dos Campos – SP/Surgical Palliation in Patients with Unresectable Periampullary Tumor: a Retrospective Study of 5 Years in a Hosp

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
José Henrique Gomes Torres ◽  
Rosyane Rena De Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Periampullary Tumor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Palliative Procedure ◽  
Surgical Palliation ◽  
Head Of The Pancreas ◽  
Keywords Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Main Complication

Objetivo: Avaliar diferentes métodos paliativos quanto a sua resolução, complicações e sobrevida em pacientes com tumor periampular irressecável. Materiais e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com análise dos prontuários de pacientes com tumor periampular irressecável e que foram submetidos a procedimento paliativo no Hospital Municipal Dr José de Carvalho Florence nos últimos cinco anos. Resultados: O principal tumor periampular foi o de cabeça de pâncreas, com incidência de 94%, acometendo pacientes com média de 66 anos, sem preferência por sexo. Os procedimentos mais realizados foram derivação biliar e colocação de endoprótese através de colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada, apresentando sobrevidas de 586 e 56 dias, respectivamente. Conclusão: A coledocojejunostomia foi o procedimento mais realizado e apresentou menor tempo de internação e maiores sobrevida e tempo de permanência anictérico. Pneumonia foi a complicação mais frequente.  Palavras chave: Câncer pancreático, Colangiocarcinoma, Cuidados paliativos.  Objective: To evaluate different palliative methods concerning its resolution, complications and survival in patients with unresectable periampular tumor. Materials and methods: Retrospective study analysing records of patients with unresectable periampullary tumor and who underwent palliative procedure in the Hospital Municipal Dr José de Carvalho Florence in the past five years. Results: The main periampullary tumor was the head of the pancreas, with an incidence of 94%, affecting patients with an average of 66 years old, regardless of gender. The most common procedures were bypass and biliary stent, with survival rates of 586 and 56 days, respectively. Conclusion: Coledocojejunostomy was the procedure which was the most often performed and showed a shorter hospital stay and longer survival time and time without jaundice. Pneumonia was the main complication.  Keywords: Pancreatic cancer, Cholangiocarcinoma, Palliative care  

Children’s Lives and Deaths in Merovingian Gaul

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-213
Author(s):  
Émilie Perez
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
New Method ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Grave Goods

The role of children in Merovingian society has long been downplayed, and the study of their graves and bones has long been neglected. However, during the past fifteen years, archaeologists have shown growing interest in the place of children in Merovingian society. Nonetheless, this research has not been without challenges linked to the nature of the biological and material remains. Recent analysis of 315 children’s graves from four Merovingian cemeteries in northern Gaul (sixth to seventh centuries) allows us to understand the modalities of burial ritual for children. A new method for classifying children into social age groups shows that the type, quality, quantity, and diversity of grave goods were directly correlated with the age of the deceased. They increased from the age of eight and particularly around the time of puberty. This study discusses the role of age and gender in the construction and expression of social identity during childhood in the Merovingian period.

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