scholarly journals The effect of global warming on soil salinity in arid regions

2013 ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Ye. I. Pankova ◽  
M. V. Konyushkova
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Desert Soils ◽  
Hydromorphic Soils ◽  
Other Hand

The comparison of modern climatic conditions and soil salinity in subboreal deserts of Middle Asia (Turanian plain) and Central Asia (Gobi deserts) shows that climate has an effect on salinity of hydromorphic soils. From the other hand, the distribution and degree of salinity of automorphic desert soils are predominantly governed by the distribution of salt-bearing rocks inherited from the previous geologic stages and are not related directly to the modern aridity. This fact allows us to state that the global warming will not promote salinization of automorphic soils of arid regions, except for the soils subjected to aeolian salinization. Climate aridification will provoke soil salinization in hydromorphic conditions.

Treatment of frostbite in an open way (without dressings)

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
V. A. Petrovykh
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Tatar Strait ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The One ◽  
Apparent Similarity ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

The harsh climatic conditions of the coast of the Tatar Strait make explainable the large number of patients with frostbite who passed under our supervision during the winter of 1935-36 and amounted to 2.8% (26 people) of the total contingent of inpatients. The variety of recommended methods for treating frostbite, on the one hand, and the relatively long recovery period for all of them, on the other hand, made us take a critical approach to the proposed methods of treatment. All currently existing methods are reduced to the treatment of frostbite areas with bandages; and on the locus morbi apply indifferent or slightly disinfecting ointments, or a similar property of a powder, or wipes moistened with slightly disinfecting solutions, for example, Sol. kalii hyperm. 1: 1000. The apparent similarity of the external manifestations of frostbite and burns inspired us with the idea of ​​conducting frostbite therapy in an "open way", which has long occupied a well-deserved place in the treatment of burns.

“Every Act of Preservation is an Act of Creation”: Paul Schrader’s Eco-theology in First Reformed

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-188
Author(s):  
Tatiana Prorokova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Current State ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One

This chapter scrutinizes the complex relationship between climate change and theology, as represented in First Reformed, as well as Paul Schrader’s understanding of humanity’s major problems today. Analyzing the issue of ecological decline through the prism of religion, Schrader outlines the ideology that presumably might help humanity survive at the age of global warming. Through the complex discussions of such issues as despair, anxiety, and hope, Schrader deduces the formula of survival in which preservation is the key component. Equating humans to God, Schrader, on the one hand, censures those actions that led to progress but destroyed the environment, yet, on the other hand, he foregrounds the fact that humans can also save the planet now. Schrader portrays both humans and Earth as living organisms created by God. He draws explicit parallels between the current state of our planet and the problems that we experience – from political ones, including war, to more personal ones like health issues.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Some Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana) Genotypes for Their Salt Tolerance, Biomass Yield and Nutrient Composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashenafi Worku Daba ◽  
Asad Sarwar Qureshi ◽  
Bethel Nekir Nisaren
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
The Impact

The livestock productivity in Ethiopia is seriously constrained by the shortage of fodder due to increasing soil salinization. Therefore, restoration of salt-affected lands into productive soils through salt-tolerant forages and improved irrigation and crop management practices is crucial for enhancing the productivity of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. In this three-year study, pot trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of five different soil salinity levels (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m−1) on plant growth, biomass production, and nutrient quality attributes of three Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) genotypes (ILRI-6633, ILRI-7384, CV-massaba). Increasing soil salinity negatively affected germination percentage (GP) and mean germination time (MGT) of all genotypes. For all salinity levels, the highest GP was observed for ILRI-6633 and the lowest for CV-massaba. Plant height and chlorophyll content for ILRI-6633 was higher than the other two genotypes. The crude protein (CP) content was higher in low dry matter-producing genotype (ILRI-7384). The performance of ILRI-6633 at all salinity levels was superior to the other two genotypes. CV-massaba genotype performed better under low to medium soil salinity conditions. Therefore, ILRI-6633 and CV-massaba genotypes have excellent potential to increase forage production in salt-affected areas of Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Sustainable energy transition in Central Asia: status and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Radovanović ◽  
Sanja Filipović ◽  
Andrea Andrejević Panić
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The paper aims at gaining insight into the implementation of the process of sustainable energy transition in the countries of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Information and scientific studies on the situation in these countries is scarce. On the other hand, these are resource-rich countries, some are exporters, and all are energy transit countries. The main aim of the paper was realized by applying the energy policies and regulatory framework analysis, defining priorities and monitoring selected indicators prescribed by the International Energy Agency. Methods The following methods were used in the quantitative analysis: measurement of data intercorrelation; Pearson test of correlation; principal component analysis (with rotation method: Oblimin with Kaiser normalization); Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy, Bartlett’s test of sphericity and t-test. The period covered by the quantitative analysis: 1990–2018, provided that the available data for 2019 or 2020 were used in certain cases. Results Sustainable energy transition is, at the analysis of policies and data, at a low level. There is no adequate regulatory framework in these countries. The energy transition takes place exclusively within the framework of providing enough energy, without regard to sustainability, while even energy exporting countries are not making efforts to achieve a sustainable energy transition. Conclusions There are no indications that the energy transition in the countries of Central Asia will take place according to the standards of the European Union or global bodies. On the other hand, having in mind the natural resources of the mentioned countries and the specific geopolitical position, monitoring the changes is of special importance. The impact of changes on sustainability can be determined mainly ex post.

Potential of halophytes in managing soil salinity and mitigating climate change for environmental sustainability

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Kathirvel Suganya ◽  
Ramesh Poornima ◽  
Paul Sebastian Selvaraj ◽  
E Parameswari - ◽  
P Kalaiselvi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Land Utilization

Soil salinization is one of the foremost factors affecting global agricultural productivity. More than half billion hectares of agricultural land are unutilized due to excess saline condition. Hence, there is a great urge in exploring scientific interventions in restoring the saline affected areas and promote high productive and effective land utilization in order to respond to today's global concerns of food security. While a sound drainage system is required as a permanent solution to the soil salinity problem in order to regulate the water table, this option cannot be used in larger area with high energy and cost-intensity.Phytoremediation, a plant – based approach is one of the promising technology in enhanced dissolution of Ca levels along with sodium removal through cultivating suitable halophytes.During the process, the proliferation of roots, aggregate stability, hydraulic conductivity and nutrient availability increases. These improvement in soil quality enables the growth of less tolerant crops, enhances the overall ecosystem and climatic conditions by increasing carbon sequestration. In this perspective, the chapter focuses on halophytes, its kinds, the effects of salinity on soil physical, chemical, biological health, the influence of halophytes in stress management and on the function of halophytes in carbon sequestration.

scholarly journals Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in future scenarios: atmospheric energy and water balance perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alessandri ◽  
P. G. Fogli ◽  
M. Vichi ◽  
N. Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mitigation Scenario ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Large Perturbation ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Global Precipitation

Abstract. Future climate scenarios experiencing global warming are expected to strengthen the hydrological cycle during the 21st century (21C). We analyze the strengthening of the global-scale increase in precipitation from the perspective of changes in whole atmospheric water and energy balances. By combining energy and water equations for the whole atmosphere, we obtain constraints for the changes in surface fluxes and partitioning at the surface between sensible and latent components. We investigate the differences in the strengthening of the hydrological cycle in two centennial simulations performed with an Earth system model forced with specified atmospheric concentration pathways. Alongside the Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES) A1B, which is a medium-high non-mitigation scenario, we consider a new aggressive-mitigation scenario (E1) with reduced fossil fuel use for energy production aimed at stabilizing global warming below 2 K. Our results show that the mitigation scenario effectively constrains the global warming with a stabilization below 2 K with respect to the 1950–2000 historical period. On the other hand, the E1 precipitation does not follow the temperature field toward a stabilization path but continues to increase over the mitigation period. Quite unexpectedly, the mitigation scenario is shown to strengthen the hydrological cycle even more than SRES A1B till around 2070. We show that this is mostly a consequence of the larger increase in the negative radiative imbalance of atmosphere in E1 compared to A1B. This appears to be primarily related to decreased sulfate aerosol concentration in E1, which considerably reduces atmospheric absorption of solar radiation compared to A1B. The last decades of the 21C show a marked increase in global precipitation in A1B compared to E1, despite the fact that the two scenarios display almost the same overall increase of radiative imbalance with respect to the 20th century. Our results show that radiative cooling is weakly effective in A1B throughout the 21C. Two distinct mechanisms characterize the diverse strengthening of the hydrological cycle in the middle and end- 21C. It is only through a very large perturbation of surface fluxes that A1B achieves a larger increase in global precipitation in the last decades of the 21C. Our energy/water budget analysis shows that this behavior is ultimately due to a bifurcation in the Bowen ratio change between the two scenarios. This work warns that mitigation policies that promote aerosol abatement, may lead to an unexpected stronger intensification of the hydrological cycle and associated changes that may last for decades after global warming is effectively mitigated. On the other hand, it is also suggested that predictable components of the radiative forcing by aerosols may have the potential to effectively contribute to the decadal-scale predictability of changes in the hydrological strength.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Use and Household Water-Sanitation Risk Factors of Acute Watery Diarrhea Among Children <5 Years: A Retrospective Analysis of Multicounty Health Survey Data, 2006-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shakil Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

Abstract A total of 12,69,944 under five years Childs were included in this study among them 1,80,067 Children were acute watery diarrhea (AWD) and 19,502 Children were bloody diarrhea respectively. Among them, 47,755 Childs was taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The overall prevalence of acute watery diarrhea ~ 14% (prevalence = 0.142; 95% CI = 0.141, 0.142). On the other hand the prevalence of bloody diarrhea ~ 2% (prevalence = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.015, 0.016). The prevalence of antibiotic treatment for AWD was ~ 27% (prevalence = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.26, 0.27) among the under five years old children in DH survey regions in the world. The prevalence of acute watery diarrhea was higher ~ 17% (prevalence = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.17) in the Latin America DHS survey region. The minimum prevalence of AWD was almost equal between South East Asia and Central Asia DHS survey regions ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.12) and ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.13) respectively. On the other hand the prevalence of AWD between Europe and West North and Central Africa DHS survey regions ~ 16% (prevalence = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.16) and ~ 15% (prevalence = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.15) correspondingly. In the central Asia of 15,089 under five Childs were included in the survey. Among them 1,748 Children were AWD and 967 Childs had taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The highest prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD in Central Asia ~ 55% (prevalence=(967/1748) = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.59) and Europe DH survey region ~ 44% (prevalence=(5483/12502) = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.45). The lowest prevalence of antibiotic use for under five Child AWD was ~ 23% (prevalence=(11918/51328) = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.24) in the DH survey region South East Asia. On the other hand the DH survey region Latin America and West North and Central Africa region the prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD were ~ 30% (prevalence=(7887/26396) = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.31) and ~ 24% (prevalence=(21500/88093) = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.24). The southeast Asia DH survey region countries DHS 2007 (Bangladesh), DHS 2014 and 2010 (Cambodia), DHS 2017 and 2012 (Indonesia), DHS 2009 (Maldives), DHS 2015–2016 (Myanmar), DHS 2012–2013 (Pakistan), DHS 2017 and 2013 (Philippines), and DHS 2009–2010 (Timor-Leste) were higher risks of AWD for drinking unimproved water sources. The prevalence of antibiotic use for u5c AWD was shown the highest prevalence in DHS 2007 (~ 44%), DHS 2012 (~ 49%), DHS 2016 (~ 40%), and DHS 2017 (~ 65%) from DH survey 2006 to 2018 in South East & Central Asia. The linear trend analysis showed an upward trend for using antibiotic of AWD in the South East & Central Asia DH survey region.

scholarly journals Evaluating management-induced soil salinization in golf courses in semi-arid landscapes

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Young ◽  
T. K. Udeigwe ◽  
D. C. Weindorf ◽  
T. Kandakji ◽  
P. Gautam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Site-specific information on land management practices are often desired to make better assertions of their environmental impacts. A study was conducted in Lubbock, TX, in the Southern High Plains of the United States, an area characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions, to (1) examine the potential management-induced alteration in soil salinity indicators in golf course facilities and (2) develop predictive relationships for a more rapid soil salinity examination within these urban landscape soils using findings from portable x-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometer. Soil samples were collected from the managed (well irrigated) and non-managed (non irrigated) areas of seven golf course facilities at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths, and analyzed for a suite of chemical properties. Among the extractable cations, sodium (Na) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the managed zones of all the golf facilities. Soil electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), parameters often used in characterizing soil salinity and sodicity, were in most part significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the managed areas. Water quality report collected over a 22-year period (1991–2013, all years not available) indicated a gradual increase in pH, EC, SAR, total alkalinity, and extractable ions, thus, supporting the former findings. Findings from the PXRF suggested possible differences in chemical species and sources that contribute to salinity between the managed and non-managed zones. PXRF quantified Cl and S, and to a lesser extent Ca, individually and collectively explained 23–85% of the variability associated with soil salinity at these facilities.

Comparison of the chemical composition of domestic common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood and exotic yakal (Shorea astylosa Foxw.) wood

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Dominik Sierant ◽  
Andrzej Antczak
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Carpinus Betulus ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Other Hand

Comparison of the chemical composition of domestic common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood and exotic yakal (Shorea astylosa Foxw.) wood. The study was carried out to compare the chemical composition of domestic hornbeam wood with exotic yakal wood, which is an endemic species occurring in the Philippines. Species of similar structural structure occurring in different areas were studied. Extractives, cellulose (including α-cellulose), holocellulose (including hemicelluloses), lignin and ash contents were analyzed. The obtained results indicated lower content of cellulose, α-cellulose, lignin, extractives and ash in hornbeam wood as compared to yakal wood. On the other hand, a much higher amount of hemicelluloses (by 12 percentage points) was found in hornbeam wood. Probably, the main reason for the differences in the chemical composition of wood were different habitat and climatic conditions, in which the studied species were growing.

Planetary Crises and the Difficulty of Being Modern

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipesh Chakrabarty
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Other Hand

This article questions whether the presently dominant ideas about globalisation and global warming work with very different conceptions of the ‘globe’ that are both connected and yet opposed to each other. The discussion on globalisation may be seen as an extension of homocentric narratives of modernity that see humans as separate from the natural world. The global warming literature, on the other hand, has led to a serious renewal of critical calls to abandon the nature/culture distinction. This article tracks some of the ethical difficulties of being modern at a time when collective human aspirations carry planetary implications. In the process, the article brings into conversation some post-human and post-colonial perspectives on our time.

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