scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Use and Household Water-Sanitation Risk Factors of Acute Watery Diarrhea Among Children <5 Years: A Retrospective Analysis of Multicounty Health Survey Data, 2006-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shakil Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

Abstract A total of 12,69,944 under five years Childs were included in this study among them 1,80,067 Children were acute watery diarrhea (AWD) and 19,502 Children were bloody diarrhea respectively. Among them, 47,755 Childs was taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The overall prevalence of acute watery diarrhea ~ 14% (prevalence = 0.142; 95% CI = 0.141, 0.142). On the other hand the prevalence of bloody diarrhea ~ 2% (prevalence = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.015, 0.016). The prevalence of antibiotic treatment for AWD was ~ 27% (prevalence = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.26, 0.27) among the under five years old children in DH survey regions in the world. The prevalence of acute watery diarrhea was higher ~ 17% (prevalence = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.17) in the Latin America DHS survey region. The minimum prevalence of AWD was almost equal between South East Asia and Central Asia DHS survey regions ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.12) and ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.13) respectively. On the other hand the prevalence of AWD between Europe and West North and Central Africa DHS survey regions ~ 16% (prevalence = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.16) and ~ 15% (prevalence = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.15) correspondingly. In the central Asia of 15,089 under five Childs were included in the survey. Among them 1,748 Children were AWD and 967 Childs had taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The highest prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD in Central Asia ~ 55% (prevalence=(967/1748) = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.59) and Europe DH survey region ~ 44% (prevalence=(5483/12502) = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.45). The lowest prevalence of antibiotic use for under five Child AWD was ~ 23% (prevalence=(11918/51328) = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.24) in the DH survey region South East Asia. On the other hand the DH survey region Latin America and West North and Central Africa region the prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD were ~ 30% (prevalence=(7887/26396) = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.31) and ~ 24% (prevalence=(21500/88093) = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.24). The southeast Asia DH survey region countries DHS 2007 (Bangladesh), DHS 2014 and 2010 (Cambodia), DHS 2017 and 2012 (Indonesia), DHS 2009 (Maldives), DHS 2015–2016 (Myanmar), DHS 2012–2013 (Pakistan), DHS 2017 and 2013 (Philippines), and DHS 2009–2010 (Timor-Leste) were higher risks of AWD for drinking unimproved water sources. The prevalence of antibiotic use for u5c AWD was shown the highest prevalence in DHS 2007 (~ 44%), DHS 2012 (~ 49%), DHS 2016 (~ 40%), and DHS 2017 (~ 65%) from DH survey 2006 to 2018 in South East & Central Asia. The linear trend analysis showed an upward trend for using antibiotic of AWD in the South East & Central Asia DH survey region.

scholarly journals Prevalence of antibiotic use and household water-sanitation risk factors of acute watery diarrhea among children <5 years: retrospective analysis of multicounty health survey data, 2006-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shakil Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

Abstract A total 12,69,944 under five year Childs were included in this study among them 1,80,067 Childs were acute watery diarrhea (AWD) and 19,502 Childs were bloody diarrhea respectively. Among them 47,755 Childs were taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The overall prevalence of acute watery diarrhea ~ 14% (prevalence = 0.142; 95% CI = 0.141, 0.142). On the other hand the prevalence of bloody diarrhea ~ 2% (prevalence = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.015, 0.016). The prevalence of antibiotic treatment for AWD was ~ 27% (prevalence = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.26, 0.27) among the under five years old children in DH survey regions in the world. The prevalence of acute watery diarrhea was higher ~ 17% (prevalence = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.17) in the Latin America DHS survey region. The minimum prevalence of AWD was almost equal between South East Asia and Central Asia DHS survey regions ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.12) and ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.13) respectively. On the other hand the prevalence of AWD between Europe and West North and Central Africa DHS survey regions ~ 16% (prevalence = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.16) and ~ 15% (prevalence = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.15) correspondingly. In the central Asia of 15,089 under five Childs were included in the survey. Among them 1,748 Childs were AWD and 967 Childs had taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The highest prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD in Central Asia ~ 55% (prevalence=(967/1748) = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.59) and Europe DH survey region ~ 44% (prevalence=(5483/12502) = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.45). The lowest prevalence of antibiotic use for under five Child AWD was ~ 23% (prevalence=(11918/51328) = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.24) in the DH survey region South East Asia. On the other hand the DH survey region Latin America and West North and Central Africa region the prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD were ~ 30% (prevalence=(7887/26396) = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.31) and ~ 24% (prevalence=(21500/88093) = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.24). The South East Asia DH survey region countries DHS 2007 (Bangladesh), DHS 2014 and 2010 (Cambodia), DHS 2017 and 2012 (Indonesia), DHS 2009 (Maldives), DHS 2015–2016 (Myanmar), DHS 2012–2013 (Pakistan), DHS 2017 and 2013 (Philippines), and DHS 2009–2010 (Timor-Leste) were higher risk of AWD for drinking unimproved water sources. The prevalence of antibiotic use for u5c AWD was shown highest prevalence in DHS 2007 (~ 44%), DHS 2012 (~ 49%), DHS 2016 (~ 40%), and DHS 2017 (~ 65%) from DH survey 2006 to 2018 in South East & Central Asia. The linear trend analysis showed that upward trend for using antibiotic of AWD in the South East & Central Asia DH survey region.

scholarly journals Appropriateness of Antibiotic use for the Management of Acute Diarrhea Among Under-Five Children Treated at Primary Care Centers in Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumeya Tadesse Abegaz ◽  
Addisu Jember Zeleke ◽  
Zelalem Tilahun Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

Abstract Background Acute diarrhea management is solely aimed at fluid replacement and nutritional support while antibiotics have a very limited role. Antibiotic treatment is recommended only for bloody diarrhea (dysentery), cholera and invasive bacterial diarrhea. This study is launched to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic use for the management of acute diarrhea among under-five children in Gondar town primary care centers.Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted in three primary care centers located in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Children aged from 2–59 months who visited the three primary care centers from September 12, 2015 to September 10, 2016 and received treatment for acute diarrhea were included in the study. We selected 176 cases from Azezo Health Center, 166 from Poly Health Center and 80 from Woleka Health Center. Cases were drawn using systematic random sampling technique. The findings of the study were summarized using tables and figures; binary logistic analysis was used to identify association between the independent and outcome variables at 95% confidence level where p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results The mean age of the study participants was 19.1 ± 12.8 months. The majority (60.8%) were males. Appropriate antibiotic use was recorded in less than half (47.2%) of the study subjects. Almost all (98.1%) of children subjected to inappropriate antibiotic use were those with watery diarrhea treated with antibiotics. Out of 253 children who received antidiarrheal antibiotics 202 (79.8%) had acute watery diarrhea which should not be treated with antibiotics. Children diagnosed with acute watery diarrhea were less likely to receive treatment qualified as appropriate antibiotic use [AOR: 0.003 (0.001,0.017)]. Conversely, receiving no antibiotic [AOR: 391.00 (92.46, 1653.37)] and prescriber’s profession of Clinical Nurse [AOR: 3.57 (1.02, 12.51)] were positive predictors for appropriate antibiotic use.Conclusion The findings of the study confirm the prevalence of widespread inappropriate antibiotic use on under-five children presenting with acute diarrhea. The findings can be used by stakeholders as input for promoting appropriate antibiotic use in the healthcare system as well as to deter antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Sustainable energy transition in Central Asia: status and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Radovanović ◽  
Sanja Filipović ◽  
Andrea Andrejević Panić
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The paper aims at gaining insight into the implementation of the process of sustainable energy transition in the countries of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Information and scientific studies on the situation in these countries is scarce. On the other hand, these are resource-rich countries, some are exporters, and all are energy transit countries. The main aim of the paper was realized by applying the energy policies and regulatory framework analysis, defining priorities and monitoring selected indicators prescribed by the International Energy Agency. Methods The following methods were used in the quantitative analysis: measurement of data intercorrelation; Pearson test of correlation; principal component analysis (with rotation method: Oblimin with Kaiser normalization); Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy, Bartlett’s test of sphericity and t-test. The period covered by the quantitative analysis: 1990–2018, provided that the available data for 2019 or 2020 were used in certain cases. Results Sustainable energy transition is, at the analysis of policies and data, at a low level. There is no adequate regulatory framework in these countries. The energy transition takes place exclusively within the framework of providing enough energy, without regard to sustainability, while even energy exporting countries are not making efforts to achieve a sustainable energy transition. Conclusions There are no indications that the energy transition in the countries of Central Asia will take place according to the standards of the European Union or global bodies. On the other hand, having in mind the natural resources of the mentioned countries and the specific geopolitical position, monitoring the changes is of special importance. The impact of changes on sustainability can be determined mainly ex post.

Rotavirus infection among hospitalized children under five years of age with acute watery diarrhea in Sri Lanka

Vaccine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (51) ◽  
pp. 7846-7850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paba Palihawadana ◽  
Gagandeep Kang ◽  
Janakan Navaratnasingam ◽  
Geethani Galagoda ◽  
Janaki Abeynayake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

The Big Picture: Race, Politics, and History in V. S. Naipaul's Caribbean Nonfiction

Prospects ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 611-638
Author(s):  
Robert M. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Race Politics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Familiar World ◽  
Subjective Confidence

In Articulating his artistic objectives for his fiction, V. S. Naipaul speaks in a 1994 interview about “delivering truth” and a “form of reality” (Hussein, 154). While he seems to be speaking about an idea of reality he shares with his readers, he is really only indicating his own subjective confidence about the significance of what he has created. He does not share a frame of reference about his Trinidad or Central Africa settings with many of his readers (especially his American readers), nor does he have any reason to assume that his novels will be accepted as culturally authoritative. Naipaul includes in his recipe for “pinning down reality (Hussein, 155) the search for and invention of the most revealing narrative. But again here he does not seem to be referring to a familiar pattern of events concerning a familiar world – for this he pejoratively designates the term “plot” and applies it to the stories of television dramas and “blockbuster” novelists. His means for exploring new strata of experience, on the other hand, is “narrative,” the formal orchestration of events in order to excavate and dramatize the most significant elements residing in his material (Hussein, 154–55; Schiff, 148).

scholarly journals Hubungan Umara dan Ulama dalam Membentuk Kehidupan Sosio-Relijius di Aceh Darussalam Masa Sultan Iskandar Muda (The Relation of Umara and Ulama in Shaping Socio-Religious life in Aceh Darussalam under Sultan Iskandar Muda’s Period)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Gazali Gazali
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Social System ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Islamic Rituals

ABSTRACTUmara (the ruler) and ulama (islamic scolar) are two elite groups which are showing an elemental instrument for developing Aceh Darussalam. In the age of Iskandar Muda, there is a truly work-grouping which are filling with many work of them. In the capital kingdom, Hamzah Fansuri and Syamsuddin as-Sumatra’i had played a multidimensional role for strengthern and eriching Aceh as a central Islamic knowledge and Malay literature in South East Asia. They had known as Islamic scholar, diplomat and bishop. Their existence in the sultan palace helped other Sultan’s cabinet for finishing many social problem, include acts arragement, legalizing an prudence and many more. In the other hand, the relation of ulama-umara also seen in village or out-palace life. There are a social system which is based on their activities. In people of Aceh’s ayes, their position regarded as a leader of social and spiritual life. Meunasah, a place that is used for, daily islamic rituals studying many various of islamic knowledge, discussion about social needing, is crowded by their activities. Teungku meunasah, ulama that is leading in meunasah, is the most outstanding men in their society. With keuchik, imeum mukim or uleebalang, they applicate the idea of developing humanity. There is a passion which is created from their bounderies. This article talks about how the relation of umara and ulama is working. This explanation presented their mutual undersatnsing to solve various problem of social-religious life. From that point, we can get some pictures which is describes how the condition of dynamic of social structure of Aceh.Keywords: Relation, Mutual-Working And Social-Religious LifeABSTRAKUmara (pemimpin) dan ulama (sarjana Islam) adalah dua grup elit yang menampilkan instrumen dasar dari perkembangan Aceh Darussalam. Di masa Sultan Iskandar Muda, banyak ditemukan produk-produk kerja sosial dari kerjasama mereka. Di ibukota kerajaan, Hamzah Fansuri dan Symasuddin as-Sumatra’i memainkan peran multiaspek guna mengembangkan Aceh sebagai pusat keilmuan dan sastra Melayu di Asia tenggara. Mereka dikenal sebagai sarjana Islam, diplomat, dan Syeikhul Islam. keberadaan mereka di istana Aceh ikut membantu Sultan dalam memecahkan pelbagai masalah sosial, termasuk menyusun undang-undang, menerbitkan kebijakan dan lain sebagainya. Di sisi lain, hubungan umara dan ulama juga terlihat di pedesaan Aceh. Di sana terdapat sistem sosial yang terbentuk karena keduanya. Di mata orang Aceh, kedudukan mereka diakui sebagai pemimpin dalam kehidupan sosial dan spiritual. Meunasah, suatu tempat yang biasa digunakan sebagai beribadah sehari-hari, belajar ilmu-ilmu agama dan bermusyawarah, diramaikan oleh aktivitas mereka. Teuku meunasah, ulama yang betanggung jawab di meunasah, adalah orang yang dimulyakan di lingkungannya. Bersama dengan keuchik, imeum mukim dan uleebalang mereka mengaplikasikan gagasan untuk mengembangkan kemanusiaan. Hubungan mereka dilingkupi oleh suatu kepaduan dalam bertindak. Artikel ini menerangkan tentang bagaimana relasi umara-ulama berjalan. Pemaparan ini menghadirkan suatu kesepemahaman bersama untuk menyelesaikan masalah sosio-relijius masyarakat. Pada titik ini, kita bisa memperoleh gambaran yang menjelaskan bagaimana kondisi pasang surut struktur sosial di Aceh.Kata kunci: Relasi, Kerja Sama, Kehidupan Sosio-Relijius.

scholarly journals The effect of global warming on soil salinity in arid regions

2013 ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Ye. I. Pankova ◽  
M. V. Konyushkova
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Desert Soils ◽  
Hydromorphic Soils ◽  
Other Hand

The comparison of modern climatic conditions and soil salinity in subboreal deserts of Middle Asia (Turanian plain) and Central Asia (Gobi deserts) shows that climate has an effect on salinity of hydromorphic soils. From the other hand, the distribution and degree of salinity of automorphic desert soils are predominantly governed by the distribution of salt-bearing rocks inherited from the previous geologic stages and are not related directly to the modern aridity. This fact allows us to state that the global warming will not promote salinization of automorphic soils of arid regions, except for the soils subjected to aeolian salinization. Climate aridification will provoke soil salinization in hydromorphic conditions.

scholarly journals Fecal Microbiota Functional Gene Effects Related to Single-Dose Antibiotic Treatment of Travelers’ Diarrhea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C Johnson ◽  
Joy D Van Nostrand ◽  
Michele Tisdale ◽  
Brett Swierczewski ◽  
Mark P Simons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Functional Gene ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Microflora ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

Abstract Background Travelers’ diarrhea (TD) is common among military personnel deployed to tropical and sub-tropical regions. It remains unclear how TD and subsequent antibiotic treatment impact the resident microflora within the gut, especially given increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance among enteric pathogens and acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms. We examined functional properties of the fecal microflora in response to TD, along with subsequent antibiotic treatment. Methods Fecal samples from US and UK military service members deployed to Djibouti, Kenya, and Honduras that presented with acute watery diarrhea were collected. A sample was collected at acute presentation to the clinic (day 0, prior to antibiotics), as well as 7 and/or 21 days following single dose of antibiotics (azithromycin (500 mg), levofloxacin (500 mg), or rifaximin (1650 mg), all with loperamide). Each stool sample underwent culture and TaqMan RT-PCR analyses for pathogen and antibiotic resistance gene detection. Purified DNA from each sample was analyzed using the HumiChip3.1 functional gene array. Results In total, 108 day 1 samples, 50 day 7 samples, and 94 day 21 samples were available for analysis from 119 subjects. Geographic location and disease severity were associated with distinct functional compositions of fecal samples. There were no overt functional differences between pre- and post-antibiotic treatment samples, nor was there increased acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants for any of the antibiotic regimens. Conclusions These results indicate that single-dose antibiotic regimens may not drastically alter the functional or antibiotic resistance composition of fecal microflora, which should inform clinical practice guidelines and antimicrobial stewardship.

The Reinterpretation of Chinese Buddhism

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holmes Welch
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The Other ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Communist Government ◽  
Chinese Buddhists

China was the second country in the Buddhist world to have a Communist government. The first was Mongolia. But Mongolia was isolated both geographically and by its form of Buddhism (shared only with Tibet). Chinese Buddhists, on the other hand, had been building closer ties with their brethren in South-East Asia for more than half a century. Their form of Buddhism was less remote from South-East Asian forms and they felt the same need as South-East Asian to fit Buddhism into a national revival.

scholarly journals Phonetic Mastering of Arabic Words With Long Vowels in the Turkic Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-426
Author(s):  
S. Karataeva
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quantitative Character ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Vocal System ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Language Environment

The purpose of our article can be characterized as a scientific review of the vocal system of the Kyrgyz language against the background of Turkic phonology and the patterns of development of the vocal paradigm, the transformation and evolution of long vowels in the historical context (influence of the Arabic language) of Central Asia. Analyzing all data related to the long vowels’ changes in the above-mentioned language and the transformations based on Arabic borrowings. Also, subjected to a detailed analysis of the graphic influences from the side of Arabic graphics in relation to Kyrgyz phonology and linguistic facts about the transformation of Arabic tokens during adaptation in a foreign language context. Nevertheless, to explain the areal features of the Kyrgyz language on the scale of Central Asia. To demonstrate (on the example of archaic words, religious lexicon terms) the stages and patterns of the historical development of the vocal system of a given language in a comparative and cognitive plan. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to identify and describe the patterns of development of quantum phonetics, phonosemantic features of long vowels of Kyrgyz lexemes and phonemes on the one hand, and Arabic guttural and posterolinguistic connectives on the other hand. Kyrgyz and Arabic are multisystem languages. The Arabic language, in a typological sense, is inflectional and belongs to the Semitic group, at the same time, according to some scholars, the Kyrgyz is an agglutinative language and has Altai origin. It is well known that the phonetic spectrum and their variable language palette of the Arabic language is very diverse. In phonetic terms, the Arabic language has a widely developed system of consonant phonemes, on the other hand, the likelihood of the phonomorphological and phonosemantic function of vowels in the Kyrgyz language is quite high too. As part of our research, we tried to identify the seven positions of long vowels in the Arabic language, and in parallel to this show the transformations of Arabic sounds based on the internal phonetic laws of the Kyrgyz language. Consequently, the Arabic long vowels in the process of adaptation in the Kyrgyz language environment, to a certain extent, retained their quantitative character (quantum coefficient) in comparison with other Turkic languages of Central Asia.

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