scholarly journals Distribution of salinity in irrigated soils in the area of the Sarpinskaya hollow in the Caspian lowland

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-48
Author(s):  
E. I. Kravchenko ◽  
N. B. Khitrov ◽  
I. N. Gorokhova
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Local Formation ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Caspian Lowland ◽  
Irrigated Soils

The current state of salinity of irrigated soils in the area of the Sarpinskaya hollow in the Caspian lowland has been studied, using the example of the Duboovrazhny irrigated plot in the Volgograd region. At the peak of irrigation in the 85-90s of the last century, forage grasses were cultivated on the plot, irrigation was carried out by sprinkler irrigation, the groundwater level remained satisfactory, and there were no foci of secondary soil salinization. Currently, the plot is a private farm, where melons and vegetables are grown using drip irrigation, the groundwater level remains satisfactory with local formation of temporal water saturated layer. To identify the features of the process of salinization in irrigated soils in the Sarpinskaya hollow based on the materials of the field work performed in 2018–2019, a model of two-dimensional distribution (depth, distance) of the activity of ions (Ca2+, Cl–, Na+) over several profiles along weakly concave low ranges and elongated hollows between them and across relief wave was created. It was revealed that natural soil salinization predominates in the study plot mainly deeper than 1 m, and results from shallow bedding of Khvalynian chocolate clays at ranges. Solonchakous soils occur in elongated hollows between ranges where surface and subsurface runoff water is accumulated and natural drainability is low. Residual traces of soil secondary salinization expressed in the presence of calcium chloride in the soil solution were found. The maximum values of salts and exchangeable sodium are concentrated in the deeper part of the soil profile. 

scholarly journals Study on the Farmland Improvement Effect of Drainage Measures under Film Mulch with Drip Irrigation in Saline–Alkali Land in Arid Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4159
Author(s):  
Li Zhao ◽  
Tong Heng ◽  
Lili Yang ◽  
Xuan Xu ◽  
Yue Feng
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Soil Desalination ◽  
Soil Level

Water scarcity and imbalances in irrigation and drainage are the main factors leading to soil salinization in arid areas. There is a recognized need for effective drainage measures to prevent and improve saline−alkali land. The principal objective of this project was to investigate the effects of drainage measures on soil desalination and farmland drainage in the process of improving saline–alkali soils; these measures included subsurface pipe drainage (SPD) and open ditch drainage (ODD). The results of the tests, conducted over two years, revealed that the soil desalination rate in the SPD test area was between 25.8% and 35.2%, the cotton emergence rate was 36.7%, and a 3.8 t hm−2 seed cotton yield could be obtained. The soil electrolytic conductivity (EC) decreased step by step over time, and the average annual decrease reached 10 dS m−1. The degree of soil salinization was reduced from a moderately saline soil level (8−15 dS m−1) to a weakly saline soil level (4–8 dS m−1). Thus, the phased goal of improving saline–alkali land was achieved. The soil desalination rate in the ODD test area was only 1/10 of the SPD area; high soil EC (9−12 dS m−1) and groundwater level (2–3 m) were the most limiting factors affecting cotton growth in the ODD test area. The current results show that the critical depth of groundwater level affecting farmland secondary salinization is 4 m. In order to improve the salt discharge standard, SPD technology should be used on the basis of ODD. For salt that has accumulated in the soil for a long time, the technical mode of drip irrigation and leaching, followed by SPD drainage, in combination with the current irrigation system can achieve the goal of sustainable agriculture development.

Causes of Soil Salinization, Sodification, and Alkalinization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth N. Bui
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Mineral Equilibria ◽  
Evaporative Concentration ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Alkaline Conditions

Driving forces for natural soil salinity and alkalinity are climate, rock weathering, ion exchange, and mineral equilibria reactions that ultimately control the chemical composition of soil and water. The major weathering reactions that produce soluble ions are tabled. Where evapotranspiration is greater than precipitation, downward water movement is insufficient to leach solutes out of the soil profile and salts can precipitate. Microbes involved in organic matter mineralization and thus the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur biogeochemical cycles are also implicated. Seasonal contrast and evaporative concentration during dry periods accelerate short-term oxidation-reduction reactions and local and regional accumulation of carbonate and sulfur minerals. The presence of salts and alkaline conditions, together with the occurrence of drought and seasonal waterlogging, creates some of the most extreme soil environments where only specially adapted organisms are able to survive. Sodic soils are alkaline, rich in sodium carbonates, with an exchange complex dominated by sodium ions. Such sodic soils, when low in other salts, exhibit dispersive behavior, and they are difficult to manage for cropping. Maintaining the productivity of sodic soils requires control of the flocculation-dispersion behavior of the soil. Poor land management can also lead to anthropogenically induced secondary salinity. New developments in physical chemistry are providing insights into ion exchange and how it controls flocculation-dispersion in soil. New water and solute transport models are enabling better options of remediation of saline and/or sodic soils.

SEDIMENT AND RUNOFF WATER CHARACTERISTICS AS INFLUENCED BY CROPPING AND TILLAGE PRACTICES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. BEKE ◽  
C. W. LINDWALL ◽  
T. ENTZ ◽  
T. C. CHANNAPPA
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Bare Fallow

Rainfall simulation by sprinkler irrigation was used to evaluate the characteristics of sediment and runoff water from erosion plots on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil near Lethbridge, Alberta. Replicated land treatments consisted of bare fallow, perennial alfalfa/wheat grass forage (Medicago sativa L./Agropyron riparium Scribn. & Smith) planted in rows parallel to the slope, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) planted in rows parallel to the slope (barley-S) and barley on contour (barley-C). The eroded sediment from all four treatments was generally enriched in organic matter (OM), NH4-N, total N (TN), and PO4-P, but not in NO3-N or total P (TP). The sediment from the bare fallow treatment was enriched in silt-size particles and had the highest OM enrichment. Maximum NH4-N and TN enrichment occurred in the sediment from the barley-S treatment, and maximum PO4-P in that from the forage treatment. This selective removal of plant nutrients was attributed mainly to erosion processes and to cropping-induced differences in C:N:P ratios of organic complexes. The runoff water from all four treatments was enriched in NO3-N, TN, and PO4-P. For the three cropping treatments in this experiment, nutrient enrichment of the runoff water decreased from forage > barley-S > barley-C treatment. In general, more NO3-N was lost in the runoff water than in the sediment. Key words: Erosion, sediment quality, water quality, nutrient loss, nitrogen forms, phosphorus forms.

scholarly journals DESERTIFICATION AND LAND DEGRADATION IN KAZAKHSTAN

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (387) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
G. Issanova ◽  
◽  
A. Saduakhas ◽  
J. Abuduwaili ◽  
K. Tynybayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Carbonate Content

Desertification and land degradation are common processes in arid and semi-arid regions of Kazakhstan, especially southern parts, where areas are covered by a great variety of desert types. In deserts, soil-forming processes take place in conditions of severe water shortage, and high level of soil degradation and desertification. The main natural factors for these processes are a flat terrain, a high degree of arid climate, soil salinity, carbonate content, a lack of structure and low natural soil fertility. However, the anthropogenic factors of desertification and soil degradation became dominant last decades. The study considers the actual problems of natural and anthropogenic factors of desertification and land degradation within Kazakhstan. The desertification of huge territories is accompanied by soil contamination, waterlogging by surface water and groundwater, soil salinization, erosion (water, wind), degradation of vegetation cover, dehumidification and a decrease in general regional biological capacity. Analysis of the current status of the soil cover has shown intensive land degradation 43 % of the territory of Kazakhstan is subjected to degradation in significant degree; over 14 % of pastures have reached an extreme degree of degradation or are completely degradated. The Aral Sea region, Northern Caspian Sea and Southern Balkhash deserts can be observed as areas of intensive soil desertification, salinization and deflation processes. As well as the desertification process are progressing in the irrigated soils of the deltas of Syrdarya, Shu, Ile and Karatal rivers.

scholarly journals Initial results of watering plants via sub-irrigation technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 03056
Author(s):  
Safo Vafoev ◽  
Ilkhomjon Turdibekov ◽  
Rustam Vafoev ◽  
Ozoda Vafoeva
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Irrigation Technology ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Traditional Irrigation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost

In this developing world, saving water is the main problem for agricultural sciences. So, in this field, scientists are using many methods to save water-for instance, traditional irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, sub-irrigation, and others. Solving irrigation and the problems in this article demonstrated the sub-irrigation method for agriculture plants in the Uzbekistan regions. According to watering theory in the field condition and compared to drip irrigation in the region, scientifically experiment was done. According to the results of the study, this method will automate the stability of soil moisture in the irrigation of agricultural crops: save 4 … 5 times water and prevent soil salinization; the cost of processing plants and fuels and lubricants with the help of technical means is sharply reduced; land use coefficient increases; hardening of crop rows and the number of their processing is sharply reduced; it is guaranteed to increase crop yields by mixing the juice with water; environmental pollution and soil salinity are sharply reduced. In the case of drip irrigation of agricultural crops, flexible plastic pipes with a diameter of 16… 20 mm are laid on the soil near the crop stalks, from which water holes or cracks are formed at certain intervals, from which water drips and irrigates crops. It is also possible to mix the juice of chemical and local fertilizers with water.

Diffusive limitation to photosynthesis and plant-microbe N competition dominate the urban lawn response to secondary salinization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Liberati ◽  
Ramilla Brykova ◽  
Maria Cristina Moscatelli ◽  
Stefano Moscatello ◽  
Emanuele Pallozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
N Content ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Leaf N

<p>Release of de-icing agents is the main cause of increasing soil salinization in urban and rural areas.  Grasses are the dominant vegetation in urban lawns and are exposed to different rates of soil salinization depending on the distance to the paved salt-affected surfaces. The capacity of these ecosystems to maintain C sequestration and nutrient cycling functioning depends on the sensitivity to salinization of the main players: primary producers and their interaction with microbial community.</p><p>In this mesocosm study we aimed to evaluating the impact of soil secondary salinization rates on the functioning of <em>Lolium perenne</em>. Salinization treatments were applied for two months in spring, irrigating the mesocosms with the commonly used de-icing agent NaCl at two concentration, 30 mM (low salinity treatment) and 90 mM (moderate salinity treatment). The leaf physiological  responses of Lolium were assessed monitoring photosynthetic rates (A), stomatal conductance (g<sub>s</sub>)  mesophyll conductance (g<sub>m</sub>), carboxylation capacity (V<sub>cmax</sub>). Quantitative limitation analysis (QLA) was applied to calculate the relative contribution of diffusive and biochemical limitation to photosynthesis under salinization. Productivity was estimated by regular mowing of plants to 4cm height. Finally, plants were harvested and analyzed on leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf N content and <sup>15</sup>N isotope composition. Rhizosphere soil was sampled and analyzed on the activity of enzymes involved in the cycling of C, N, S and P. </p><p>Salinity increased LMA and leaf N, reducing  Lolium aboveground productivity. Photosynthetic rates were almost halved under both salinity treatments. QLA shows that photosynthesis was mainly limited by g<sub>m</sub>, limitation accounting for 68% and 54% of the total limitation in 30mM and 90mM, respectively. g<sub>s</sub> reduction significantly limited photosynthesis only in 90 mM (32% of total limitation), while biochemical limitations (due to a reduction in V<sub>cmax</sub>) remained below 20% of the total limitation in both treatments.</p><p>Mesophyll conductance to CO<sub>2 </sub>depends on leaf anatomical and biochemical traits and is usually negatively related to LMA. The increased LMA observed under salinity treatments suggests that changes in the leaf structure (like increased cell wall thickness) could be responsible for most of the A (and consequently productivity) reduction.  On the other hand, the increased leaf N content is in agreement with the lack of significant reduction in V<sub>cmax</sub>. Accumulation of N compounds in leaves in response to salinization was accompanied by a decline in soil extracellular enzymes involved in N and other cycles. Over-competing of the microbial pool in access to nutrients by vegetation could be suggested in conditions of salinization. Because the belowground biomass was not affected, decline in C losses with salinization could be hypothesize which should balance the shortage in C inputs.     </p><p>In conclusion, salinization mainly limited A through g<sub>m</sub> limitation, probably associated  to the increased LMA. At the same time, altering the capacity of the microbial pool to compete for N,  it increased leaf N, possibly reducing  the impact of biochemical limitation on A and avoiding a further A and productivity decline.</p><p>Experiment was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No.17-77-20046.</p>

scholarly journals Irrigated Agriculture on Saline Soils: A Perspective

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Anna Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact

Approximately 6.5% of the world’s arable and marginal soils are either saline or sodic. The situation will worsen due to climate change. Regardless of the cause that generated the salinity, i.e., whether primary or secondary, the effect of soil salinization on plant growth and on living organisms will be severe. To mitigate such impacts, several studies have been carried out over the years with the aim of providing technical or management solutions to deal with the multiple consequences of soil salinity. A review by Cuevas et al. proposes a new approach looking for solutions through soil-improving cropping systems (SICSs). The SICSs have to prevent, mitigate or remediate the negative impacts of soil salinization. The efforts of Cuevas et al. were to organize the analyses by focusing on SICSs that would: (1) prevent or halt secondary salinization; (2) cope with salinization; (3) reverse salinization. The study is concluded by an effort to assess the impacts of each SICS and of the combined SICSs application in terms of agronomic, economic, and environmental aspects. Both economic constraints and the collective willingness of stakeholders to innovate are taken into in the evaluation of feasibility. It is important to put into practice and/or identify a number of sustainable actions, at low environmental input, to improve crop tolerance to water deficit and high salinity as well as to preserve biodiversity and mitigate the impact of climate changes. At the same time, these actions would ensure crop productivity in the area, thus guaranteeing environment and social benefits to the local population, and thus weakening the motivation to abandon the land. The aim of this editorial is to propose a broader perspective on the review by Cuevas et al. “A Review of Soil-Improving Cropping Systems for Soil Salinization”. In the review, the authors go through several soil-improving cropping systems (SICSs) by considering them separately or in combination with the aim to provide guidelines towards resolving, counteracting or mitigating soil salinity. I tried to highlight the strengths of the study by Cuevas et al., while suggesting related topics that may deserve further attention by the community.

scholarly journals Study on Ecological Threshold of Groundwater in Typical Salinization Area of Qian’an County

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 856
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Qi ◽  
Changlai Xiao ◽  
Ge Wang ◽  
Xiujuan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Ecological Threshold ◽  
Mineralization Degree

A suitable groundwater level is an important condition to maintain the stability of the vegetation community, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The surface of Qian’an County in Western Jilin Province is often accompanied by salinization due to the influence of natural and human factors. In order to maintain the healthy development of ecological vegetation and reduce the risk of soil salinization, the concept of an ecological threshold of groundwater level is proposed, and two methods are used to determine the reasonable ecological threshold of groundwater. (1) Based on field investigation and indoor experiment, the data layer of soil texture, land use type and groundwater mineralization degree in the research area was established by using remote sensing technology and GIS technology. According to the thickness of vegetation root layer and the height of capillary rise of different soil and water types, the influence of groundwater salinity is considered, and the sum of the two is taken as the ecological threshold of groundwater in the study area. The reasonable threshold value of suitable growth of various vegetation crops is 3.76~5.66 m. (2) According to the relationship between the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and the groundwater buried depth and phreatic salt, the groundwater buried depth and the mineralization degree under the best vegetation cover are analyzed as follows: the buried depth of groundwater is between 4.8 m and 6.1 m, and the salinity of groundwater is between 0.37 and 1.25 g/L, which are reasonable groundwater properties in the study area of the ecological threshold. This result not only enriches and broadens the content of groundwater research, but also helps to predict the prospect of water resource development.

scholarly journals The threat of saline lands, for example, in the Republic of Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Sanobar Dustnazarova ◽  
Azizbek Khasanov ◽  
Zulfiya Khafizova ◽  
Kakhromonjon Davronov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Current State ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quality Of Irrigation Water

Salinization of land poses a serious threat and harms all industries, including the environment, agriculture, economy, and so on. In this regard, this topic is very relevant today. The object of the research is the agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The aim of the study is the impact of saline soils on agriculture in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The current state of reclamation systems, the processes of soil salinization and the quality of irrigation water, as well as the features of the manifestation of secondary salinization on irrigated lands are analyzed. Analysis, observation, grouping and many other methods were chosen as research methods. In the conclusions, proposals were made to reduce the amount of saline soils. Greater efficiency of reclamation measures can be ensured by the complex consideration of natural factors in the design and the complex impact on them during the operation of reclaimed lands.

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