The role of building fortified lines and new cities in the formation of southeastern borders of Russia in the 17th – 18th centuries

Author(s):  
Roza Bukanova

The study of the process of state territory expansion and the formation of state borders is a relevant problem of historical science. We set a goal: to show how this process went on in the Southeast of Russia in the 17th – 18th centuries. In the context of the regionalization of domestic historical science, frontier theory is an important methodological tool. It allows applying theoreti-cal and concrete historical scientists’ solutions to the study of the southeastern frontier of Russia obtained as a result of studying other border territories, in particular the southern and Volga fron-tier. The main results of this study define the southeast frontier and sets its geographic parameters, covering mainly the territory of Bashkiria, which has been part of Russia since the middle of the 16th century. We substantiate the role of fortress cities and fortified lines in the formation of the southeast frontier zone. We show the process of state borders formation in this region. We draw conclusion that, regardless of the construction motives, the fortress cities became a political tool for securing new lands within the Russian state, and contributed to the gradual transformation of the frontier territory into an internal region (county, governorate).

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-84
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Demin ◽  

The research consists of the series of articles analyzing the pre- viously unexplored expressiveness, figurativeness, fantasy and sarcasticity of a number of Old Russian works. The first article reveals the expressiveness of the “Turkic” utterances of Afanasy Nikitin in The Journey Beyond Three Seas according to the list of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA), f. 181, no. 371 of the first quarter of the 16th century. The second article characterizes the distorted, fantastic earthly worlds depicted in the Tale of the Twelve Dreams of King Shahaisha according to the list of the Russian National Library (RNL), Kir.-Beloz., no. 22/1099 of the 1470s; in the Conversation of Three Saints according to the list of the Russian State Library (RSL), Troitsk., no. 778 of the beginning of the 16th century; in the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow Main Archive (MMA), no. 250–455 of the late 17th century; in The Tale of Ersh Ershovich according to the list of Pushkin House, 1.27.105 of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; in the Bird Council according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.17 the mid-18th century; in the Medicine Book. How to Treat Foreigners according to the list of the RNL, Q.XVII.96, Peter’s time; in the Legend of a Luxurious Life and Fun according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.57 of the first quarter of the 18th cen- tury. The third article examines the aesthetic role of verses in the collections of the late 17th century: RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 233, 249, 380, 411, 499. The fourth article shows that some compilers of collections of the 17th century appreciated the visual arts of works, mostly very old (оn the example of collections of the RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 460, 384, 18, 340, 231). In two Appendices to the article are published the descriptions of the composition of the collection no. 231 and the text of the parable about the dispute of parts of the human body. In two Ap- pendices to the article, it is said about the everyday depiction of the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455 of the late 17th century and on the expressiveness of articles in the miniature collection of the RSL, Bolshakov, no. 325. The fifth article points to the mocking meaning of proverbs and sayings about criminals in the same collection of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455. Finally, the sixth article draws attention to the evolution of the literary work of Archpriest Avvakum from brief mentions of events to detailed stories about them (оn the material of Vita, petitions, Book of Interpretations, Book of Accusations, Write-off about the creation of man, The Lamentable Word about the death of noblewoman F. Morozova). We must warn you that the pictorial and expressive meaning of the examples and phrases quot- ed from the texts of the monuments is not thoroughly proved in this work, but is only stated. Otherwise, each example would require an independent essay on certain literary means, and the theme and composition of the work would be completely different.


Author(s):  
Andrey Papkov

We consider the process of Russia state territory expansion in the southern direction, which took place in the 16th – 17th centuries. We analyze the network formation process of orthodox churches and monasteries in the frontier zone – on the southern outskirts of Russia. We made an attempt to determine the role of the state in this process. It is concluded that the state provided the construction of the necessary number of churches and monasteries, as well as allocated funds to ensure their activities in the future.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11-2) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Dina Alimova ◽  
Maxim Zaloilo ◽  
Oksana Ivanyuk ◽  
Dmitry Pashentsev

The article identifies and analyzes the historical stages in the development of the legislative activity of the Russian state, starting from the 15th century. The characteristics of each of the stages are given from the standpoint of historical science. The features, that characterize the Russian lawmaking tradition are revealed, with the help of the comparative historical method its historical dynamics is shown over several centuries. The role of the state in the development of lawmaking at different historical stages is substantiated, the influence of the form of government on lawmaking is shown. The features of the influence of modern digital technologies on lawmaking are revealed, the transformation of lawmaking traditions under the influence of digitalization is shown.


Author(s):  
Larisa Yu. VАRENTSOVA

The palace manufacturing industry in Russia in the 17th century was represented by glass, morocco, linen, iron-making manufactories. They used the most advanced European technologies. Manufactories developed due to the exploitation of the population of the royal fiefdoms, soldiers, archers, domestic and foreign employees. Most of the products were intended for the needs of the royal family, a smaller one portion was used as sovereign grants and was bought up by the first-class nobility of Russia. A certain number of finished products were supplied to the domestic and international markets. The products of the palace iron works were exported abroad. At the same time, the organization of their activities in historical science remains virtually unexplored. The novelty of this article lies in the formulation of a scientific problem. Here is the list of points that were covered in our research. The role of the tsarist iron works in the economy of the tsarist domain in Russia in the 17th century is determined. The main types of products of the palace iron-making manufactories are identified. The features of their functioning are studied. The article analyzes the conditions under which Dutch entrepreneurs rented tsarist iron works in the Russian state in the 17th century. Methods of providing industrial facilities with labor are shown. The significance of the Ministry of Secret Affairs in the organization of iron ore mining, which was in charge of the royal iron works, is determined. Their historical and geographical coordinates are indicated. The features of sales of finished products are covered. The evolution of the tsarist iron-making industry in Russia during the 17th century is explained. In the palace fiefdoms, natural and human resources were used as much as possible. In the 17th century, in five districts of Russia (Maloyaroslavsky, Obolensky, Tula, Kashirsky, Moscow), the tsarist iron factories functioned. On which they used European experience in the use of production processes. Foreign specialists and entrepreneurs were invited to Russia. Dutch merchants A. Vinius, E. Vickens, P. Marselis, F. Akema, R. Adrian received a monopoly on the extraction of iron ore, the establishment of factories on unpopulated palace lands.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
N. V. Tikhomirov

The present research featured the concept of Russian unitary state in the Soviet historiography of the late 1930’s – early 1950’s. The paper introduces the key problems the leading historians of that period had to face while developing their theoretical and methodological positions. The study focused on the effect of politics and ideology on historical science and the most important research problems studied by Russian mediaevalists. The author highlighted the role of I. V. Stalin in establishing the conceptual foundations for the theory of unitary state development. The article summarizes the vast material obtained from scientific publications, educational literature, and official documents of the period in question. The author revealed some continuity between the approaches of pre-revolutionary and Soviet historians, which made it possible to describe the specifics of the Marxist method. The research improves the scientific understanding of the development of the Soviet monoconcept of domestic history, as it clarifies the development process of the theory of Russian state. In practical terms, the obtained results can improve theoretical, scientific, methodological, and educational studies.


Author(s):  
Heikki Pihlajamäki

This chapter begins with a brief introductory note on the role of legal history in ancient Roman law, and the legal scholarship of medieval glossators and commentators. It then turns to the dominant schools of continental legal scholarship in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the ‘Neo-Bartolists’ and the usus modernus pandectarum. It considers the rise of the Historical School in Germany and the corresponding movements elsewhere in continental Europe. Methodologically, the representatives of the Historical School were the first professional legal historians in the modern sense of the term. Finally, the chapter retells the story of the rise of European legal history in the post-war period, and the recent trends towards a creation of global legal histories. It shows that legal history’s turns have in many ways followed from not only legal scholarship in general, but also from developments in historical science and global politics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-271
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Kekez

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the strategic role of Cistercian abbey of Blessed Virgin Mary in Topusko (medieval Toplica) in anti-Ottoman defense during 16th century, especially because it is rather exceptional of usage sacral complex in anti-Ottoman defense system in rather long period. In order to do so it is determined and analyzed strategic importance of the monastic complex in anti-Ottoman defense line and the change of it according to ever going Ottoman conquest of new territories, i.e. approaching of the bordering line. Furthermore, the organization of defense of the rather large estate of Topusko abbey as well as the changes of the monastic fortifications are addressed. Even more, the role of the commendatory abbots of the abbey, as well the serves of the abbey, in the larger efforts in composing and functioning of the anti-Ottoman defense line are analyzed. Finally, the proximate time and context of the final abandoning of the former Cistercian abbey is determined.


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