Cybersecurity and Custom Regulations as Trade Barriers in ASEAN e-Commerce: Case of Indonesian e-Commerce

ASEAN countries show tremendous potential for e-commerce growth. Boasting its 650 million population and massive internet users, ASEAN proves to be a significant market for e-commerce and digital economy in general. Nonetheless, there are still some significant barriers in e-commerce trade, both traditional and non-traditional barriers of trade. Those barriers include a lack of harmonized regulations between the ASEAN Member States, high tariff duties on imported goods, and weak consumer protections (and overall cybersecurity) in the region. This study explores these barriers, which hinder ASEAN's goal to achieve more robust growth in the digital economy, particularly in terms of the legal framework (custom harmonization) and cybersecurity. In order to delve more deeply into these impediments of e-commerce trade, this article also attempts to present a study case of Indonesia's e-commerce as the most prominent and most promising player in ASEAN. Keywords: ASEAN, e-commerce, digital trade, digital economy Negara-negara ASEAN menunjukkan potensi luar biasa bagi pertumbuhan e-commerce. Dengan jumlah penduduk 650 juta dan banyaknya pengguna internet, ASEAN terbukti menjadi pasar yang signifikan bagi e-commerce dan ekonomi digital secara umum. Meskipun demikian, masih terdapat beberapa hambatan signifikan dalam perdagangan e-commerce, baik hambatan perdagangan tradisional maupun non-tradisional. Hambatan-hambatan itu termasuk kurangnya regulasi yang harmonis antara negara-negara anggota ASEAN, bea masuk yang tinggi untuk barang-barang impor, dan lemahnya perlindungan konsumen (serta keamanan cyber secara keseluruhan) di dalam kawasan. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi hambatan-hambatan yang menghambat tujuan ASEAN untuk mencapai pertumbuhan yang lebih kuat dalam ekonomi digital, terutama dalam hal kerangka hukum (harmonisasi aturan) dan keamanan cyber. Untuk menggali lebih dalam hambatan-hambatan perdagangan e-commerce ini, tulisan ini juga mencoba untuk menyajikan studi kasus e-commerce Indonesia sebagai pemain terbesar dan paling menjanjikan di ASEAN. Kata-kata kunci: ASEAN, e-commerce, perdagangan digital, ekonomi digital

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Asean is in the Movement of Combating Corruption: Should New - Generation Ftas Be a Promising Forum for Anti-Corruption Enforcement of Asean in International Business?

Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences ◽

10.2478/vjls-2021-0005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 98-114

Author(s):

Hieu Le Ho Trung ◽

Jennifer B. Verances ◽

Hung Tran Van

Keyword(s):

Free Trade ◽

International Business ◽

Free Trade Agreements ◽

Trade Agreements ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Government Procurement ◽

Member States ◽

Asean Member ◽

Asean Countries ◽

New Generation

Abstract For a long time, corruption has been a shrilling concern for ASEAN member states for the reason of being one of the primary causes restricting the integration of these nations into international trade and efforts at globalization. In fact, over the last few years, ASEAN has undertaken a myriad of policies and improved the regional legal framework to combat corruption such as the signing of UNCAC and new free trade agreements and the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community. Notwithstanding this, according to the statistics of global organizations, the levels of anti-corruption in ASEAN countries, except Singapore and Brunei, are relatively low. This mainly derives from the fact that the national legal framework in each of the member states has not satisfied fully when the political regime lacks democracy, governmental authority is insufficiently impartial and the awareness of citizens about corruption is still moderate. Simultaneously, the international agreements to which ASEAN member states signed are only the model for domestic enforcement mechanisms, and seem to be silent on international enforcement of anti-corruption. To date, the WTO is known as a global agency for international business, to which all ASEAN countries have acceded. Under the WTO, there is no official mechanism for enforcement of anti-corruption; nevertheless, this organization acknowledges, encourages and states indirectly this issue via transparency, accountability or governance in their agreements (Government Procurement Agreement and Trade Facilitation Agreement). Under the Doha negotiation round, WTO member states failed to gain consensus to dismantle tariffs, resulting in the emergence of a myriad of bilateral and regional trade agreements out of the scope of the WTO. These have gradually developed to be so-called new-generation free trade agreements in the hope of mitigating the traditional trade barriers as well as lessening non-tariff ones, such as governance and transparency. The recent development of new-generation FTAs between ASEAN and/or ASEAN member(s) and the external trading partners that pay high attention to anti-corruption issues, i.e., EU, Australia, Canada, Japan, US, may create a promising forum for anti-corruption enforcement of ASEAN in international business in the future. This article will elaborate on all aforementioned issues before a reasonable conclusion is delivered.

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Challenges and Opportunities of the Establishment ASEAN Open Skies Policy

PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) ◽

10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 06 (03) ◽

pp. 466-488

Author(s):

Dodik Heriyanto ◽

Yaries Putro

Keyword(s):

Airline Industry ◽

Free Market ◽

Legal Framework ◽

State Sovereignty ◽

Aviation Industry ◽

Member States ◽

Asean Member ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

Asean Member State

Open skies policy is a concept of free market of airline industry. It eliminates single government’s influence in regulation and management of aviation industry. As implemented by the ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASEAN-SAM) per 2015, the open skies policy aims to increase regional connectivity and regional economic growth by permitting airline industries from each ASEAN member states to fly above the Southeast Asian region without any barriers or restrictions. This policy has raised pros and cons from each ASEAN member state. Indonesia and some other states are still reluctant to adopt the open skies policy. By entering into commercial agreement to open their airspace, each member states will challenge their state sovereignty over the airspace above a state’s territory. This study argues that regional open skies policy provides greater economic advantages for the consumers of airline industry. However, this policy does not parallel to the basic principles of ASEAN. State sovereignty must be preserved in the liberalization that open skies represents. ASEAN Way, though inflexible, assigns member states with full sovereignty, which does not limit open skies policy implementation. This study, then, proposed legal framework through model of regional agreement to compromise between the state sovereignty principles and the regional open skies policy.

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Memanfaatkan Peluang dari Fasilitasi Perdagangan ASEAN Melalui ASEAN Single Window System Menuju ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 2016

DIALEKTIKA : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial ◽

10.36636/dialektika.v1i1.19 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Primadiana Yunita

Keyword(s):

Trade Barriers ◽

Economic Community ◽

Trade Facilitation ◽

Asean Member ◽

Window System ◽

Speed Up ◽

Asean Countries ◽

Asean Economic Community ◽

Volume Of Trade

ABSTRAKPenerapan ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) atau Komunitas Ekonomi ASEAN yang akan dimulai pada tahun 2016 akan menjadi babak baru bagi pengembangan perekonomian ASEAN. Salah satu kerangka yang dicanangkan dalam mempercepat penerapan AEC adalah dengan mengurangi hambatan perdagangan melalui ASEAN Trade Facilitation atau yang lebih dikenal dengan fasilitasi perdagangan. ASEAN Trade Facilitation dimaksudkan untuk memberikan berbagai kemudahan perdagangan di kawasan ASEAN, yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan volume perdagangan antar negara -negara ASEAN. Salah satu upaya ASEAN dalam fasilitasi perdagangan adalah pembentukan National Single Window masing-masing anggotanya yang nantinya diintegrasikan ke dalam ASEAN Single Window (ASW). Tulisan ini ingin menganalisis dilematisasi penerapan ASEAN Single Window serta peluang-peluang yang mungkin dapat dimanfaatkan oleh negara anggota ASEAN dari adanya ASW ini.Kata Kunci: AEC, ASEAN Trade Facilitation, National Single Window, ASWÂ ABSTRACTThe ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) which begins in 2016 will be new chapter for economic of ASEAN .One of the framework was proclaimed in speed up the implementation of AEC is to reduce trade barriers through ASEAN trade facilitation. ASEAN Trade Facilitation intended to provide many facilities trade in the asean region, expected to increase the volume of trade between asean countries . One of ASEAN's efforts in trade facilitation is the establishment of the National Single Window each member that will be integrated into the ASEAN Single Window (ASW). This paper wants to analyze the dilemma of implementation of the ASEAN Single Window and the opportunities that may be utilized by ASEAN member countries of the ASW's.Keywords : AEC, ASEAN Trade Facilitation, National Single Window, ASW

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ANALISIS EKONOMI DIGITAL DAN KETERBUKAAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN GDP NEGARA ASEAN

JURNAL LENTERA BISNIS ◽

10.34127/jrlab.v7i2.235 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Edi Wahyu Wibowo

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Methods ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Digital Economy ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Economic Community ◽

Statistical Probability ◽

Internet Users ◽

Asean Country ◽

Asean Countries ◽

Asean Economic Community

AbstractThe ASEAN Economic Community was formed with the aim of achieving the perfection of economic integration in the ASEAN region which is believed to provide tangible benefits to all elements of society. Opportunities of digital economy and the pollination of each ASEAN country is very important to succeed the purpose of the establishment of The ASEAN Economic Community. This study uses quantitative methods with secondary data by panel period 2012-2016 by combining 10 ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia). T test results obtained are the effect of digital variables on the GDP of ASEAN countries ie the probability value of t-statistics obtained 0.0420. Then the statistical probability <α = 5% is 0.0420 <0.05. So it can be concluded that digital variables partially have a positive significance to GDP variables. While the influence of openness to GDP growth of ASEAN countries is the probability value of t-statistics obtained 0.6386, then the statistical probability <α = 5% is 0.6386> 0.005. So it can be concluded that the variables of disclosure partially no effect on the significance of GDP variables. While the simultaneous F test result is the effect of digital variables and openness to GDP growth of ASEAN countries obtained Adjustted R-Squere value of 0.994. This shows that the model is able to explain 99.4% of the dependent variable, while the remaining 0.52 other factors influenced beyond the regression model. Digital influence on GDP growth of ASEAN countries is good so it needs to be improved to manage internet users. Internet users are expected not only as a consumer but also create business opportunities to make a star up (entrepreneur) for economic growth in each country can be improved. While the influence of openness to the growth of GDP of ASEAN countries needs to be improved especially in producing products that can be exported and reduce the import of goods, export and import tariff are also to be re-arranged so that grow export climate in each country. It is expected that openness will increase so much investment will be present so that ultimately the purpose of establishment of ASEAN Economic Community can prosper each ASEAN country.Keywords: Digital Economy, Openness, GDP, ASEAN

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ASEAN is a driving force for regional integration in Asia

10.12737/23222 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Taliya Khabriyeva ◽

Igor' Shuvalov ◽

Anatoliy Kapustin ◽

Nelli Bevelikova ◽

Rashad Kurbanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regional Integration ◽

Driving Force ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

South East Asia ◽

Asia Pacific Region ◽

Public Authorities ◽

Member States ◽

Asean Member ◽

Asean Countries

The book introduces the reader to the changing nature of integration processes in Asia under the influence of globalization. The analysis of factors that promote and hinder interaction between the ASEAN countries and non-regional partners of this Association is carried out. The study describes the dynamic processes of economic integration within the framework of the Russia - ASEAN dialogue partnership and features of cooperation in various areas of legal regulation. The author reveals the mechanisms that influence the formation of a region-wide free trade zone for the ASEAN member States, and makes recommendations on priority areas of integration trends in Asia. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of investment regulation in South-East Asia, harmonization of ASEAN legislation in the field of security, taxation, education, prospects for cooperation and legal mechanisms that ensure the implementation of further cooperation programs developed by the ASEAN member States. For researchers, representatives of public authorities, as well as for anyone interested in the dynamics of integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region.

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Digital divide in ASEAN member states: analyzing the critical factors for successful e-government programs

Online Information Review ◽

10.1108/oir-05-2020-0158 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Indri Dwi Apriliyanti ◽

Bevaola Kusumasari ◽

Agus Pramusinto ◽

Widodo Agus Setianto

Keyword(s):

Organizational Design ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Government Programs ◽

Technology Infrastructure ◽

Member States ◽

Content Type ◽

Asean Member ◽

Adoption And Implementation ◽

Asean Countries ◽

Economic Developments

PurposeThis study addresses the critical factors that contribute to the success of e-government programs in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states (AMS). We investigate the factors that play key roles in e-government adoption and implementation in AMS that stem from multiple dimensions.Design/methodology/approachOur qualitative study on eight ASEAN countries with different political situations and economic developments suggests that in general, institutions (formal and informal institutions), resources, leadership, organizational design and culture values determine the success of e-government.FindingsThe provision of adequate information and communication technology infrastructure alone is insufficient to ensure the success of e-government.Research limitations/implicationsOur findings lead to a conceptual framework of factors that drive the success of e-government projects that advances the literature on e-government, particularly the research about e-government in the context of developing countries.Originality/valueAn empirical evidence and in-depth understanding suggest that different factors are associated with detrimental impacts on e-government implementation.

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The Challenges of Implementing the EAEU’s Digital Agenda

International Organisations Research Journal ◽

10.17323/1996-7845-2021-01-06 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 127-144

Author(s):

Irina Popova ◽

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Digital Economy ◽

National Interests ◽

Member States ◽

Eurasian Economic Union ◽

Regulatory Frameworks ◽

Soviet Space ◽

A Priority ◽

The Eu

Digitalization is one of the dominant processes in contemporary economic development, both on the national level and globally. The process of articulating and implementing digital economy policies is underway in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and in 2017 the EAEU Strategic Directions for the Development of the Digital Agenda Until 2025 were adopted. Identifying the specificities and challenges of the digital agenda’s implementation in the context of integration processes in the region is the aim of this article. The study focuses on the interaction at the supranational level of decision-making within EAEU institutions, as well as the interaction of the national and supranational levels. The author concludes that the projects and initiatives are being implemented as a part of the agenda, albeit slowly. The other envisaged mechanisms require a much higher level of harmonization, for which EAEU leaders are not yet ready. The main features of the digital agenda’s implementation in the EAEU are the primacy of sovereignty, diverging levels of digitalization of members in both access to infrastructure and regulatory frameworks, project-based approaches to implementation, absence of a digital agenda in the EAEU Treaty and involvement of expert communities. Based on analysis of the legal and regulatory framework, the following recommendations can be made: an institutional and legal framework for the digital agenda should be established, coordination between the national and supranational levels should be improved, digital strategies should be adopted and synchronized in all member states, the selection and implementation of initiatives should be improved, best practices should be adopted, and cooperation with international organizations and theEuropean Union (EU) should be developed. For Russia, the development of a digital agenda within the EAEU and deepened integration (or development of cooperation) are necessary to ensure the realization of national interests in a priority region—the post-Soviet space—especially given the increasingly active developing regulatory influence of other actors, primarily the EU. Given the growing importance of digitalization as a driver of economic growth and the increasing competition for influence on the regulation of the digital economy, a priority for the Russian Federation should be to resolve the contradiction between the principle of primacy of sovereignty and the development of integration. A possible way out could be an approach based on ‘multi-speed integration,’ as tested in the EU. Another option could be a complete revision of the model of interaction with neighbours in the region.

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Isu Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Negara-negara ASEAN Terbelah Menghadapi Tiongkok

Jurnal Global & Strategis ◽

10.20473/jgs.12.1.2018.79-100 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arief Bakhtiar Darmawan ◽

Lady Mahendra

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Structural Realism ◽

Balance Of Power ◽

The Philippines ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Member States ◽

Asean Member ◽

Strategic Value ◽

Shifting Balance ◽

Asean Countries

This paper aims to analyze the strategies of each ASEAN member states towards China related to the dispute in the South China Sea (SCS). SCS area is becoming a platform of power competition between China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei. Five parties mentioned above are competing over sovereignty in certain areas of the SCS. SCS area became interesting to certain parties, considering its strategic value for expansive policy. In the contemporary era, the rise of this conflict perceived as a problem which caused by shifting balance of power, that happened when the U.S. sought to preserve its unilateral moment after the end of cold war. This lead to vacuum of power situation in the Southeast Asia, thus encourage China to build up presence in the dispute area. Even though there are only four ASEAN countries that directly involved, however the adoption of the Declaration on the SCS by all ASEAN member countries, asserted that in this case ASEAN is standing together to show their objections of China’s aggressiveness. With structural realism perspective as the analysis tool, tendencies of ASEAN member states’ different strategies are understandable by the explanation about motives behind it. Which Philippines and Vietnam tend to leaning towards balancing strategy against China. Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar indicate towards bandwagoning strategy with China, while the rest of the members did not show tendencies of leaning either ways.

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Prospects for Applying the Experience of Financial Cooperation within the ASEAN + Russia Framework

Economics and Management ◽

10.35854/1998-1627-2020-10-1068-1079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 1068-1079

Author(s):

L. A. Anosova ◽

L. S. Kabir

Keyword(s):

Financial Market ◽

Market Integration ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Individual Member ◽

Member States ◽

Financial Cooperation ◽

Asean Member ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Financial Market Integration ◽

Asean Countries

Aim. The presented study aims to summarize the experience of ASEAN countries in the harmonization of national legislations regulating the financial markets of the Association’s individual member states and to systematize approaches used by this regional bloc when building cooperation in the financial sector within the ASEAN + framework.Tasks. The authors analyze an association’s experience of coordinating a financial market regulation policy among a group of countries; examine the experience of ASEAN’s financial cooperation with other countries within the ASEAN + framework, primarily with the region’s leading countries — China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea; assess the current level of financial and trade interaction between Russia and ASEAN member states (ASEAN + Russia framework).Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine various aspects of the financial market integration policy of ASEAN member states, trends in the current state and development of the pursued policy, and major directions for its modernization.Results. ASEAN countries have devoted considerable time to building relations in the field of financial market integration. However, this process has not reached the level of development that would indicate a significant breakthrough in the convergence of financial regulation or progress in the harmonization of national legislations of ASEAN member states. At the current stage of development, the pace of financial integration is slowing down. ASEAN countries have developed a structure of international financial relations, where developed countries and multinational companies play a significant role. In these circumstances, key ASEAN partners have to compete in order to change the established relations. The current results of cooperation within the ASEAN + framework do not provide a clear indication of its effectiveness.Conclusions. Since Russia’s financial cooperation with ASEAN countries is currently at the stage of formation, obtaining results from its development requires more active efforts to create an institutional environment for cooperation and finding promising projects and junction points for its development.

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PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM KONTRAK INDONESIA DALAM KERANGKA HARMONISASI HUKUM KONTRAK ASEAN

Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional ◽

10.33331/rechtsvinding.v1i2.102 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 295

Author(s):

Subianta Mandala

Keyword(s):

Secondary Data ◽

Contract Law ◽

Economic Community ◽

Legal Research ◽

Member States ◽

Asean Member ◽

Speed Up ◽

Asean Countries ◽

Asean Economic Community

Pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN pada tahun 2015 telah mendorong Negara Anggota ASEAN untuk mereformasi undang-undang mereka. Ini adalah momentum yang baik bagi Indonesia untuk mereformasi hukum kontrak dan pada saat yang sama untuk mencapai komitmen ASEAN untuk harmonisasi hukum ASEAN. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas, pendekatan hukum dapat diambil oleh Indonesia dalam upaya untuk mereformasi hukum kontrak sehingga konsisten dengan tujuan harmonisasi ASEAN hukum; dan seberapa luas atau apa lingkup substansi untuk dimasukkan dalam undang- undang untuk bisa menjadi undang-undang baru yang kompa Ɵ bel dengan hukum kontrak Negara ASEAN lainnya. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode peneli Ɵ an hukum norma Ɵ f dengan analisa kualita Ɵ f. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari peneli Ɵ an ini adalah bahwa pendekatan yang diambil untuk mereformasi hukum kontrak Indonesia saat ini adalah dengan menggunakan instrumen hukum internasional seper Ɵ Konvensi PBB tentang Kontrak untuk Penjualan Barang Internasional (CISG) 1980 dan Prinsip UNIDROIT Kontrak Komersial Internasional (UPICCs) sebagai referensi untuk hukum kontrak Indonesia yang baru. Sedangkan lingkup substansi yang akan direformasi terbatas pada prinsip-prinsip umum dan aturan hukum kontrak internasional dan ketentuan untuk penjualan barang. Untuk mempercepat reformasi, penulis menunjukkan bahwa hukum kontrak diprioritaskan dengan memasukkannya ke dalam Program Hukum Nasional (Prolegnas) dari periode 2015-2019.The establishment of ASEAN Economic Community by 2015 has encouraged ASEAN Member States to reform their laws for harmoniza Ɵ on, including contract law. This is a good momentum for Indonesia to reform its contract law and at the same Ɵ me to achieve ASEAN commitment for ASEAN legal harmoniza Ɵ on. Having said that, the ques Ɵ ons are (1) what legal approach can be taken by Indonesia in its e ff ort to reform its contract law so that it is consistent with the objec Ɵ ve of ASEAN legal harmoniza Ɵ on, (2) how broad or what the scope of substance to be included in the new law can be so that the new law will be compa Ɵ ble with the contract laws of other ASEAN Countries. To answer those ques Ɵ ons, minor research has been conducted. A method of norma Ɵ ve legal research is used to collect data which is mainly from books, academic dra Ō s, na Ɵ onal legisla Ɵ on and interna Ɵ onal trea Ɵ es (secondary data). Those data is, then, analyzed using qualita Ɵ ve method. In conclusion, (1) the approach taken to reform the current Indonesian contract law is by using interna Ɵ onal legal instruments such as United Na Ɵ ons Conven Ɵ on on Contracts for the Interna Ɵ onal Sale of Goods (CISG) 1980 and UNIDROIT Principles of Interna Ɵ onal Commercial Contracts (UPICCs) as references for the new Indonesian contract law, (2) the scope of the substance to be reformed is restricted to the general principles and rules of interna Ɵ onal contract law and provisions for sale of goods. To speed up the reform, the writer suggests that contract law be priori Ɵ zed by pu ƫ ng it into the Na Ɵ onal Legal Program (Prolegnas) of 2015-2019 period.

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