Demand Based Cost Optimization of Electric Bills for Household Users

Abstract- Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly becoming the vehicle to automate, optimize and enhance the performance of systems in the energy, environment, and health sectors. In this paper, we use Wi-Fi wrapped sensors to provide online and in realtime the current energy consumptions at a device level, in a manner to allow for automatic control of peak energy consumption at a household, factory level, and eventually at a region level, where a region can be defined as an area supported by a distinct energy source. This allows to decrease the bill by avoiding heavily and controllable loads during high tariff slice and/or peak period per household and to optimize the energy production and distribution in a given region. The proposed model relies on adaptive learning techniques to help adjust the current load, while taking into consideration the actual and real need of the consumer. The experiments used in this study makes use of current and voltage sensors, Arduino platform, and simulation system. The main performance indexes used are the control of a peak consumption level, and the minimum time needed to adjust the distribution of load in the system. The system was able to keep the maximum load at a maximum of 10 kW in less than 10 seconds of response time. The level and response time are controllable parameters.

Interpretation of WTO's Panel Report on United States — Tariff Measures on Certain Goods from China and Its Enlightenment to China

The United States imposed a high tariff on importing goods from China which valued USD 34 billion and USD 200 billion respectively in 2018 and 2019. This measurement not only violated the most favored nation treatment principle, but also violated the tariff concession commitment which the US offered to China. With respect to the United States’ defence under Article XX(a) of the GATT 1994, the Panel adopted a holistic approach to determining whether the measures at issue were “necessary to protect public morals” and found that there were no relationship. The ruling has the following enlightenments: the enterprises should value the proof in WTO litigation and make use of the rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes. Finally, the enterprises should pay more emphasis on the market of One Belt One Road to expand more trade benefits and enjoy the double win.

Essays on the interaction between multilateral tariff bindings and the formation of preferential trade agreements

This dissertation studies the effect of continual reduction in the tariff bindings and its implications on the static and dynamic formation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Underlying trade model is a three country \competing exporters" model. First, utilizing a static game of endogenous trade agreement formation between three countries, we examine the effects of continual reduction in tariff bindings on the role of PTA formation in attaining global free trade. We show that, in the free trade agreement (FTA) formation game, when countries are completely symmetric, free trade always obtains as the coalition-proof Nash equilibrium (CPNE) of the FTA game. Under the customs union (CU) game, CU members exercise an exclusion incentive and free trade fails to be a CPNE. When countries are asymmetric with respect to their comparative advantage, the country with a weaker comparative advantage has an incentive to free ride on trade liberalization of the two others and continual reduction in tariff bindings facilitates FTA formation in attaining global free trade. Next, we employ a three country dynamic model of PTA formation where countries form PTAs over time and investigate the impact of multilateral tariff binding liberalization on the equilibrium extent of FTA and CU formation in isolation. When forming FTAs under relatively high tariff bindings, a myopic free riding incentive of FTA non-members constrains FTA formation. Thus, tariff binding liberalization can facilitate FTA expansion to global free trade. However, when forward looking countries do not value this myopic free riding incentive, tariff binding liberalization can impede FTA expansion to global free trade. In our CU game, CU formation proceeds to global free trade only for relatively high tariff bindings. Finally, we examine the PTA game where countries endogenously choose between CU and FTA formation. Under such a game, we show that the equilibrium emergence of CUs can prevent global free trade that would otherwise occur through FTAs. In contrast, the equilibrium emergence of FTAs can facilitate global free trade that would otherwise not occur through CUs.

Essays on the interaction between multilateral tariff bindings and the formation of preferential trade agreements

This dissertation studies the effect of continual reduction in the tariff bindings and its implications on the static and dynamic formation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Underlying trade model is a three country \competing exporters" model. First, utilizing a static game of endogenous trade agreement formation between three countries, we examine the effects of continual reduction in tariff bindings on the role of PTA formation in attaining global free trade. We show that, in the free trade agreement (FTA) formation game, when countries are completely symmetric, free trade always obtains as the coalition-proof Nash equilibrium (CPNE) of the FTA game. Under the customs union (CU) game, CU members exercise an exclusion incentive and free trade fails to be a CPNE. When countries are asymmetric with respect to their comparative advantage, the country with a weaker comparative advantage has an incentive to free ride on trade liberalization of the two others and continual reduction in tariff bindings facilitates FTA formation in attaining global free trade. Next, we employ a three country dynamic model of PTA formation where countries form PTAs over time and investigate the impact of multilateral tariff binding liberalization on the equilibrium extent of FTA and CU formation in isolation. When forming FTAs under relatively high tariff bindings, a myopic free riding incentive of FTA non-members constrains FTA formation. Thus, tariff binding liberalization can facilitate FTA expansion to global free trade. However, when forward looking countries do not value this myopic free riding incentive, tariff binding liberalization can impede FTA expansion to global free trade. In our CU game, CU formation proceeds to global free trade only for relatively high tariff bindings. Finally, we examine the PTA game where countries endogenously choose between CU and FTA formation. Under such a game, we show that the equilibrium emergence of CUs can prevent global free trade that would otherwise occur through FTAs. In contrast, the equilibrium emergence of FTAs can facilitate global free trade that would otherwise not occur through CUs.

Strong Language: Mathew Carey, Sensibility, and the American State, 1819–1835

Mathew Carey promoted the high tariff as a political expression of humane sentiments that relieved American workers of the misery caused by low wages and unemployment. This made him an early example of a state-builder working outside the state itself, building ideological frames and using emotional appeals to promote the expansion of state capacity. Although other aspects of his protectionism appealed to the republican tradition, Carey meshed his sentimental appeal with the liberalism. Later reformers integrated sensibility with liberalism by reference to the rights of vulnerable parties, but Carey added an appeal to an enlightened self-interest that allowed American manufacturers to profit while protecting workers. Although he became a well-known advocate for the organized provision of social welfare, his continued opposition to the widespread distribution of outdoor relief also suggests that he viewed the policy as a circumscribed federal social-welfare measure providing work rather than direct aid.

8. The Common Agricultural Policy

This chapter examines the processes that make up the European Union’s common agricultural policy (CAP), with particular emphasis on how the Community method functions in agriculture and how it upheld for decades the walls of fortress CAP. Today’s CAP bears little resemblance to the system of the 1960s, except for comparatively high tariff protection. The controversial device of price support has largely been replaced by direct payments to producers. The chapter first provides an overview of the origins of CAP before discussing two variants of the Community method in agriculture: hegemonic intergovernmentalism and competitive intergovernmentalism. It argues that the challenge for CAP regulators today is not to prevent a hypothetical comeback to the price-support system or generalized market intervention, but to prevent the fragmentation of the single market through a muddled implementation of greening and the consolidation of uneven regimes of support among member states.

METHOD OF DETERMINING EFFICIENCY DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF INSTRUMENTS FOR ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF SHIP DRAUGHT

The article justifies the relevance of improving the accuracy of determining the weight of cargo by draught of a vessel in order to increase the economic efficiency of the operation of ships. The authors propose to install remote draught meters on ships, and offer efficiency calculations for the introduction of devices for measuring the draught of ships and their application in practice. The analysis showed that, using traditional methods of draught determination, there is a very significant measurement error that negatively affects the quality of transportation and the reliability of determining the mass of the cargo. The authors present the methodology for determining the economic efficiency of ship equipment with remote draught meters. On test cases, performed for the conditions of transportation of various cargoes on specific lines, the expected efficiency of using remote precipitation gauges is shown in comparison with traditional methods for determining the ship's draft. According to the results obtained, the payback of the installation of draught meters on ships for low tariff cargoes occurs during five voyages, for more expensive and high tariff cargoes during the first voyage.

Evaluating Public Policies for Fair Social Tariffs of Electricity in Brazil by Using an Economic Market Model

This paper presents an evaluation of public policies for fare social tariffs of electricity in Brazil by using an economic model of the electricity market (TAROT-Optimized Tariff) that represents the regulated market of distribution of electrical energy. It was considered the scenario of an increasing number of prosumers (residential consumers who self-generate energy) in two of the five major regions of Brazil which have quite different socioeconomic characteristics. However, the current electricity regulation is the same for all concessionaires. In this work a new public policy is proposed, allowing the use of regulation in a different way aiming for a best result for Brazil and particularly for the poor population that today are not able to enjoy the benefits of electricity due to high tariff values. It is also discussed how this can contribute in a positive way to improve the income distribution in these regions, which is evaluated by using the GINI index.

Cybersecurity and Custom Regulations as Trade Barriers in ASEAN e-Commerce: Case of Indonesian e-Commerce

ASEAN countries show tremendous potential for e-commerce growth. Boasting its 650 million population and massive internet users, ASEAN proves to be a significant market for e-commerce and digital economy in general. Nonetheless, there are still some significant barriers in e-commerce trade, both traditional and non-traditional barriers of trade. Those barriers include a lack of harmonized regulations between the ASEAN Member States, high tariff duties on imported goods, and weak consumer protections (and overall cybersecurity) in the region. This study explores these barriers, which hinder ASEAN's goal to achieve more robust growth in the digital economy, particularly in terms of the legal framework (custom harmonization) and cybersecurity. In order to delve more deeply into these impediments of e-commerce trade, this article also attempts to present a study case of Indonesia's e-commerce as the most prominent and most promising player in ASEAN. Keywords: ASEAN, e-commerce, digital trade, digital economy Negara-negara ASEAN menunjukkan potensi luar biasa bagi pertumbuhan e-commerce. Dengan jumlah penduduk 650 juta dan banyaknya pengguna internet, ASEAN terbukti menjadi pasar yang signifikan bagi e-commerce dan ekonomi digital secara umum. Meskipun demikian, masih terdapat beberapa hambatan signifikan dalam perdagangan e-commerce, baik hambatan perdagangan tradisional maupun non-tradisional. Hambatan-hambatan itu termasuk kurangnya regulasi yang harmonis antara negara-negara anggota ASEAN, bea masuk yang tinggi untuk barang-barang impor, dan lemahnya perlindungan konsumen (serta keamanan cyber secara keseluruhan) di dalam kawasan. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi hambatan-hambatan yang menghambat tujuan ASEAN untuk mencapai pertumbuhan yang lebih kuat dalam ekonomi digital, terutama dalam hal kerangka hukum (harmonisasi aturan) dan keamanan cyber. Untuk menggali lebih dalam hambatan-hambatan perdagangan e-commerce ini, tulisan ini juga mencoba untuk menyajikan studi kasus e-commerce Indonesia sebagai pemain terbesar dan paling menjanjikan di ASEAN. Kata-kata kunci: ASEAN, e-commerce, perdagangan digital, ekonomi digital

P187 Not a headache clinic: giant cell arteritis fast track pathways (GCA-FTP) need not be overwhelming

Background False positive and negative GCA diagnoses lead to significant morbidity. GCA Fast Track Pathways (GCA-FTP) are advocated in the NHS. Concern that these become ‘headache clinics’, lack of access to temporal artery ultrasound (TAUS) and biopsy (TAB) are cited as barriers to provision. We present prospectively collected data from referrals to our GCA-FTP demonstrating that this has not occurred in our service. Methods Rheumatology leads our GCA-FTP providing initial investigation, TAUS for all patients and long-term management when GCA is diagnosed. Ophthalmology is the point of access for patients with visual symptoms and, if required, TAB. Results Referral numbers for calendar years 2014 through 2018 were 70, 97, 134, 180 & 175 respectively. TAB was requested for 29, 43, 49, 57 and 41 patients and GCA diagnosed in 29, 34, 33, 43 & 40 patients per year. In 2017-18, TAUS without biopsy supported a diagnosis of GCA in 58 and excluded it in 199. Across 2017 and 2018 we received 356 referrals: 43.5% from ophthalmology, 34.3% primary care and 11.0% medicine. 59.3% were on corticosteroids. Mean age was 71 years, 73.3% were female. GCA was diagnosed in 83 (23.3%). Mean duration of symptoms at first review was 38 ±4.4 days in GCA patients and 58 ±6.4 days in non-GCA patients. Characteristic GCA clinical features were significantly higher in the GCA group (Table 1). Non-GCA final diagnoses were ophthalmic (NIAON) (13.8%) and musculoskeletal related (12.2%). 7.0% of patients received a primary headache diagnosis. In 41.4% no cause was recorded, and patients were discharged to their GP with corticosteroids stopped. Conclusion A GCA-FTP can be a predictable service to manage. Clinical review by an experienced doctor distinguishes many non-GCA presentations from GCA when seen promptly. Most patients with GCA will be seen by rheumatology during their disease course. Distinguishing non-GCA diagnoses at later time points is significantly more challenging and means patients are exposed unnecessarily to high dose steroid, often for many months. TAUS and TAB are useful adjuncts to diagnosis and required for use of high tariff drugs. Lack of access need not however mean deferring setting up a GCA-FTP. Disclosures L. Spray None. G. Reynolds None. K. Houghton None. B. Hargreaves None. J. Heaney None. B. Thompson None. A. Lorenzi None.