scholarly journals Nouvelles acquisitions structurales sur les substances pectiques de la pulpe de raisin

OENO One ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Luc Saulnier ◽  
Jean-Marc Brillouet ◽  
Michel Moutounet
Keyword(s):  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Pectic Material

<p style="text-align: justify;">Après une mise au point rapide sur les connaissances actuelles des polyosides pectiquesdans les végétaux, les résultats acquis sur la structure des substances pectiques de la pulpe deraisin sont exposés, avec un rappel de la méthodologie utilisée.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Un matériel insoluble à l'alcool (MIA) a été préparé à partir de pulpe de raisin. Quatre fractionspectiques en ont été isolées après traitements successifs par l'eau (25°C; PSE), l'oxalate(25°C; PSOX, l'acide (HCI 0.05M, 80°C; PSH) et la soude (O,05M, 4°C; PSOH).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Les PSE (35 p.100) et PSH (55 p. 100) représentent l'essentiel du matériel pectique extrait.Les PSE sont séparées par chromatographie d'échange d'ions en fractions neutre (PSEn~ 13 p. 100) et acide (PSEa ~ 87 p. 100). Les PSEa et les PSH sont constituées principalementd'acide galacturonique (PSEa 63 p. 100, PSH 53 p. 100), fortement estérifié par du méthanol(degré d'estérification : PSEa 77 p. 100, PSH 68 p. 100), tandis que des quantités faibles d'acideglucuronique sont détectées dans les PSEn (2 p. 100). Les oses neutres (PSEn 65 p. 100, PSEa28 p. 100, PSH 19 p. 100) sont principalement de l'arabinose et du galactose suivis dans unordre décroissant du rhamnose, glucose, xylose, mannose et fucose. Des protéines sont égaIementdétectées en association avec les polyosides.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'action d'une endopolygalacturonase et d'une endopectine-Iyase sur PSEa et PSH met enévidence des zones «lisses» homogalacturoniques dégradées par les enzymes et des zones«hérissées» rhamnogalacturoniques riches en chaînes latérales d'oses neutres, insensibles àl'attaque enzymatique. Le traitement du MIA par une endopectine-Iyase solubilise un matérielpectique (ZH-MIA) riche en oses neutres (56 p. 100) particulièrement en arabinose, et contenantde l'acide galacturonique (23 p. 100) et des protéines (11 p. 100).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La perméthylation associée à l'hydrolyse spécifique de l'arabinose par une α-L-arabinofuranosidaseet à la RMN du <sup>13</sup>C a permis d'établir la structure des chaînes latérales. Des (1 → 3) / (1 → 6) arabinogalactanes, où l'arabinose est essentiellement sous forme terminale non réductrice, dominent dans les ZH-PSE, tout comme dans les PSEn confirmant leur caractère d'arabinogalactane-protéine. En revanche ces structures ainsi que les (1 → 4) arabinogalactanes sont minoritaires dans les ZH-PSH et ZH-MIA où les structures de type (1 → 5) arabinanes et rhamnogalacturonanes sont prédominants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">After a brief review of available knowledges on plant pectic polysaccharides, structural data on pectic substances from the pulp or grape berries and related analytical techniques are reported.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">An alcohol insoluble residue (MIA) was prepared from pulp of grape berries, which was sequentially extracted with water (25°C), oxalate (25°C), acid (0,05N HCI, 80°C) and sodium  hydroxide (0,05N 4°C) yielding four pectic fractions, respectively, PSE, PSOX, PSH and PSOH. PSE (35 p. 100) and PSH (55 p. 100) represented the main part of extracted pectic material.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">PSE were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography into neutral (PSEn ~ 13 p. 100) and acidic (PSEa ~ 87 p. 100) fractions. PSEa and PSH were constituted mainly of galacturonic acid (PSEa 63 p. 100, PSH 53 p. 100) highly methylesterified (esterification degree : PSEa 77 p. 100; PSH 68 p. 100), whereas PSEn contained minute amounts of glucuronic acid (2 p. 100). Neutral sugars (PSEn 65 p. 100, PSEa 28 p. 100, PSH 19 p. 100) were mainly arabinose and galactose followed by decreasing amounts of rhamnose, xylose, glucose, mannose and fucose. Proteins were also detected along with the polysaccharides.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Degradation of PSEa and PSH by endopolygalacturonase and endopectin-lyase evidenced «smooth» homogalacturonic areas sensitive to enzymatic degradation and «hairy» rhamnogalacturonic zones highly substituted by neutral sugar side-chains and resistant to enzyme action. Treatment of MIA With endopectinlyase released pectic material (ZH-MIA) rich in neutral sugars (56 p. 100), especially arabinose, and containing galacturonic acid (23 p. 100) and proteins (11 P. 100).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Structure of neutral sugar side-chains was investigated using methylation analysis associated with specific hydrolysis of arabinose residues with an α-L-arabinofuranosidase, and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopy. ZH-PSE exhibited a structure of 3,6 -linked arabinogalactan substitued by monomeric terminal arabinose. Similar structures were detected in PSEn which relates them to arabino-3,6-galactan-proteins. Conversely PSH or ZH-MIA showed mainly arabinan-like and rhamnogalacturonan structures associated with minor proportions of 3,6- and 4-linked arabino-galactans.</p>

scholarly journals Loss of Firmness and Changes in Pectic Fractions during Ripening and Overripening of Sweet Cherry

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 777-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fils-Lycaon ◽  
M. Buret
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Fruit Firmness

Pectic fractions soluble in water, oxalate, or hydrochloric acid were prepared from an alcohol-insoluble residue of cherry (Prunus avium L., `Bigarreau Napoléon') tissue. Galacturonic acid and neutral sugar contents were measured during the ripening and overripening of fruit. Fruit firmness was also determined. The changes occurring during fruit development gave prominence to three physiological stages and suggested the progressive degradation of the middle lamella and primary cell wall. The firmness measurement was related to the equilibrium between the relative parts of these pectic fractions.

scholarly journals Glycoproteins from the cell wall of Phaseolus coccineus

1980 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A O'Neill ◽  
R R Selvendran
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Phaseolus Coccineus ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Alpha Galactosidase ◽  
Pectic Material

1. The use of a modified sodium chlorite/acetic acid delignification procedure for the solubilization of a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein fraction from the depectinated cell walls of Phaseolus coccineus is described. 2. The crude glycoprotein was associated with some pectic material; hydroxyproline and serine were the most abundant amino acids, and arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid the predominant monosaccharides. 3. The bulk of the hydroxyproline is O-glycosidically substituted with tetra- and tri-arabinofuranosides. From methylation analysis the linkages in these arabinosides could be inferred. 4. Ion-exchange chromatography of the crude glycoprotein gave one major and two minor hydroxyproline-rich fractions, with similar amino acid but different monosaccharide composition. 5. In the major fraction, serine appears to be O-glycosidically substituted with a single galactopyranoside residue that can be removed by the action of alpha-galactosidase but not beta-galactosidase. Removal of arabinofuranoside residues by partial acid hydrolysis greatly enhanced the action of alpha-galactosidase. 6. Methylation followed by carboxy reduction with LiAl2H4 has shown the presence of (1 leads to 4)-linked galacturonic acid in the crude glycoprotein fraction but not in the major fraction from the ion-exchange column. Hence the bulk of the pectic material is not associated with the major glycoprotein component. It is suggested that the glycoprotein is held in the wall by phenolic cross-links. 7. Similarities with the glycopeptide moiety of potato lectin provides further evidence for a class of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins with common features.

scholarly journals Biological Activity and Pharmacological Application of Pectic Polysaccharides: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salima Minzanova ◽  
Vladimir Mironov ◽  
Daria Arkhipova ◽  
Anna Khabibullina ◽  
Lubov Mironova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Antitumor Activities ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Natural Medicines ◽  
Pharmacological Application

Pectin is a polymer with a core of alternating α-1,4-linked d-galacturonic acid and α-1,2-l-rhamnose units, as well as a variety of neutral sugars such as arabinose, galactose, and lesser amounts of other sugars. Currently, native pectins have been compared to modified ones due to the development of natural medicines and health products. In this review, the results of a study of the bioactivity of pectic polysaccharides, including its various pharmacological applications, such as its immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antioxidant and antitumor activities, have been summarized. The potential of pectins to contribute to the enhancement of drug delivery systems has been observed.

A STUDY OF THE PECTIN PRESENT IN THE BARK OF AMABILIS FIR (ABIES AMABILIS)

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Bhattacharjee ◽  
T. E. Timell
Keyword(s):  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Partial Hydrolysis ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Pectic Acid ◽  
Abies Amabilis ◽  
Conventional Fractionation ◽  
Glycosidic Bonds ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pectic Material

A pectic material has been isolated from the bark of Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes in a yield of 2%. On hydrolysis it yielded D-galacturonic acid, D-galactose, and L-arabinose in a ratio of 85:4:11, and also traces of rhamnose. The product, when submitted to several conventional fractionation methods, appeared homogeneous. Further resolution could be effected by acidification of an aqueous solution of the pectin, followed by ultracentrifugation. The insoluble portion (50%) was an electrophoretically homogeneous galacturonan with [α]D + 246°. The material remaining in solution (30%), here referred to as a pectic acid, had [α]D + 225° and on hydrolysis gave D-galacturonic acid, D-galactose, and L-arbabinose in a ratio of 74:7:19, as well as traces of rhamnose.The structure of the galacturonan was established by partial hydrolysis and methylation. It consisted of α-D-galacturonic acid residues linked together by (1 → 4)-glycosidic bonds to a linear macromolecule. The same techniques were applied to the pectic acid. While a unique structural formula could not be assigned in this case, one probable alternative involved a framework of (1 → 4)-linked α-D-galacturonic acid residues together with a few residues of 1,2,4-linked L-rhamnose. Some of the galacturonic acid units carried at C-2 and C-3 side chains which were terminated by D-galactopyranose and L-arabinofuranose residues. A few of the latter also occurred as inner units, probably in the side chains. This appears to be the first time a pectic material has been resolved into a galacturonan and a pectic acid containing the four sugar residues usually found in pectins. It is probable that the pectin occurring to a limited extent in wood has a similar composition.

Purification and characterization of a Ca2+-dependent novel lectin from Nymphaea nouchali tuber with antiproliferative activities

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 465-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Rashel Kabir ◽  
Md. Abu Zubair ◽  
Md. Nurujjaman ◽  
Md. Azizul Haque ◽  
Imtiaj Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
The Stability

A lectin (termed NNTL) was purified from the extracts of Nymphaea nouchali tuber followed by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydrophobic chromatography on HiTrap Phenyl HP and by repeated anion-exchange chromatography on HiTrap Q FF column. The molecular mass of the purified lectin was 27.0 ± 1.0 kDa, as estimated by SDS/PAGE both in the presence and in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. NNTL was an o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside sugar-specific lectin that agglutinated rat, chicken and different groups of human blood cells and exhibited high agglutination activity over the pH range 5–9 and temperatures of 30–60°C. The N-terminal sequence of NNTL did not show sequence similarity with any other lectin and the amino acid analysis revealed that NNTL was rich in leucine, methionine and glycine residues. NNTL was a glycoprotein containing 8% neutral sugar and showed toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii with an LC50 value of 120 ± 29 μg/ml and exerted strong agglutination activity against four pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Shigella shiga and Shigella sonnei). In addition, antiproliferative activity of this lectin against EAC (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma) cells showed 56% and 76% inhibition in vivo in mice at 1.5 and 3 mg·kg−1·day−1 respectively. NNTL was a divalent ion-dependent glycoprotein, which lost its activity markedly in the presence of denaturants. Furthermore, measurement of fluorescence spectra in the presence and absence of urea and CaCl2 indicated the requirement of Ca2+ for the stability of NNTL.

scholarly journals Production and transformation of dissolved neutral sugars and amino acids by bacteria in seawater

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5349-5363 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jørgensen ◽  
O. J. Lechtenfeld ◽  
R. Benner ◽  
M. Middelboe ◽  
C. A. Stedmon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Neutral Sugars

Abstract. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ocean consists of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules, most of which are of unknown origin. Neutral sugars and amino acids are among the few recognizable biomolecules in DOM, and the molecular composition of these biomolecules is shaped primarily by biological production and degradation processes. This study provides insight into the bioavailability of biomolecules as well as the chemical composition of DOM produced by bacteria. The molecular compositions of combined neutral sugars and amino acids were investigated in DOM produced by bacteria and in DOM remaining after 32 days of bacterial degradation. Results from bioassay incubations with natural seawater (sampled from water masses originating from the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean) and artificial seawater indicate that the molecular compositions following bacterial degradation are not strongly influenced by the initial substrate or bacterial community. The molecular composition of neutral sugars released by bacteria was characterized by a high glucose content (47 mol %) and heterogeneous contributions from other neutral sugars (3–14 mol %). DOM remaining after bacterial degradation was characterized by a high galactose content (33 mol %), followed by glucose (22 mol %) and the remaining neutral sugars (7–11 mol %). The ratio of D-amino acids to L-amino acids increased during the experiments as a response to bacterial degradation, and after 32 days, the D/L ratios of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and alanine reached around 0.79, 0.32, 0.30 and 0.51 in all treatments, respectively. The striking similarity in neutral sugar and amino acid compositions between natural (representing marine semi-labile and refractory DOM) and artificial (representing bacterially produced DOM) seawater samples, suggests that microbes transform bioavailable neutral sugars and amino acids into a common, more persistent form.

scholarly journals Cell-wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins of parenchymatous tissues of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ryden ◽  
R R Selvendran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Runner Bean ◽  
Cellulose Residue

1. Polymers were solubilized from the cell walls of parenchyma from mature runner-bean pods with minimum degradation by successive extractions with cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine-NNN′N′-tetra-acetate (CDTA), Na2CO3 and KOH to leave the alpha-cellulose residue, which contained cross-linked pectic polysaccharides and Hyp-rich glycoproteins. These were solubilized with chlorite/acetic acid and cellulase. The polymers were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and fractions were subjected to methylation analysis. 2. The pectic polysaccharides differed in their ease of extraction, and a small proportion were highly cross-linked. The bulk of the pectic polysaccharides solubilized by CDTA and Na2CO3 were less branched than those solubilized by KOH. There was good evidence that most of the pectic polysaccharides were not degraded during extraction. 3. The protein-containing fractions included Hyp-rich and Hyp-poor glycoproteins associated with easily extractable pectic polysaccharides, Hyp-rich glycoproteins solubilized with 4M-KOH+borate, the bulk of which were not associated with pectic polysaccharides, and highly cross-linked Hyp-rich glycoproteins. 4. Isodityrosine was not detected, suggesting that it does not have a (major) cross-linking role in these walls. Instead, it is suggested that phenolics, presumably linked to C-5 of 3,5-linked Araf residues of Hyp-rich glycoproteins, serve to cross-link some of the polymers. 5. There were two main types of xyloglucan, with different degrees of branching. The bulk of the less branched xyloglucans were solubilized by more-concentrated alkali. The anomeric configurations of the sugars in one of the highly branched xyloglucans were determined by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. 6. The structural features of the cell-wall polymers and complexes are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls of parenchyma tissues.

scholarly journals Involvement of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Galacturonate Tripartite ATP-Independent Periplasmic (TRAP) Transporter GaaPQM in Virulence Gene Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1136-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlei Zhao ◽  
Andrew N. Binns
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression ◽  
Sugar Binding ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
High Ligand

ABSTRACTMonosaccharides capable of serving as nutrients for the soil bacteriumAgrobacterium tumefaciensare also inducers of thevirregulon present in the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of this plant pathogen. One such monosaccharide is galacturonate, the predominant monomer of pectin found in plant cell walls. This ligand is recognized by the periplasmic sugar binding protein ChvE, which interacts with the VirA histidine kinase that controlsvirgene expression. Although ChvE is also a member of the ChvE-MmsAB ABC transporter involved in the utilization of many neutral sugars, it is not involved in galacturonate utilization. In this study, a putative tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter, GaaPQM, is shown to be essential for the utilization of galacturonic acid; we show that residue R169 in the predicted sugar binding site of the GaaP is required for activity. The gene upstream ofgaaPQM(gaaR) encodes a member of the GntR family of regulators. GaaR is shown to repress the expression ofgaaPQM, and the repression is relieved in the presence of the substrate for GaaPQM. Moreover, GaaR is shown to bind putative promoter regions in the sequences required for galacturonic acid utilization. Finally,A. tumefaciensstrains carrying a deletion ofgaaPQMare more sensitive to galacturonate as an inducer ofvirgene expression, while the overexpression ofgaaPQMresults in strains being less sensitive to thisvirinducer. This supports a model in which transporter activity is crucial in ensuring thatvirgene expression occurs only at sites of high ligand concentration, such as those at a plant wound site.

Pectinesterases From Mature, Unripe Peach Fruit Bind Strongly to Pectic Polysaccharides

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Glover ◽  
CJ Brady
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Large Molecular Weight

Contrary to previous findings, the level of the pectin de-esterifying enzyme, pectinesterase (PE; EC 3.1 .1. 11), is shown to be much higher in mature, green peach fruit than in ripe fruit. Aqueous buffers readily extracted three pectinesterase isoforms from ripe fruit but only a portion of the activity from mature, green fruit. In mature, green fruit extracts the enzyme precipitated when the ionic strength was lowered; consequently isoforms could not be recovered by ion exchange chromatography. In extraction residues from mature, green fruit, residual PE could be measured as active enzyme and, when denatured, could be detected by immunological techniques. Extraction of the enzyme was enhanced after digestion of the tissue with pectin lyase. The extracted enzyme fractionated as a large molecular weight complex rich in uronic acid, rhamnose, galactose and arabinose. After further digestion with endo-β-1,4- galactanase, the enzyme was in two fractions of smaller size but with residual carbohydrate. When mature, green and ripe fruit tissue were co-extracted, the recovered activity was as predicted from independently extracted tissues demonstrating that enzyme activity was not influenced by inhibitors contributed by either tissue type. Isoforms known to be present in the ripe fruit were recovered from extracts of the mixed tissues. It is concluded that PE in extracts of mature, green fruit has a strong association with pectic polymers and this has lead to its underestimation in previous studies. It is suggested that such an association with pectin polymers in vivo may regulate enzyme activity and enzyme turnover.

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