scholarly journals BIOACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF Annona glabra L. SEED EXTRACTS FOR WOOD PROTECTION AGAINST TERMITES (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. AND Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Trisna Priadi ◽  
Nurul Chotimah ◽  
Agus Ismanto
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
The Family ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
Bioactive Substance ◽  
Dry Wood ◽  
Annona Glabra ◽  
Paper Disc ◽  
Seed Extracts

Pond apple (Annona glabra L.) belongs to the family of Annonaceae. The seed of A. glabra contains bioactive substance that is toxic to some organisms, however the effectiveness to control wood degrading termites has not yet been scientifically reported.  This research analyzes the efficacy of A. glabra seed extract to wood degrading termites. Seed extraction was conducted using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The paper disc test showed that the extract of A. glabra is toxic to Cryptotermes cynocephalus (dry-wood termites) and Coptotermes curvignathus (subterranean termites). The higher extract concentration (up to 63%) resulted in a higher termite mortality (up to 100%) and lower weight loss of paper sample (less than 1%).  Ethyl acetate extract of A. glabra seeds has a better toxicity effect than n-hexane extract against dry wood termites and subterranean termites.

Possible evolutionary significance of spirochaetes

1979 ◽  
Vol 204 (1155) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dry Wood

Large symbiotic spirochaetes of the family Pillotaceae (e. g. pillotinas) are found in dry wood and subterranean termites (Hollande & Garagozlou 1967). These morphologically distinctive spirochaetes comprise several genera. Some of them contain microtubules within their protoplasmic cylinders. They demonstrate a variety of relations with their termite and protist hosts. Some are free-living within the lumen of the intestine, some tend to be associated with filamentous and other bacteria, some are found regularly coursing between the numerous undulipodia ( = eukaryotic flagella, cilia, and other (9 + 2) organelles of motility) of hypermastigotes and polymastigotes. Still other smaller termite spirochaetes are regularly attached to protists via specialized attachment sites. Some even form motility symbioses with their host protists. The analogy between the behaviour of host-associated spirochaetes and the possible steps in the origin of the undulipodia and mitotic system of eukaryotes is discussed briefly.

Phytochemical Investigation and Antimutagenic Potential of Ethanolic Extracts of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venugopal Singamaneni ◽  
Sudheer Kumar Dokuparthi ◽  
Nilanjana Banerjee ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
Tulika Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Ellagic Acid ◽  
Antimutagenic Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Terminalia Chebula ◽  
Emblica Officinalis ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Terminalia Bellerica ◽  
The Family

Background: Emblica officinalis Gaertn. which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, Terminalia chebula Retz. and Terminalia bellerica Roxb. belong to the family Combretaceae. These are well known medicinal plants with phytochemical reservoir of great medicinal values and possess a vast ethnomedical history. Objective: The aim of the present study is to isolation of major compounds and to evaluate antimutagenic potential of the ethanol extracts of these plants. Methods: The dried fruits of E. officinalis, T. bellirica and T. chebula were powdered and extracted with 95% ethanol. The ethyl acetate portions were chromatographed over silica gel to isolate major compounds. Antimutagenic activity was determined by Ames test using TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Results: Two major known compounds, gallic acid and ellagic acid were isolated from the dried fruits of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and T. bellirica. All the three extracts counteracted the mutagenicity induced by different genotoxic compounds in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: This study showed that ethyl acetate portion of three extracts contain two major compounds, gallic acid and ellagic acid which might be responsible for potent antimutagenic activity of these extracts.

scholarly journals Phytochemical, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities of Anthurium Hookerii leaves Extracts

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Atmira Sariwati ◽  
Inayah Fitri ◽  
Adi Setyo Purnomo ◽  
Sri Fatmawati
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
The Family ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

Many plants of the family of Araceae possess significant benefit as medicinal plants. Anthurium hookerii is herbaceous genus of the family of Araceae. A. hookerii leaves were extracted with five dissimilarity solvents (methanolic, water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and dichloromethane). The extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical, total phenolic contents, and antibacterial potential. The presences of tannins and saponins were found in all crude extracts. The steroid was only found in dichloromethane extract, whereas flavonoid was obtained in methanol and water extracts. Besides; methanol, ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane extracts showed triterpenoid contents. Alkaloid presences in ethyl acetate, methanolic, dichloromethane, and water extracts. The total phenol content was examined by Follin-Ciocalteu assay, which varied from 9.52-76.56 mg/g GAE. The highest total phenolic was found in methanol extract. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging ability that showed the scavenging activity with range 7.24-66.11%, which the methanoilic extract have the excellent antioxidant potential (IC50 232.90 µg/ml). Antibacterial activity of leaves extracts of A. hookerii was screened based on disc diffusion method. Water extract showed the wide spectrum antibacterial potential. Klebsiella sp., Bacillus subtilis, Pripioni agnes, and Strepticoccus mutans with maximum diameter of inhibition zone 10.30, 14.20, 9.60, and 15.10 mm, respectively.

scholarly journals Ketahanan Gubal Jati Hutan Rakyat Diawetkan dengan Senyawa Boron Menggunakan Metode Tekan Lowry terhadap Serangan Rayap Tanah dan Kayu Kering

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Yus Andhini Bhekti Pertiwi ◽  
Joko Sulistyo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Boron Compound ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
House Construction ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
Lowry Method ◽  
Teak Wood ◽  
Dry Wood

Nowadays, most of teak wood that available on the market was mainly from comunity forest. Those teak woods were commonly harvested in the early age. The young teak wood from community forests possesses lower proportion of heartwood than sapwood. Those condition was generally had an affect on the wood durability. Although the wood durability was estimated to be low, but the teak wood from community forest was intensively used for furniture and house construction. Therefore, study on the sapwood durability of young teak wood from community forest is necessary. In the present study, the durability of sapwood treated by boron compound (boric acid and borax) as wood preservatives was investigated. The boron concentrations were 5, 7 and 10%. The vacuum process were used to impreg the preservative into the wood specimens called as Lowry method. The efectivity of preservation method were investigated, namely absorption, retention, penetration, efficacy of subterranean and dry-wood termites. The absorption, retention, and penetration of boron compound were 69.10–96.41 kg/m3, 4.53–5.31 kg/m3, and 3.04–3.16 mm, respectively. Absorption, retention, and penetration of preservatives showed an increasing value by increasing the preservatives concentrations, with the highest values were obtained for 10% boron concentration. Graveyard test was used to evaluate the efficacy of boron in teak sapwood to subterranean termites. During 2 months observation, mass loss and degree of wood damage were 0.42-1.37% and 6.31-18.72%. Furthermore, the efficacy of boron was also conducted for dry-wood termites. The mass loss, degree of wood damage, and dry-wood termites mortality after 28 days observation were 1.46-1.67%, 29.45-32.38%, and 87.33-95.33%, respectively. The durability of boron treatened teak sapwood against subterranean and dry-wood termites was increased. The increasing of teak sapwood durability was characterized by reduction of mass loss and degree of wood damage compared to untreated teak sapwood (control).

scholarly journals Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen Dan Kadar Fenolik Ekstrak Tanaman Kayu Beta-Beta (Lunasia amara Blanco)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
Hasnaeni Hasnaeni ◽  
Suriati Usman ◽  
Wisdawati Wisdawati
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Yield Value ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Soxhlet Method

Lunasia amara Blanco bark belonging to the family Rutaceae. The research aimed to determine the effect of extraction method on yield value and phenolic content of bark extract of Lunasia amara Blanco by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Sample was extracted by maceration, reflux, and soxhlet using methanol 70%. The extraction by maceration obtained the yield value of methanol extract of 2,352%; the reflux method of 1,611%; and the soxhlet method of 0,960%. Then the chemical content was identified by the addition of FeCl3 reagent and a blackish green color was formed positively indicating phenolic content. Afterward, phenolic identification was conducted by TLC with eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate (2:8) containing phenolic because the Rf value was the same as the galic acid standard. The results showed that the extraction method producing the highest yield of bark extract of Lunasia amara Blanco was maceration. The phenolic content obtained by maceration was 66,548 mgGAE/g extract with 6.6548% GAE; the reflux was 73.645 mgGAE/g extract with 7.3645% GAE; and the soxhlet was 74.806 mgGAE/g extract with 7.4806% GAE.

scholarly journals α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Phenolic Rich Extracts Obtained from the Seeds of Melastoma saigonense (Kuntze) Merr.

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2964-2968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nutthamon Prajudtasri ◽  
Mongkol Nontakitticharoen ◽  
Sujint Anguravirutt
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Antidiabetic Agent ◽  
Seed Extracts

The aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical analysis of Melastoma saigonense seed extracts and to determine their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The extracts from seeds of M. saigonense indicated that the total phenolic content was in the range between 233.46 and 967.22 mg GAE/g DE, whereas the flavonoids content was in the range between 359.96 and 850.84 mg QE/g DE. The present study of antidiabetic inhibitory activity by in vitro α-glucosidase revealed that the crude extracts using ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (BU) and final aqueous residue extracts (AQ) exhibited a strong α-glucosidase inhibitory effect (IC50 4.42-11.95 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of seeds of Melastoma saigonense (Kuntze) Merr. were further fractionated by silica gel column chromatography into four fractions (EAF1−EAF4) and five fractions (BUF1−BUF5), respectively and their bioactivities were investigated. The nine fractions exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (p < 0.05) with an IC50 between 3.42-34.77 μg/mL which is less than the IC50 for standard acarbose (IC50 = 507.26 μg/mL). Among all the fractions, BUF1 and EAF1 exhibited high inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with BUF1 showing the highest inhibitory activity (IC50 = 3.42 μg/mL). The dominant phenolic acids were sinapic, gallic, ferrulic, syringic, gallic and caffeic acids and the prominent flavonoids were myricetin and quercetin. These findings suggest that the seeds of M. saigonense have potential as a source of antidiabetic agent (s).

scholarly journals Bioactivity Screening of Erechtites valerianifolia (Link Ex Wolf.) Less. Extracts as Antiplasmodium, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Cytotoxic Agents

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Puspaningtyas ◽  
S Riyanto ◽  
EN Solikhah ◽  
P Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Percolation Method ◽  
Hela Cell Lines ◽  
The Family

Indonesia’s rich natural resources have encouraged many researchers to explore their potential for finding treatment of endemic diseases and malignancy. One of these resources is Erechtites valerianifolia (Link Ex Wolf.) Less. Ex DC or "Jonggolan" (Indonesian name), a member of the family Asteraceae was collected from Meru Betiri Forest. Empirical evidence reveals the use of this plant to treat fever, diarrhea, tonsillitis, wounds, and eczema. A study in 2015 reported that the family Asteraceae passed the test of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Yet, scientific information about E. valerianifolia has not been optimally explored, and studies of this plant are even very limited. Considering the background, this study was aimed to conduct bioactivity screenings of E. valerianifolia extracts as antiplasmodial, antibacterial, antifungal and was anticancer/cytotoxic agents. Extract was obtained through percolation method using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as the solvents. Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were used as the antibacterial testing microorganisms. Candida albicans was the antifungal testing microorganism. The results showed that extracts, at a concentration of maximum 1000 ppm, were less active than the positive-control amoxicillin for antibacterial activities and ketoconazole for antifungal agents. Inhibition zones of E. valerianifolia extracts were invisible when compared to the positive controls. The screening of antiplasmodial (P. falciparum FCR3) activity indicated that IC50 of ethyl acetate extract was 117.122 μg/ml and was considered the best among other extracts. The cytotoxicity study on MCF 7, WiDr and Hela cell lines showed that the four extracts tested had good cytotoxicity with IC50 < 30 μg/ml.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(1): 1-8, 2018 (June)

scholarly journals Methods for the Evaluation of Polyphenolic Content in “Uva Di Troia Canosina” Grape and Seeds at the Different Maceration Stages

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Daria Catalano ◽  
Sergio Fontana ◽  
Gabriella Roda ◽  
Lucia Dell'Acqua ◽  
Flavia La Forgia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Polyphenolic Content ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
Seed Extracts

Seeds and skins derived from the small berries of “uva di Troia canosina” grape, a Vitis vinifera variety autochthonous of Apulia region (South Italy), collected at four different stages (“Tesi” 1–4) of the fermentation process were extracted by means of a maceration. The extracts were purified and analyzed, in order to study the influence of fermentation over grape seed and skin polyphenolic content. Seed extraction was performed by a multistep maceration with two solvents: ethanol and acetone, the former giving the best results; moreover, the extracts were purified with pure ethyl acetate in order to enrich their polyphenolic content. On the other hand, skin extraction was achieved by a single-step maceration in methanol and a purification with a brominated synthetic adsorbent resin. The evaluation of the extraction yield and polyphenolic content was carried out by TLC, UV/VIS, and LC/DAD analyses. In the seed extracts, the characteristic polyphenols (catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B1 and B2) useful for the development of a nutraceutical product, endowed with antioxidant properties, were present, while no resveratrol was detected in “uva di Troia canosina” grape skin extracts, even in an LC/MS-MS analysis.

Pseudaphelenchus vindai n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Aphelenchoididae) associated with termites (Termitidae) in Barro Colorado Island, Panama

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Robin M. Giblin-Davis ◽  
E. Allen Herre ◽  
Rudolf H. Scheffrahn ◽  
Barbara J. Center
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Barro Colorado Island ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Female Tail ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Pharyngeal Gland ◽  
Basal Position

Abstract In 2008, a field survey of termite-associated nematodes was conducted on Barro Colorado Island, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (BCI, STRI), Panama. During that survey, an undescribed Pseudaphelenchus species was isolated from three species of subterranean termites, Amitermes beaumonti, Microcerotermes exiguous and Obtusitermes panamae. The nematode is described and figured herein as P. vindai n. sp. The new species is morphologically similar to its only congener, P. yukiae, i. e., these two species share a thin stylet with small and clear basal knobs, a true bursa supported by three bursal limb-like genital papillae and a nerve ring surrounding the anterior clear region of the pharyngeal gland lobe and intestine. The molecular phylogenetic analysis based upon near full length (ca 1.7 kb) SSU ribosomal DNA sequence suggested that the new species forms a well supported clade with P. yukiae, at the basal position of the family Aphelenchoididae. The new species is distinguished from P. yukiae by possessing a clear condylus and rostrum of the capitulum and arcuate calomus/lamina complex of the spicules vs no condylus and rostrum and a relatively straight calomus/lamina complex, long and tapering female tail without small mucro vs blunt with small mucro present and possession of lateral field with three incisures vs four incisures.

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