scholarly journals Watching the Smoke Rise Up: Thermal Efficiency, Pollutant Emissions and Global Warming Impact of Three Biomass Cookstoves in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Y. Obeng ◽  
Ebenezer Mensah ◽  
George Ashiagbor ◽  
Owusu Boahen ◽  
Dan Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Global Warming Impact ◽  
Improved Cookstove ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Tier 3

In Ghana, about 73% of households rely on solid fuels for cooking. Over 13,000 annual deaths are attributed to exposure to indoor air pollution from inefficient combustion. In this study, assessment of thermal efficiency, emissions and total global warming impact of three cookstoves commonly used in Ghana was completed using IWA water boiling test (WBT) protocol. Statistical averages of three replicate tests for each cookstove were computed. Thermal efficiency results were: wood-burning cookstove 12.2% (Tier 0), traditional charcoal cookstove 23.3% (Tier 1-2) and improved charcoal cookstove 30% (Tier 2-3). The wood-burning cookstove emitted more CO, CO2 and PM2.5 than charcoal cookstove (coalpot) and improved cookstove. Emission factor for PM2.5 and emission rate for the wood-burning cookstove (Tier 0) were over four times higher than the traditional charcoal cookstove (Tier 3) and improved cookstove (Tier 2). On the basis of WBT, annual global warming impact potential for emissions are estimated at 4 tonnes of CO2e for the wood-burning cookstove, 1.5 tonnes of CO2e for charcoal cookstove (coalpot) and 1 tonne of CO2e for improved cookstove. We conclude that there is the need for awareness, policy and incentives to enable end-users switch to improved cookstoves for increased efficiency, reduced emissions/global warming impact.

scholarly journals Watching the Smoke Rise Up: Thermal Efficiency, Pollutant Emissions and Global Warming Impact of Three Biomass Cookstoves in Ghana

Energies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Obeng ◽  
Ebenezer Mensah ◽  
George Ashiagbor ◽  
Owusu Boahen ◽  
Daniel Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Global Warming Impact ◽  
Biomass Cookstoves

scholarly journals Design and Performance Evaluation of Rocket Stove for Cleaner Cooking in Rural Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassazin Ayalew Mekonnen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cook Stoves

Abstract Background:Many rural households in Ethiopia use traditional three-stone stove which has low energy efficiency and incurs indoor air pollution. Despite the fact that improved cook stoves design variability was seen between producers appears, they have received little or no promotion work to improvements over open fire stoves. The aim of this research work is manufacturing and experimentally testing of rocket stove to make sure that the new design provides a major improvement within the prevailing cooking practices.Method:The rocket stove was developed as per the Aprovecho Research Center (USA) design principle the article focused on investigating the thermal performance, the specific fuel and emission reduction potential of rocket stove as compared to the three-stone stove so as to confirm the duplicability. Water boiling test were conducted to investigate the performance of developed rocket stove and emission characteristics were investigated using portable Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) monitoring device. The parameters and protocols were adjusted as per the Aprovecho design principles.Results:The result revealed that the rocket stove has 29% thermal efficiency, 43% reduction in specific fuel consumption, 42% CO and 81% PM2.5 emission reduction as compared to the well-known utilized traditional three-stone stove in Ethiopia. The experiment revealed that, the rocket stove average emission is 1.8 µg/m3 CO and 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 respectively. The emissions characteristic of our stove satisfies the WHO indoor air quality standard.Conclusion:It can be concluded that the prototype rocket stove has a substantial improvement over the three-stone stove with regards to thermal efficiency, CO and PM2.5 emissions. Furthermore, the stove can be manufactured locally within required thermal efficiency and emission levels. Therefore, shifting to rocket stoves could reduce pressure on forests and mitigate indoor pollutants emission.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of two pot raised mud improved cookstove

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Hari Bahadur Darlami
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Total Emission ◽  
Fugitive Emission ◽  
Emission Performance ◽  
Improved Cookstove ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
Tier 1

Biomass cookstove is widely used in the rural areas of Nepal for cooking and space heating. Its thermal and emission performance keeps importance environmentally, economically and socially.  Chimney operated two pot raised mud Improved Cookstove (ICS) is one of Nepal’s most promoted cookstoves. The goal of this study is to evaluate the thermal and emission performance. Thermal and emission performance has been obtained by water boiling test and emission parameters have been measured by using Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System (LEMS). The thermal efficiency of cookstove has been improved from 17.99% to 24.7 % i.e. Tier 1 to 2 with the fabrication of appropriate material and accessories. Similarly total emission performance has been found in Tier 1 and fugitive emission performance has been found in Tier 5. Experimental results of thermal efficiency and fugitive emission complied with the performance target of the cookstove.

GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT ON URMIA LAKE VULNERABILITY AND HAZARD

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homayoun Khoshravan ◽  
Homayoun Khoshravan
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Urmia Lake ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
Seismic Profiles ◽  
Global Warming Impact ◽  
Morphological Behavior ◽  
Different Parts

The main goal of the research is to analyze the global warming impact on Urmia lake vulnerabiliy and hazard. By the study of topographic maps, satellite images and field research, the various types of coasts were identified: mud flats, salt marshes, sandy or cliffed coasts, and islands. Moreover the interpretation of seismic profiles, has led to recognize so important morphological features in the lake bed, such as: erosive channels, colos, mud volcanoes, the raised sandy masses and under water mounts. The main results illustrate the variable morphological behavior of Urmia Lake in different parts of the lake.

Optimal Timing for Launching Installation of Tier 2 and 3 Systems of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports

2021 ◽  
pp. 109830072199608
Author(s):  
Angus Kittelman ◽  
Sterett H. Mercer ◽  
Kent McIntosh ◽  
Robert Hoselton
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Positive Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Tier 3

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine patterns in implementation of Tier 2 and 3 school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS) systems to identify timings of installation that led to higher implementation of advanced tiers. Extant data from 776 schools in 27 states reporting on the first 3 years of Tier 2 implementation and 359 schools in 23 states reporting on the first year of Tier 3 implementation were analyzed. Using structural equation modeling, we found that higher Tier 1 implementation predicted subsequent Tier 2 and Tier 3 implementation. In addition, waiting 2 or 3 years after initial Tier 1 implementation to launch Tier 2 systems predicted higher initial Tier 2 implementation (compared with implementing the next year). Finally, we found that launching Tier 3 systems after Tier 2 systems, compared with launching both tiers simultaneously, predicted higher Tier 2 implementation in the second and third year, so long as Tier 3 systems were launched within 3 years of Tier 2 systems. These findings provide empirical guidance for when to launch Tier 2 and 3 systems; however, we emphasize that delays in launching advanced systems should not equate to delays in more intensive supports for students.

scholarly journals Global Inland Capture and Culture Finfisheries Follow Different Trends When Evaluated by the Human Development Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8420
Author(s):  
Peter W. Sorensen ◽  
Maria Lourdes D. Palomares
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Catch Reconstruction ◽  
Tier 3

To assess whether and how socioeconomic factors might be influencing global freshwater finfisheries, inland fishery data reported to the FAO between 1950 and 2015 were grouped by capture and culture, country human development index, plotted, and compared. We found that while capture inland finfishes have greatly increased on a global scale, this trend is being driven almost entirely by poorly developed (Tier-3) countries which also identify only 17% of their catch. In contrast, capture finfisheries have recently plateaued in moderately-developed (Tier-2) countries which are also identifying 16% of their catch but are dominated by a single country, China. In contrast, reported capture finfisheries are declining in well-developed (Tier-1) countries which identify nearly all (78%) of their fishes. Simultaneously, aquacultural activity has been increasing rapidly in both Tier-2 and Tier-3 countries, but only slowly in Tier-1 countries; remarkably, nearly all cultured species are being identified by all tier groups. These distinctly different trends suggest that socioeconomic factors influence how countries report and conduct capture finfisheries. Reported rapid increases in capture fisheries are worrisome in poorly developed countries because they cannot be explained and thus these fisheries cannot be managed meaningfully even though they depend on them for food. Our descriptive, proof-of-concept study suggests that socioeconomic factors should be considered in future, more sophisticated efforts to understand global freshwater fisheries which might include catch reconstruction.

scholarly journals 23. Regional Variation in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in a Commercially-insured Population, United States, 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S12-S12
Author(s):  
Destani J Bizune ◽  
Danielle Palms ◽  
Laura M King ◽  
Monina Bartoces ◽  
Ruth Link-Gelles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
Tier 3

Abstract Background Studies have shown that the Southern United States has higher rates of outpatient antibiotic prescribing compared to other regions in the country, but reasons for this variation are unclear. We aimed to determine whether the regional variability in outpatient antibiotic prescribing for respiratory diagnoses can be explained by differences in patient age, care setting, comorbidities, and diagnosis in a commercially-insured population. Methods We analyzed the 2017 IBM® MarketScan® Commercial Database of commercially-insured individuals aged < 65 years. We included visits with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) diagnoses from retail clinics, urgent care centers, emergency departments, and physician offices. ARTI diagnoses were categorized as: Tier 1, antibiotics are almost always indicated (pneumonia); Tier 2, antibiotics are sometimes indicated (sinusitis, acute otitis media, pharyngitis); and Tier 3, antibiotics are not indicated (asthma, allergy, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, influenza, nonsuppurative otitis media, viral upper respiratory infections, viral pneumonia). We calculated risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) stratified by US Census region and ARTI tier using log-binomial models controlling for patient age, comorbidities (Elixhauser and Complex Chronic Conditions for Children), and setting of care, with Tier 3 visits in the West, the strata with the lowest antibiotic prescription rate, as the reference for all strata. Results A total of 100,104,860 visits were analyzed. In multivariable modeling, ARTI visits in the South and Midwest were highly associated with receiving an antibiotic for Tier 2 conditions vs. patients in other regions (Figure 1). Figure 1. Multivariable model comparing risk of receiving an antibiotic for an ARTI by region and diagnostic tier in urgent care, retail health, emergency department, and office visits, MarketScan® 2017, United States Conclusion Regional variability in outpatient antibiotic prescribing for Tier 2 and 3 ARTIs remained even after controlling for patient age, comorbidities, and setting of care. It is likely that this variability is in part due to non-clinical factors such as regional differences in clinicians’ prescribing habits and patient expectations. Targeted and enhanced public health stewardship interventions are needed to address cultural factors that affect antibiotic prescribing in outpatient settings. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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