Nanotechnology for Biosensors: A Review

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.20944/preprints202101.0152.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aishwaryadev Banerjee ◽

Swagata Maity ◽

Carlos H. Mastrangelo

Keyword(s):

Industrial Process ◽

Clinical Diagnostics ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Military Health ◽

Simple Detection ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Industrial Process Control ◽

And Performance

Biosensors are essential tools which have been traditionally used to monitor environmental pollution, detect the presence of toxic elements and biohazardous bacteria or virus in organic matter and biomolecules for clinical diagnostics. In the last couple of decades, the scientific community has witnessed their widespread application in the fields of military, health care, industrial process control, environmental monitoring, food-quality control, and microbiology. Biosensor technology has greatly evolved from the in vitro studies based on the biosensing ability of organic beings to the highly sophisticated world of nanofabrication enabled miniaturized biosensors. The incorporation of nanotechnology in the vast field of biosensing has led to the development of novel sensors and sensing mechanisms, as well as an increase in the sensitivity and performance of the existing biosensors. Additionally, the nanoscale dimension further assists the development of sensors for rapid and simple detection in vivo as well as the ability to probe single-biomolecules and obtain critical information for their detection and analysis. However, the major drawbacks of this include, but are not limited to potential toxicities associated with the unavoidable release of nanoparticles into the environment, miniaturization induced unreliability, lack of automation, and difficulty of integrating the nanostructured-based biosensors as well as unreliable transduction signals from these devices. Although the field of biosensors is vast, we intend to explore various nanotechnology enabled biosensors as part of this review article and provide a brief description of their fundamental working principles and potential applications.

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Nanostructures for Biosensing, with a Brief Overview on Cancer Detection, IoT, and the Role of Machine Learning in Smart Biosensors

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21041253 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1253

Author(s):

Aishwaryadev Banerjee ◽

Swagata Maity ◽

Carlos H. Mastrangelo

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Cancer Detection ◽

Industrial Process ◽

Clinical Diagnostics ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Military Health ◽

Simple Detection ◽

And Performance

Biosensors are essential tools which have been traditionally used to monitor environmental pollution and detect the presence of toxic elements and biohazardous bacteria or virus in organic matter and biomolecules for clinical diagnostics. In the last couple of decades, the scientific community has witnessed their widespread application in the fields of military, health care, industrial process control, environmental monitoring, food-quality control, and microbiology. Biosensor technology has greatly evolved from in vitro studies based on the biosensing ability of organic beings to the highly sophisticated world of nanofabrication-enabled miniaturized biosensors. The incorporation of nanotechnology in the vast field of biosensing has led to the development of novel sensors and sensing mechanisms, as well as an increase in the sensitivity and performance of the existing biosensors. Additionally, the nanoscale dimension further assists the development of sensors for rapid and simple detection in vivo as well as the ability to probe single biomolecules and obtain critical information for their detection and analysis. However, the major drawbacks of this include, but are not limited to, potential toxicities associated with the unavoidable release of nanoparticles into the environment, miniaturization-induced unreliability, lack of automation, and difficulty of integrating the nanostructured-based biosensors, as well as unreliable transduction signals from these devices. Although the field of biosensors is vast, we intend to explore various nanotechnology-enabled biosensors as part of this review article and provide a brief description of their fundamental working principles and potential applications. The article aims to provide the reader a holistic overview of different nanostructures which have been used for biosensing purposes along with some specific applications in the field of cancer detection and the Internet of things (IoT), as well as a brief overview of machine-learning-based biosensing.

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The Implications of Regulatory Framework for Topical Semisolid Drug Products: From Critical Quality and Performance Attributes towards Establishing Bioequivalence

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13050710 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 710

Author(s):

Tanja Ilić ◽

Ivana Pantelić ◽

Snežana Savić

Keyword(s):

Statistical Power ◽

Failure Modes ◽

In Vitro Release ◽

Optimal Number ◽

Drug Products ◽

Pharmaceutical Equivalence ◽

And Performance ◽

Low Sensitivity

Due to complex interdependent relationships affecting their microstructure, topical semisolid drug formulations face unique obstacles to the development of generics compared to other drug products. Traditionally, establishing bioequivalence is based on comparative clinical trials, which are expensive and often associated with high degrees of variability and low sensitivity in detecting formulation differences. To address this issue, leading regulatory agencies have aimed to advance guidelines relevant to topical generics, ultimately accepting different non-clinical, in vitro/in vivo surrogate methods for topical bioequivalence assessment. Unfortunately, according to both industry and academia stakeholders, these efforts are far from flawless, and often upsurge the potential for result variability and a number of other failure modes. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the literature focused on amending regulatory positions concerning the demonstration of (i) extended pharmaceutical equivalence and (ii) equivalence with respect to the efficacy of topical semisolids. The proposed corrective measures are disclosed and critically discussed, as they span from mere demands to widen the acceptance range (e.g., from ±10% to ±20%/±25% for rheology and in vitro release parameters highly prone to batch-to-batch variability) or reassess the optimal number of samples required to reach the desired statistical power, but also rely on specific data modeling or novel statistical approaches.

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The Topical Nanodelivery of Vismodegib Enhances Its Skin Penetration and Performance In Vitro While Reducing Its Toxicity In Vivo

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13020186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 186

Author(s):

Maria Natalia Calienni ◽

Daniela Maza Vega ◽

C. Facundo Temprana ◽

María Cecilia Izquierdo ◽

David E. Ybarra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Polymeric Micelles ◽

Skin Penetration ◽

Distribution Volume ◽

And Performance ◽

Oral Doses ◽

Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma

Vismodegib is a first-in-class inhibitor for advanced basal cell carcinoma treatment. Its daily oral doses present a high distribution volume and several side effects. We evaluated its skin penetration loaded in diverse nanosystems as potential strategies to reduce side effects and drug quantities. Ultradeformable liposomes, ethosomes, colloidal liquid crystals, and dendrimers were able to transport Vismodegib to deep skin layers, while polymeric micelles failed at this. As lipidic systems were the most effective, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of Vismodegib-loaded ultradeformable liposomes, apoptosis, and cellular uptake. Vismodegib emerges as a versatile drug that can be loaded in several delivery systems for topical application. These findings may be also useful for the consideration of topical delivery of other drugs with a low water solubility.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Modified ZnO Quantum Dots and Their In Vitro Photodynamic Tumor Suppressive Action

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22158106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 8106

Author(s):

Tianming Song ◽

Yawei Qu ◽

Zhe Ren ◽

Shuang Yu ◽

Mingjian Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantum Dots ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

In Vivo Experiments ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Zno Quantum Dots ◽

Zno Qds

Despite the numerous available treatments for cancer, many patients succumb to side effects and reoccurrence. Zinc oxide (ZnO) quantum dots (QDs) are inexpensive inorganic nanomaterials with potential applications in photodynamic therapy. To verify the photoluminescence of ZnO QDs and determine their inhibitory effect on tumors, we synthesized and characterized ZnO QDs modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone. The photoluminescent properties and reactive oxygen species levels of these ZnO/PVP QDs were also measured. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to test their photodynamic therapeutic effects in SW480 cancer cells and female nude mice. Our results indicate that the ZnO QDs had good photoluminescence and exerted an obvious inhibitory effect on SW480 tumor cells. These findings illustrate the potential applications of ZnO QDs in the fields of photoluminescence and photodynamic therapy.

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Biological nanoscale fluorescent probes: From structure and performance to bioimaging

Reviews in Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.1515/revac-2020-0119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 209-221

Author(s):

Jiafeng Wan ◽

Xiaoyuan Zhang ◽

Kai Zhang ◽

Zhiqiang Su

Keyword(s):

Fluorescent Probes ◽

Organic Dyes ◽

Resonance Energy Transfer ◽

Resonance Energy ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Biological Imaging ◽

Fluorescent Materials ◽

And Performance

Abstract In recent years, nanomaterials have attracted lots of attention from researchers due to their unique properties. Nanometer fluorescent materials, such as organic dyes, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), metal nano-clusters (MNCs), carbon dots (CDs), etc., are widely used in biological imaging due to their high sensitivity, short response time, and excellent accuracy. Nanometer fluorescent probes can not only perform in vitro imaging of organisms but also achieve in vivo imaging. This provides medical staff with great convenience in cancer treatment. Combined with contemporary medical methods, faster and more effective treatment of cancer is achievable. This article explains the response mechanism of three-nanometer fluorescent probes: the principle of induced electron transfer (PET), the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the principle of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), showing the semiconductor QDs, precious MNCs, and CDs. The excellent performance of the three kinds of nano fluorescent materials in biological imaging is highlighted, and the application of these three kinds of nano fluorescent probes in targeted biological imaging is also introduced. Nanometer fluorescent materials will show their significance in the field of biomedicine.

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Production of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Cell Lineages and Liver Organoids: Current Status and Potential Applications

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering7020036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

João P. Cotovio ◽

Tiago G. Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Cell Types ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Hepatic Cell ◽

Current Status ◽

Organ Shortage ◽

Cell Lineages ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Liver Organoids

Liver disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, leading to the death of approximately 2 million people per year. Current therapies include orthotopic liver transplantation, however, donor organ shortage remains a great challenge. In addition, the development of novel therapeutics has been limited due to the lack of in vitro models that mimic in vivo liver physiology. Accordingly, hepatic cell lineages derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a promising cell source for liver cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug discovery. Moreover, the development of new culture systems bringing together the multiple liver-specific hepatic cell types triggered the development of hPSC-derived liver organoids. Therefore, these human liver-based platforms hold great potential for clinical applications. In this review, the production of the different hepatic cell lineages from hPSCs, including hepatocytes, as well as the emerging strategies to generate hPSC-derived liver organoids will be assessed, while current biomedical applications will be highlighted.

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Cellular and immunological basis of the host-parasite relationship during infection withNeospora caninum

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182006000485 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 133 (3) ◽

pp. 261-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

A. HEMPHILL ◽

N. VONLAUFEN ◽

A. NAGULESWARAN

Keyword(s):

Host Cell ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Neospora Caninum ◽

Host Cells ◽

Term Survival ◽

Prevention Of Infection ◽

Parasite Relationship ◽

Potential Applications

Neospora caninumis an apicomplexan parasite that is closely related toToxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis in humans and domestic animals. However, in contrast toT. gondii, N. caninumrepresents a major cause of abortion in cattle, pointing towards distinct differences in the biology of these two species. There are 3 distinct key features that represent potential targets for prevention of infection or intervention against disease caused byN. caninum. Firstly, tachyzoites are capable of infecting a large variety of host cellsin vitroandin vivo. Secondly, the parasite exploits its ability to respond to alterations in living conditions by converting into another stage (tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite orvice versa). Thirdly, by analogy withT. gondii, this parasite has evolved mechanisms that modulate its host cells according to its own requirements, and these must, especially in the case of the bradyzoite stage, involve mechanisms that ensure long-term survival of not only the parasite but also of the host cell. In order to elucidate the molecular and cellular bases of these important features ofN. caninum, cell culture-based approaches and laboratory animal models are being exploited. In this review, we will summarize the current achievements related to host cell and parasite cell biology, and will discuss potential applications for prevention of infection and/or disease by reviewing corresponding work performed in murine laboratory infection models and in cattle.

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The Role of microRNAs in Osteoporosis Diagnostics

Osteologie/Osteology ◽

10.1055/a-1514-1800 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (03) ◽

pp. 222-229

Author(s):

Matthias Hackl ◽

Elisabeth Semmelrock ◽

Johannes Grillari

Keyword(s):

Bone Mass ◽

Bone Metabolism ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Biological Fluids ◽

Clinical Diagnostics ◽

Bone Architecture ◽

Estrogen Metabolism ◽

Age Related

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (18–24 nucleotides) non-coding RNA sequences that regulate gene expression via binding of messenger RNA. It is estimated that miRNAs co-regulate the expression of more than 70% of all human genes, many of which fulfil important roles in bone metabolism and muscle function. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments have shown that the targeted loss of miRNAs in distinct bone cell types (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) results in altered bone mass and bone architecture. These results emphasize the biological relevance of miRNAs for bone health.MiRNAs are not only considered as novel bone biomarkers because of their biological importance to bone metabolism, but also on the basis of other favorable properties: 1) Secretion of miRNAs from cells enables “minimally invasive” detection in biological fluids such as serum. 2) High stability of miRNAs in serum enables the retrospective analysis of frozen blood specimens. 3) Quantification of miRNAs in the serum is based on the RT-PCR - a robust method that is considered as the gold standard for the analysis of nucleic acids in clinical diagnostics.With regard to osteoporosis, it has been shown that many of the known risk factors are characterized by distinct miRNA profiles in the affected tissues: i) age-related loss of bone mass, ii) sarcopenia, iii) changes in estrogen metabolism and related changes Loss of bone mass, and iv) diabetes. Therefore, numerous studies in recent years have dealt with the characterization of miRNAs in the serum of osteoporosis patients and healthy controls, and were able to identify recurring miRNA patterns that are characteristic of osteoporosis. These novel biomarkers have great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteoporosis and its clinical outcomes.The aim of this article is to give a summary of the current state of knowledge on the research and application of miRNA biomarkers in osteoporosis.

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