QUANTIFICATION OF XYLOPIC ACID AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC FINGERPRINT EVALUATIONS OF THE DRIED FRUITS OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA FROM FOUR AFRICAN COUNTRIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Raphael N. Alolga ◽  
Assogba G. Assanhou ◽  
Vitus Onoja
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Average Content ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Chromatographic Fingerprint ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Xylopia Aethiopica

Dunal) A. Rich, (herein called XYA), family Annonaceae, commonly known as “Guinea pepper”, “Ethiopian pepper” or “Negro pepper”, are widely used in traditional African medicines to treat a wide array of diseases including malaria, fungal infections, rheumatism, arthritis, etc. Scientific investigations have ascribed the following activities to the fruits of XYA; anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, analgesic, anti-nociceptive, anti-proliferative, spermatogenic and neuropharmacological effects. The main active principle reported is xylopic acid (XA), a kaurene diterpene. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple HPLC/UV (high performance liquid chromatography – ultraviolet detection) analytical method for the quantification of XA that can be reproduced in poor-resource settings where advanced analytical detection techniques such as HPLC-MS are unavailable. Materials and Methods: Thus in this study, a simple C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) column-pretreatment ─ HPLC/UV analytical procedure was developed for the quantification of XA in the dried fruits of XYA from four African countries, Benin, Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria. The samples of XYA from the four countries were assessed for similarities using chromatographic fingerprinting. Results: The HPLC method was validated for linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision and accuracy. The samples of XYA from Cameroon were found to have the highest average content of XA while those from Benin had the lowest average content of XA. Conclusion: Using the chromatographic fingerprint evaluation, the similarities of the samples from the four countries to the reference chromatogram was in the order: Benin > Cameroon > Nigeria > Ghana. Key words: Xylopia aethiopica, xylopic acid, C18

scholarly journals Review of Chromatographic Methods Coupled with Modern Detection Techniques Applied in the Therapeutic Drugs Monitoring (TDM)

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 4026
Author(s):  
Tomasz Tuzimski ◽  
Anna Petruczynik
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Drug Dosing ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Packed Sorbent

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a tool used to integrate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics knowledge to optimize and personalize various drug therapies. The optimization of drug dosing may improve treatment outcomes, reduce toxicity, and reduce the risk of developing drug resistance. To adequately implement TDM, accurate and precise analytical procedures are required. In clinical practice, blood is the most commonly used matrix for TDM; however, less invasive samples, such as dried blood spots or non-invasive saliva samples, are increasingly being used. The choice of sample preparation method, type of column packing, mobile phase composition, and detection method is important to ensure accurate drug measurement and to avoid interference from matrix effects and drug metabolites. Most of the reported procedures used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. High-performance chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) methods are also used when a simpler and more cost-effective methodology is desired for clinical monitoring. The application of high-performance chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) with and without derivatization processes and high-performance chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) techniques for the analysis of various drugs in biological samples for TDM have been described less often. Before chromatographic analysis, samples were pretreated by various procedures—most often by protein precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction, rarely by microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. The aim of this article is to review the recent literature (2010–2020) regarding the use of liquid chromatography with various detection techniques for TDM.

scholarly journals Citrinin in Foods and Supplements: A Review of Occurrence and Analytical Methodologies

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Liliana J. G. Silva ◽  
André M. P. T. Pereira ◽  
Angelina Pena ◽  
Celeste M. Lino
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Wide Range

Citrinin (CIT) deserves attention due to its known toxic effects in mammalian species and its widespread occurrence in food commodities, often along with ochratoxin A, another nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Human exposure, a key element in assessing risk related to food contaminants, depends upon mycotoxin contamination levels in food and on food consumption. Commercial supplements, commonly designated as red rice, usually used in daily diets in Asiatic countries due to their medicinal properties, may pose a health problem as a result of high CIT levels. In addition to the worldwide occurrence of CIT in foods and supplements, a wide range of several analytical and detection techniques with high sensitivity, used for evaluation of CIT, are reviewed and discussed in this manuscript. This review addresses the scientific literature regarding the presence of CIT in foods of either vegetable or animal origin, as well as in supplements. On what concerns analytical methodologies, sample extraction methods, such as shaking extraction and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE), clean-up methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuECHERS), and detection and quantification methods, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), biosensors, and ELISA, are also reviewed.

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