scholarly journals Desain dan Kinerja Alat Pengolahan Bioetanol Model Baristand untuk Menghasilkan Bahan Bakar Etanol / Design and Performance of Bioethanol Processing Tool Baristand Model to Produce Fuel Grade Ethanol

Buletin Palma ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Nicolas Tumbel ◽  
Supardi Manurung ◽  
Abnery Lay
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Distillation Column ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Fuel Grade Ethanol

<p>The development of renewable energy sources such as bioethanol was a major consideration, because of dwindling of unrenewable energy and increasing of energy needed. Utilization ofenergy from bioethanol was environmental friendly compared to fossil fuel. The objective of this research was to design small-scale bioethanol processing unit to produce bioethanol as a fuel or FGE which easily to be operated. The research was conducted at the Laboratory and Workshop of Research and Standardization of Industrial Institute Manado, and Equipment Engineeringof Indonesian Palms Crops Research Institute during 2013. The design of this machinery was based on to bioethanol processing unit through evaporator system-double distillation, and dehydration unit of bioethanol equipmet using molecular sieve zeolite with vacuum swing absorption techniques.Processing of FGE was equipped with controlled of temperature heating and utilization of molecular sieve for dehydrator column, processing. The process was evaluated for three times. The observed variables were design of tools (components, varianceof the operating unit temperature), and performance tools (working time, a flow rate of bioethanol, yield,  losses and quality of the product). The datas were analysis by descriptive method. The results showed that, the designed bioethanol processing tool has some main components such as evaporator tank, dehydrator column, and a distillation column. FGE was made by using bioethanol 90% as raw materials, temperature of heating operating (evaporator tank at 78-82ºC, dehydrator column around 76-90ºC, and distillation column about 25-35ºC. Theresulted FGE contains 99.88% of ethanol and yield reach to 92.13%. The FGE was visually clear and bright appearance, no deposits and debris. Bioethanol processing tools of Baristand model was more suitable to be used for farmer groups or small and medium level.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Cadangan minyak bumi yang makin menipis dan makin meningkatnya kebutuhan energi serta dampak pencemaran lingkungan penggunaan energi dari minyak bumi, telah mendorong pengembangan sumber energi  terbarukan antara lain bioetanol. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendesain unit pengolahan bioetanol skala kecil  untuk menghasilkan bioetanol sebagai bahan bakar atau Fuel Grade Ethanol (FGE) yang praktis dioperasikan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Tahun 2013, di Laboratorium dan bengkel Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Manado serta Bengkel Rekayasa Alat Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma.  Desain alat didasarkan pada alat pengolahan bioetanol dari aren sistem evaporator-destilator ganda,  dan alat dehidrasi bioetanol menggunakan saringan molekuler zeolit dengan teknik vacuum swing absorbtion. Pengolahan FGE dengan suhu pemanasan terkontrol dan menggunakan saringan molekuler pada kolom dehidrator, proses pengolahan dilakukan  sebanyak tiga kali. Pengamatan terdiri atas: desain alat (komponen alat, keragaman suhu unit operasi), dan kinerja alat (waktu kerja, laju alir bioetanol, rendemen, kehilangan hasil, dan mutu produk). Analisis data secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat pengolahan bioetanol yang didesain dengan komponen utama adalah tangki evaporator, kolom dehidrator, dan kolom destilator.  Pengolahan FGE menggunakan   bahan baku bioetanol  kadar 90%, suhu pemanasan unit operasi, yakni tangki evaporator 78-82ºC, kolom dehidrator 76-90ºC, dan kolom destilator 25- 35ºC. FGE yang dihasilkan berkadar etanol 99,88% dan rendemen 92,13%. FGE memenuhi syarat mutu dan secara visual kenampakan jernih dan terang, tidak ada endapan dan kotoran. Alat pengolahan bioetanol model Baristand ini, lebih sesuai penggunaannya untuk kelompok tani atau Usaha Kecil Menengah.</p>

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND THERMAL EVALUATION OF DOUBLE DRUM DRYER FOR READY-TO-EAT FOOD PRODUCTS TO SUPPORT STUNTING PREVENTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
Dadang Dayat Hidayat ◽  
Diang Sagita ◽  
Doddy Andy Darmajana ◽  
Ashri Indriati ◽  
Ari Rahayuningtyas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Products ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Electric Heater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Red Bean ◽  
Main Components

The study aimed to develop a small-scale drum dryer to meet the small enterprises' demand in the context to produce ready-to-eat food products to support stunting prevention. The design, manufacture, and thermal evaluation of a double drum dryer had been carried out. The development stage consisted of sizing the main components, creating technical drawings, determining component materials, manufacturing, and performance tests. The dryer drum dimension was 500 mm in diameter and 400 mm in length and 20 mm in thickness. The capacity of the double drum dryer was 10 kg/batch. The double drum dryer was powered by a 3-phase electromotor 2.24 kW. There are three transmission systems applied, i.e. gearbox, chain-sprocket and belt-pulley. The feeding system applied was nip feeding. The heat source originated from the steamer using an electric heater. Results of the test showed that the double drum drying machine had worked well as expected. The temperature distribution of both drums was fairly uniform, and the temperature uniformity in the drum surface showed good uniformity (minimum gradient temperature). The double drum dryer was able to produce good characteristics of products in the form of ready-to-eat products made from several ingredients (i.e. millets and red bean) which contain high macro and micronutrient.

scholarly journals Logistics and E- Logistics Management: Benefits and Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 12804-12809
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Logistics Management ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Business World ◽  
Effective System ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Main Components

Logistics Management is an effective system for the companies to deliver the products to the customers at the exact place where they demands at right time with right cost. Logistics management comprises the planning, implementation and control of the flow of raw materials and finished goods from the suppliers to the customers. This study is conducted to understand the conception of logistics and its significance. This study is to show the main functions of the logistics, aim, tactics and its various components. Nowadays most of the major companies are enforced to lessen their business expenditures because of the globalization and the companies are finding ways to reduce the costs without affecting the productivity. This made them to practice a new management tactics like Supply chain management and e-logistics. E-logistics provides the idea of logistics business into the modern world through the internet and completely changes the concept of simple logistics into e-logistics. E-logistics is the most modern technology in the field of logistics which brings the whole business world into a small online eworld. This novel set of communication with better computing and collective skills changes the new logistics into a customer oriented technology by data sharing, providing information and exact statistics with the supply chain customers. E-logistics helps in managing the new challenges in the supply chain field. The main components of the e-logistics are multi-channel operations, cross-border tasks, warehouse plan and inventory, planning, estimating and performance management. This study targets to understand the main benefits and the new tasks between logistics and e-logistics.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Problems of Micro-enterprises in Dibrugarh District of Assam: An Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 097084642110424
Author(s):  
Rubab Fatema Nomani
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Skilled Labour ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Institutional Marketing ◽  
The Government ◽  
Obsolete Technology ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Training Programmes

Small-scale industries play a crucial role in industrialisation of India. These industries face numerous problems, some of which are peculiar to them, while others are common to both small-scale and large-scale industries. The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed unprecedented threats as well as opportunities on this sector. This article tries to analyse the problems affecting the entrepreneurs associated with 141 micro-manufacturing enterprises in the Dibrugarh district of Assam and puts forward some policy suggestions. In order to identify the most pressing problem faced by the entrepreneurs, the Garrett ranking method is employed in the study. It is found that dearth of skilled labour is the most acute problem encountered by the sector. Lack of proper marketing arrangements, shortage of quality and cheap raw materials, obsolete technology and lack of timely finance are other important hindrances. The significance of skilled labour points to the intense need for continuous skill development of the local workforce by establishing more technical institutes, training programmes, etc. Furthermore, the government should provide special assistance for technological upgradation, develop institutional marketing facilities, and supply cheap and quality raw materials. Further, simplification of procedures in banks’ lending policies, relaxation of requirements like collateral security and margin money may go a long way in enhancing both confidence and performance of small entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals A Study on Impact of Disposable Face Mask Market on Small Scale Industries in Selected Cities of Andhra Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Tanya Nagpal ◽  
Sai Mahesh B ◽  
Phani Sai chandu Sunkavalli ◽  
Deepa Narravula ◽  
Shalini N S
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The People ◽  
Textile Industries ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Small scale industries are major contribution on GDP. Due to COVID-19 global economy was affected and their impact on textile industries. In present scenario many countries are facing shortage of face mask due to shutdown of industries due to COVID-19 and lack of raw materials due to closing of borders and complete lockdowns throughout the world. Due to lack of face mask the people are wearing homemade face masks. This study helps us to examine how face masks market impact on small scale industries and problems faced by small scale industries due to pandemic. The main objective of the study was to understand why face mask got such huge demand and due to pandemic how small-scale industries got impacted and challenges faced by industries on manufacturing face masks and it was found that textile industries get benefited through face masks and benefits in form of relief funds provided by the government to small scale sectors, growth and performance of small-scale industries in pandemic situation. This research will further facilitate to small-scale industries in order to frame sustainable practices in the COVID situation.

Renewable Energy on Tribal Lands: A Feasibility Study for a Biomass-to-Energy Plant on the Cocopah Reservation in Arizona

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Lauren K. D’Souza ◽  
William L. Ascher ◽  
Tanja Srebotnjak
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Plant ◽  
Energy Projects ◽  
Alternative Investment

Native American reservations are among the most economically disadvantaged regions in the United States; lacking access to economic and educational opportunities that are exacerbated by “energy insecurity” due to insufficient connectivity to the electric grid and power outages. Local renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and biomass offer energy alternatives but their implementation encounters barriers such as lack of financing, infrastructure, and expertise, as well as divergent attitudes among tribal leaders. Biomass, in particular, could be a source of stable base-load power that is abundant and scalable in many rural communities. This case study examines the feasibility of a biomass energy plant on the Cocopah reservation in southwestern Arizona. It considers feedstock availability, cost and energy content, technology options, nameplate capacity, discount and interest rates, construction, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and alternative investment options. This study finds that at current electricity prices and based on typical costs for fuel, O&M over 30 years, none of the tested scenarios is presently cost-effective on a net present value (NPV) basis when compared with an alternative investment yielding annual returns of 3% or higher. The technology most likely to be economically viable and suitable for remote, rural contexts—a combustion stoker—resulted in a levelized costs of energy (LCOE) ranging from US$0.056 to 0.147/kWh. The most favorable scenario is a combustion stoker with an estimated NPV of US$4,791,243. The NPV of the corresponding alternative investment is US$7,123,380. However, if the tribes were able to secure a zero-interest loan to finance the plant’s installation cost, the project would be on par with the alternative investment. Even if this were the case, the scenario still relies on some of the most optimistic assumptions for the biomass-to-power plant and excludes abatement costs for air emissions. The study thus concludes that at present small-scale, biomass-to-energy projects require a mix of favorable market and local conditions as well as appropriate policy support to make biomass energy projects a cost-competitive source of stable, alternative energy for remote rural tribal communities that can provide greater tribal sovereignty and economic opportunities.

MANUFACTURING GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY PYROLYSIS MICROALGAE BIOMASS

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
N. I. Chernova ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva ◽  
O. M. Larina ◽  
G. A. Sytchev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquid ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

Algae biomass is considered as an alternative raw material for the production of biofuels. The search for new types of raw materials, including high-energy types of microalgae, remains relevant, since the share of motor fuels in the structure of the global fuel and energy balance remains consistently high (about 35%), and the price of oil is characterized by high volatility. The authors have considered the advantages of microalgae as sources of raw materials for fuel production. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion are proposed as technologies for their processing. This paper presents the results of the study of the pyrolysis of the biomass of clonal culture of blue-green microalgae / cyanobacteriumArthrospira platensis rsemsu 1/02-Pfrom the collection of the Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. An experiment to study the process of pyrolysis of microalgae biomass was carried out at the experimental facility of the Institute of High Temperatures RAS in pure nitrogen grade 6.0 to create an oxygen-free environment with a linear heating rate of 10 ºС / min from room temperature to 1000 ºС. The whole process of pyrolysis proceeded in the field of endothermy. The specific amounts of solid residue, pyrolysis liquid and gaseous products were experimentally determined. As a result of the pyrolysis of microalgae biomass weighing 15 g, the following products were obtained: 1) coal has the mass of the solid residue is 2.68 g, or 17.7% of the initial mass of the microalgae (while 9.3% of the initial mass of the microalgae remained in the reactor); 2) pyrolysis liquid – weight 3.3 g, or 21.9% of the initial weight; 3) non-condensable pyrolysis gases – weight 1.15 l. The specific volumetric gas yield (the amount of gas released from 1 kg of the starting material) was 0.076 Nm3/ kg. The analysis of the composition and specific volume yield of non-condensable pyrolysis gases formed in the process of pyrolysis, depending on temperature. It is shown that with increasing temperature, the proportion of highcalorie components of the gas mixture (hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide) increases. The calorific value of the mixture of these gases has been estimated.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF OPTIMIZED RECEPTURAL OF LOW-LACTOSE SYNBIOTIC YOGHOURT ICE CREAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
А. Trubnikova ◽  
О. Chabanova ◽  
S. Bondar ◽  
Т. Sharakhmatova ◽  
Т. Nedobijchuk
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Free Protein ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
New Type ◽  
Main Components

Optimization of the formulation of synbiotic yogurt ice cream low-lactose using lactose-free protein concentrate of buttermilk and yogurt with low lactose content is the goal of expanding the range of low-lactose dairy products and improving the functional and health properties of ice cream. Low-lactose ice cream formulation optimization was performed using a gradient numerical method, namely conjugated gradients (Conjugate Gradient). The optimization algorithm is implemented in Mathcad. An array of data with a set of indicators for the choice of a rational ratio of lactose-free protein concentrate of buttermilk and yogurt base and inulin content for ice cream mixtures is presented. The influence of the ratio of the main components of the mixtures on the foaming ability, which determines the quality of the finished product, has been studied. An important indicator is taken into account - the concentration factor of buttermilk, which is additionally purified from lactose by diafiltration. The graphic material presented in the work clearly demonstrates that the rational ratio of yogurt base and lactose-free protein concentrate of buttermilk, obtained by ultrafiltration with diafiltration purification at a concentration factor of FC = 5 is 40.6: 59.4. The content of additional components included in the recipe of a new type of ice cream is optimized in the work, the mass fractions of which were: inulin - 3.69 %; lactulose – 1 %; ginger - 0.3 %; citric acid - 0.15 %; stabilization system - 0.2 %. The chemical composition and quality indicators of the mixture for ice cream low-lactose synbiotic yogurt, consisting of raw materials in the optimal ratio, were determined. The lactose content in the test sample of the ice cream mixture was 0.99%, the antioxidant activity was 3.1 times higher than in the mixture for traditional yogurt ice cream. The most likely number of lactic acid microorganisms, CFU / cm3 is (2.8 ± 0.9) · 108, the number of bifidobacteria, CFU / cm3 is (2.5 ± 0.2) · 109. The results of the research will be implemented in dairy companies in the production of ice cream.

Water Pollution Abatement in Small Paper Mills in India

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Panneerselvam
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Recovery System

In order to reduce the demand for the forest based raw materials by the organised industrial sectors like the large integrated pulp and paper mills, the Government of India started promoting several small-scale pulp and paper mills based on non-wood agricultural residue raw materials. However promotion of these small mills has created another environmental problem i.e. severe water pollution due to non-recovery of chemicals. Because of the typical characteristics like high silica content etc. of the black liquor produced and the subsequent high capital investment needed for a recovery system, it is not economically feasible for the small Indian mills to recover the chemicals. While the quantity of wastewater generated per tonne of paper produced by a small mill is same as from a large integrated pulp and paper mill with a chemical recovery system, their BOD load is four times higher, due to non recovery of chemicals. However the existing wastewater disposal standards are uniform for large and small mills for e.g. 30 mg BOD/l. To meet these standards, the small mills have to install a capital intensive wastewater treatment plant with heavy recurring operating costs. Therefore the feasible alternative is to implement various pollution abatement measures, with the objective of not only reducing the fibre/chemical loss but also to reduce the investment and operating costs of the final wastewater treatment system. To illustrate this approach, a case study on water pollution abatement and control in a 10 TPD mill, will be discussed.

scholarly journals Solid Form and Phase Transformation Properties of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride during Wet Granulation Process

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Suye Li ◽  
Hengqian Wu ◽  
Yanna Zhao ◽  
Ruiyan Zhang ◽  
Zhengping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dissolution Behavior ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Granulation Process ◽  
And Performance

The quality control of drug products during manufacturing processes is important, particularly the presence of different polymorphic forms in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during production, which could affect the performance of the formulated products. The objective of this study was to investigate the phase transformation of fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXD) and its influence on the quality and performance of the drug. Water addition was key controlling factor for the polymorphic conversion from Form I to Form II (hydrate) during the wet granulation process of FXD. Water-induced phase transformation of FXD was studied and quantified with XRD and thermal analysis. When FXD was mixed with water, it rapidly converted to Form II, while the conversion is retarded when FXD is formulated with excipients. In addition, the conversion was totally inhibited when the water content was <15% w/w. The relationship between phase transformation and water content was studied at the small scale, and it was also applicable for the scale-up during wet granulation. The effect of phase transition on the FXD tablet performance was investigated by evaluating granule characterization and dissolution behavior. It was shown that, during the transition, the dissolved FXD acted as a binder to improve the properties of granules, such as density and flowability. However, if the water was over added, it can lead to the incomplete release of the FXD during dissolution. In order to balance the quality attributes and the dissolution of granules, the phase transition of FXD and the water amount added should be controlled during wet granulation.

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