scholarly journals Analisis Utilisasi Resep Antibiotik Pasien Rawat Jalan Tingkat Pertama (RJTP) di Puskesmas Tebet Jakarta Selatan, Tahun 2005

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Nurlaili Isnaini
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Drug Expenditure ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Price Analysis

Kecenderungan peningkatan penggunaan antibiotika di Pelayanan Kesehatan Dasar merupakan penggunaaan obat yang tidak rasional dan akan menghambat penurunan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit. Pemberian antibiotika yang berlebihan akan meningkatkan resistensi bakteri dan meningkatkan pembiayaan obat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran utilisasi obat antibiotika Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa persentase resep obat pasien RJTP yang berisi antibiotika 37,74 %. Proporsi terbesar pemanfaatan obat antibiotika pada pasien RJTP di Puskesmas Tebet tahun 2005 ditemukan pada kelompok usia dewasa (12-65 tahun) yaitu sebesar 56,5 %, pasien yang bayar sendiri yaitu sebesar 89,8 %, penyakit infeksi lain selain ISPA yaitu sebesar 61,6 % dan rata-rata lama hari pemberian obat antibiotika adalah 4 hari dimana nilai ini tidak sesuai dengan pedoman pengobatan antibiotika yang belaku. Rata-rata harga obat per-lembar resep adalah Rp. 6.226,01,- sedangkan rata-rata jumlah R/ nya adalah 3 R/. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa usia, status pembayaran, jenis penyakit (ISPA) dan lama hari pemberian obat secara signifikan mempengaruhi rata-rata harga obat dan rata-rata jumlah R/ per-lembar resepnya. Disarankan perlu dilakukan upaya peresepan pengobatan sesuai dengan standar pengobatan yang berlaku terutama lama hari pemberian obat, analisa lebih lanjut mengenai rata-rata harga obat per-lembar resep yang lebih spesifik yaitu dengan hanya menganalisa rata-rata harga obat antibiotika.Kata kunci : Utilisasi, obat antibiotika, pasien RJTPThe tendencies of overusing of antibiotics in primary health care indicates the irrational drug use and inhibits the decrease of morbidity and mortality through increasing bacterial resistance and elevate drug expenditure. The objective of this study was to know the description of antibiotics drug utilization. Results of this study were the percentage of prescription containing antibiotics was 37,74 %. The biggest proportion of antibiotics utilization found in adult patients (12 -65 year old) i.e. 56.5%, individual payment patients was 89.8 % and non-ARI infectious disease was 61,6 %. The average number of days antibiotics use was 4 days, that was not in accordance to the antibiotics medication guideline. The average price of single prescription was Rp. 6.226,01 where the average R/ per prescription was 3 items. The result of multivariate analysis indicated age (except elderly), payment status, diagnosis of ARI and duration of antibiotics use significantly able to predict drug price per prescription and the average R/ per prescription. It was suggested to conduct standard prescription particu- larly regarding to duration of medication, more specific price analysis focused on antibiotics price is also suggested.Key words: Utilization, antibiotics drugs, RJTP patients

Seeking Solutions to the Challenges in Health Services in Developing Nations

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Jessica McCormack ◽  
Patrick Rawstorne ◽  
Mohamud Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, 2010, confirmed that the world's population is living longer and we are now less likely than a decade earlier to die from an infectious disease but also more likely to live our twilight years with morbidity (Murray et al., 2012). We will also most likely die from a chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, and diabetes (Beaglehole, et al., 2008). However this brief glimpse at the trends in the health of the world's population obscures massive inequalities in the burden of disease as well as variations across the globe. In this piece, we will revisit primary health care, both at its dawn, its contribution to developing nations, and the ills it struggled through over the years. Cuba and Thailand are the key examples of developing nations that have experienced the contribution of primary health care more than most other countries.

scholarly journals C-Reactive Protein: A New Rapid Assay for Managing Infectious Disease in Primary Health Care

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Hjortdahl ◽  
Sverre Landaas ◽  
Petter Urdal ◽  
Martin Steinbakk ◽  
Per Fuglerud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Protein A ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Rapid Assay ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Primary Health

scholarly journals Reorganizacija službe na primarnem nivoju zdravstvene dejavnosti v času epidemije COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Kitić jaklić ◽  
Jože Prestor ◽  
Matjaž Maletič
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Health Care Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Health

The COVID-19 epidemic caused by the SARS-Co-V2 virus has dramatically affected the daily life of society as a whole and almost without exception the functioning of various institutions. The first and hardest have been institutions falling under the health care sector. Over the past several decades, the functioning of health care institutions has retained a more or less type of fragile balance that has been further shaken by the COVID-19 epidemic. This has served to inadevertently reveal some shortcomings in the health care sector. In this article, we outline the reorganization and adaptation of the primary health care sector as seen in the example of the Community Health Centre Kranj. Particulary highlighted are challenges faced within the health care institution as well as examples of good practice that should be maintained in the event of any future infectious disease epidemic outbreaks.

scholarly journals Use of rehabilitation services by persons with disabilities in Brazil: A multivariate analysis from Andersen’s behavioral model

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250615
Author(s):  
Arthur de Almeida Medeiros ◽  
Maria Helena Rodrigues Galvão ◽  
Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa ◽  
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli da Costa Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Andersen’S Behavioral Model ◽  
Primary Health

Background For many years, discussions about health care for people with disabilities (PwD) in Brazil have not been treated as a priority; however, based on the advances made at the beginning of this century, new policies have been developed with the aim of improving access of these people to health services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze how individual characteristics and contextual indicators are associated with access to rehabilitation services for PwD in Brazil. Methods A multivariate analysis was performed based on data from the National Health Survey 2013, considering access to rehabilitation services by PwD as the primary outcome and individual and contextual factors selected from Andersen’s behavioral model as independent variables. The contextual variables were reduced to two composite indicators (1-primary health care coverage and unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, and 2-economic inequality) from the analysis of the principal components. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) and the respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results Access to rehabilitation services by PwD was more prevalent in people aged 0 to 17 years (PR = 3.28; 95%CI 2.85–3.78), who are illiterate (PR = 1.24; 95%CI 1.09–1.40), whose socioeconomic level is A or B (PR = 1.60; 95%CI 1.35–1.88), who have health insurance (PR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.15–1.49), who have severe limitations (PR = 3.09; 95%CI 2.64–3.62), who live in states with a good offer of Specialized Rehabilitation Centers, both type II (PR = 1.20; CI95% 1.08; 1.33) and type IV (PR = 1.29; CI95% 1.15; 1.44), and who have greater coverage of primary health care, but unfavorable socioeconomic conditions (PR = 1.15; CI95% 1.03–1.28). Conclusion The results clarify the social inequities that exist regarding access to rehabilitation services for PwD in Brazil and highlight the need to formulate and implement public policies that guarantee the realization of the rights of these people.

scholarly journals Model Pengendalian Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Anak Bawah Tiga Tahun

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Kusumawati ◽  
Setiyowati Rahardjo ◽  
Hesti Permata Sari
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Environmental Sanitation ◽  
Primary Health

Stunting merupakan masalah gizi, terbukti data pemantauan status gizi Kabupaten Banyumas 2012 prevalensi stunting sebesar 28,37% dan prevalensi tertinggi (41,6%) di Puskesmas Kedungbanteng. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis faktor risiko terkait faktor anak, ibu, lingkungan terhadap stunting bawah tiga tahun (batita) agar dapat dikembangkan model pengendaliannya. Penelitian menggunakan desain kasus kontrol, populasi adalah seluruh anak usia 6 sampai 36 bulan di Puskesmas Kedungbanteng Kabupaten Banyumas selama enam bulan tahun 2013. Sampel kasus adalah 50 batita stunting, sampel kontrol adalah 50 batita status normal. Teknik pengambilan sampel kasus diambil dari tujuh desa yang terbanyak stuntingnya, sedangkan kontrol adalah batita normal tetangga terdekat kasus dengan usia yang disamakan. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara dan pengukuran. Analisis data univariat, bivariat (uji kai kuadrat), dan multivariat (uji regresi logistik ganda). Hasil penelitian menemukan karakteristik batita stunting terkena penyakit infeksi (82%), riwayat panjang badan lahir < 48 centimeter (66%), riwayat pemberian ASI dan makanan pendamping ASI kurang baik (66%), riwayat berat badan lahir rendah (8%). Pada penelitian ini, faktor risiko stunting adalah penyakit infeksi, pelayanan kesehatan, immunisasi, pengetahuan ibu, pendapatan keluarga, ketersediaan pangan keluarga, dan sanitasi lingkungan. Faktor yang paling dominan adalah penyakit infeksi. Model pengendalian stunting melalui peningkatan pemberdayaan keluarga terkait pencegahan penyakit infeksi, memanfaatkan pekarangan sebagai sumber gizi keluarga dan perbaikan sanitasi lingkungan.  Model of Stunting Risk Factor Control among Children under Three Years OldStunting is a nutritional problem, proved by the evidence of nutritional status monitoring at Banyumas District in 2012, the prevalence of stunting was 28.37% and the highest prevalence 41.6% at Kedungbanteng Primary Health Care. This study aimed to analyze risk factors related to child, maternal, and environmental factors toward stunting among children under three year old in 2013 in order to develop the control model. This study used case control design, the population was all children aged of six to 36 months at Kedungbanteng Primary Health Care, Banyumas District. Sample was 50 stunting children, while the control sample was 50 normal children. Sampling technique was taken from seven villages with the highest stunting number, meanwhile the control was normal children living closest to the case with similar age. Data was collected through interview and measurement. Data analysis was conducted in univariate, bivariate (chi-square test), and multivariate analyze (multiple logistic regression test). The results found that characteristics of stunting children under three years old were often suffering infectious diseases (66%), having body length record < 48 centimeter (66%), bad records of breastfeeding and comlementary feeding (66%), and record of low birth weight (8%).Stunting risk factors in this study were infectious disease, health services, immunization, maternal knowledge, family income, family food availability, and environmental sanitation. The most dominating factor was infectious disease. The stunting control model through enhancement of family empowerment related to infectious disease prevention, utilization yard as a family nutrition source and environmental sanitation repair.

scholarly journals Pattern of Antibiotics Use at the Primary Health Care Level of Bangladesh: Survey Report-1

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
SM Raquibul Hasan ◽  
Md Mokarram Hossain ◽  
Raushanara Akter ◽  
SM Hasibul Karim ◽  
Shamsul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Inappropriate Prescribing ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Care Level ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Primary Health Care Level ◽  
Antibiotics Use

Although Bangladesh has made substantial progress in drug manufacturing since the introduction of its National Drug Policy (NDP) in 1982, irrational use of drugs, inappropriate prescribing, inadequate access to essential drugs and unjustified self medication are a few of a range of problems that are affecting the total health care system seriously. Taking this in view, a survey project has been designed to conduct nationwide to explore the pattern of antibiotics use at the primary health care level in Bangladesh using carefully constructed questionnaires containing questions covering both antibiotic prescription habit of the physicians and patients’ response to antibiotic use. In the first phase of this effort, 20 Upazila Health Complexes and the Union Health Centres thereunder each of Dhaka and Chittagong division were randomly surveyed. From physician survey it was evident that 55.57% of the doctors prescribe antibiotics in suspected infection while only 33.46% of them prescribe antibiotics in confirmed cases. 40.22% of doctors prescribe antibiotics in cold and fever before any diagnostic test. Moreover, 37.31% of doctors prescribe antibiotics for pleasing the patients whereas 62.44% denied such undue influence. Doctors seldom receive feedback of completion of course of antibiotic therapy by patients. Cephalosporin was found to be the most (26.9%) preferred antibiotic in case of empirical therapy. On the other hand, it was evident from patient survey that cold, fever and acute respiratory infection (ARI) were prevalent (39.78%) causes that brought the patients to physician. 60.1 % of the patients reported that they get essential antibiotics from hospital free of cost while 24.5% of them complained that they do not get antibiotics from hospital. 34.76% of the patients reported that they complete the course of antibiotic therapy by buying antibiotics from the market whereas 56.14% of them do not buy the full course and stop taking medicine (53.46%) as soon as symptoms subside. The results of the present survey indicate that antibiotics are widely and inappropriately used without following standard guidelines or based on any rationality. This is an alarming situation, which should be properly taken care of by the relevant authority to save the people from growing antibiotic resistance. Key words: Bangladesh; Rational use; Antibiotics; Primary health care. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i1.5809Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.2(1) 2009: 1-7

The Impact of New Drug Introduction on Drug Expenditure in Primary Health Care in Catalunya, Spain

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Zara ◽  
Miguel Torralba ◽  
José M Sotoca ◽  
Alba Prat ◽  
María-Teresa Faixedas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Drug Expenditure ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The Impact
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