scholarly journals Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of the uppermost Jurassic– Lower Cretaceous Sulaiy Formation in outcrops of central Saudi Arabia

GeoArabia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-122
Author(s):  
Philipp Wolpert ◽  
Martin Bartenbach ◽  
Peter Suess ◽  
Randolf Rausch ◽  
Thomas Aigner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arabian Plate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Large Solution ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Facies Associations ◽  
Sulaiy Formation

ABSTRACT Uppermost Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous carbonates of the Sulaiy Formation are well exposed at the type locality Dahal Hit, and along the entire natural escarpment near Ar Riyad, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study provides a facies and sequence-stratigraphic analysis based on detailed sedimentological and gamma-ray logging of 12 outcrop sections. The sections represent the Sulaiy Formation along a 60 km-long outcrop belt, including the Hith-Sulaiy transition in a large solution cavity named Dahal Hit, situated south of Ar Riyad. The latter section is studied in detail because it is the only locality in Saudi Arabia where the Hith Anhyrite (Hith Formation in this study) to the Sulaiy Formation transition crops out. Ten lithofacies types were identified for the Sulaiy Formation including potential reservoirs such as oolitic cross-bedded grainstones, biostromal boundstones, and bioclast-rich, graded pack-to-grainstones. Lithofacies types are grouped into five facies associations: (1) offshoal, (2) transition zone, foreshoal, (4) shoal margin, and (5) shoal, distributed along a carbonate ramp. Their vertical stacking pattern revealed a systematic hierarchy of cyclicity consisting of small-scale cycles, medium-scale cycle sets and two large-scale sequences for the Sulaiy Formation. Four cycle motifs, with an average thickness of 2–4 m, are present: (1) offshoal to transition zone cycle motif, (2) offshoal to foreshoal cycle motif, (3) transition zone to shoal margin cycle motif, and foreshoal to shoal margin cycle motif. A total of 15 cycle sets, ranging between 8 and 12 m in thickness each, were interpreted. They were correlated, where possible, across the study area. Three types of medium-scale cycle sets are observed: (1) offshoal to shoal cycle set motif, (2) offshoal to foreshoal cycle set motif, and (3) shoal margin to offshoal cycle set motif. The Lower Sulaiy Sequence consists of twelve cycle sets and is interpreted to contain two Arabian Plate maximum flooding surfaces (MFS): (1) Upper Tithonian MFS J110 (147 Ma) in its lowermost part, which is interpreted to be the time-equivalent of the Manifa reservoir in subsurface Arabia. (2) Lower Berriasian MFS K10 (144 Ma) in the seventh-up cycle set. The Upper Sulaiy Sequence is only represented in the Wadi Nisah Section and is believed to be incomplete because the Sulaiy/Yamama Formation boundary was not included in our study. It is presumed to contain Upper Berriasian MFS K20 (141 Ma).

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE FUCTIONAL ROLE OF RICE MILLING COMPANY ON THE WELFARE OF RICE FARMERS IN THE SUB-DISTRICT BUAY MADANG TIMUR DISTRICT OKU TIMUR

Jurnal AKTUAL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Aisah Aisah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Rice Milling ◽  
Processing And Storage

Rice Milling Company is rice industry’s oldest and largest classified in Indonesia, which is able to absorb more than 10 million workers, handles more than 40 million tons of grain.  Rice Milling Company agro-industy is the central point, because this is where the main product is obtained in the form of rice and raw materials for advanced processing of food and industrial products.  Rice Miling Unit in the district of OKU Timur there is some skala, ranging form small-scale, medium-scale to large-scale.  Fuctional benefits of each different scale milling is also different.  The average rice farmers often sell gabahnya to the rice milling unit closest to the place residence, whether it is large-scale, medium and small.  Rice produced by the milling-grinding different quality.  Usually when a large-scale millimg yield of rice is cleaner than the other scale.  But it does not become a reference for milling grain milling usually depends on consumer demand.  The purpose of the study are : 1.  To determine levels of volume (tonnage) and the retention time of each service fuctional rice storage (barns) wich carried a different scale rice milling unit.  2.  To determine differences in the bebefits of economic transactions received by farmers and rice millers of different scale of business, especially when seen from the level of the milling costs, the purchase price of rice by rice milling unit, and the quality of milling services and service scale.  The result show that : the fuctional role of each is different milling.  Large-scale milling has three fuctional roles are : Processing, storage and distribution.  Medium-scale miling functional has two roles, namely : processing and distribution.  While small-scale rice milling unit has only two functional roles are : processing and storage.

scholarly journals Effect of the scale of production on the cost-effectiveness of milk production systems belonging to the “Balde Cheio” program

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1211
Author(s):  
Flávio De Moraes ◽  
Marcos Aurélio Lopes ◽  
Francisval De Melo Carvalho ◽  
Afonso Aurélio de Carvalho Peres ◽  
Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Return On Capital ◽  
The Cost

This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of 20 demonstration units (DUs) belonging to the "Balde Cheio" program. The units in question are from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, dating from January to December 2011, and are sorted according to the scale of production (small, medium and large). The data were analyzed using Predictive Analytical software (PASW) 18.0. The scale of production influenced the total cost of milk production, and therefore profitability and cost-effectiveness. The large-scale stratum showed the lowest total unit cost. The positive results in medium and large scales in milk production lead to optimal conditions for long-term production, with the capitalization of cowmen. The items regarding the effective operating cost (EOC) with the biggest influence on the costs of dairy activity in the small scale stratum were food, energy and miscellaneous expenses. In the medium scale, these were food, labor force, and miscellaneous expenses. Finally, in the large scale, they were food, labor force and energy. In the small and large scale, the items regarding the total cost with the biggest influence on the costs of dairy activity were food, labor force, and return on capital, while in the medium scale, they were food, return on capital, and labor force. The average break-even point of 14 of the DUs was higher than the average daily production.

scholarly journals Hydrologic-environmental effects of sponge city under different spatial scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiake Li ◽  
Cong Mu ◽  
Chenning Deng ◽  
Menghua Ma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Runoff Reduction

Abstract The storm water management models were established at three spatial scales (large, medium, and small) based on a sponge city pilot area in China to explore the hydrological and environmental effects of rainfall conditions and development modes. Results showed the following. (1) Total runoff reduction rates increased from 26.7% to 53.9% for the rainfall event of a 2-year recurrence period as the scale increased. For 5-year and above recurrence periods, total runoff reduction rates were 19.5–49.4%. These rates increased from the small to medium scale and slightly decreased from the medium to large scale. (2) The runoff coefficients were 0.87–0.29, which decreased from the small to medium scale and were basically constant from the medium to large scale. (3) The peak flow reduction rates decreased with increased recurrence periods. The rates increased initially and then decreased at the small scale, whereas the opposite trend occurred at the medium scale. (4) The reduction rates of pollutants were negatively correlated with recurrence periods under the three spatial scales. The pollution load reduction rates were 19.5–54.7%, which increased from the small to medium scale and were basically constant from the medium to large scale.

scholarly journals Cartographic Remote-Sensing Monitoring of Glaciological Systems (Example, Mount El‛ Brus, U.S.S.R.) (Abstract)

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 247-248
Author(s):  
Yu. F. Knizhnikov ◽  
V.I. Kravtsova ◽  
I.A. Labutina
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Remote Sensing Monitoring ◽  
Periglacial Zone

Remote-sensing methods in monitoring the glacierization of Mount EI‛ brus are used to produce base and dynamic maps, and to obtain quantitative information (dynamic indices) about the rate, intensity, and variations of the process. The monitoring system is divided, according to scope and territory covered, into small-scale for total glacierization and the periglacial zone, medium-scale for separate glaciers, and large-scale (detailed) for part of the glaciers or sectors of the adjoining slopes. The approximate relationship of even scales is 1 : 4. Small-scale monitoring remote-sensing systems are important for making maps showing the complex characteristics of the glaciological system. A series of maps was produced including geographical, those of high-altitude zones, slope and exposure angles, geological, glaciomorphological, climatic (temperature, precipitation, and winds), distribution of direct solar radiation, hydrological (source of streams), seats of avalanches, and landslides. All these data serve as a cartographical basis in monitoring the glacierization of Mount EI‛ brus. They are compiled from remotely sensed and Earth-based data. Current monitoring on a small scale includes observations of the conditions which determine the existence of the glacial system - this includes data on winter snowfall and the period of snow cover. These observations were obtained from meteorological and resource satellites, and from scanner data of medium and high resolution. Also important are observations of changes in the outline of glaciers, times of snowfall and character of the distribution of snow, and its redistribution due to avalanches and snowstorms. High-resolution space photographs, small-scale aerial photographs, and aerovisual observations provide the data for these observations. It has been determined that the area of the glaciers of Mount El‛ brus has been reduced by 1 % in the last 25 years, i.e. the rate of its deglacierization dropped sharply as compared to preceding decades. The role of quantitative information gains importance in the medium-scale level of monitoring. Topographical maps of separate glaciers compiled from aerial photographs or data from ground stereo-photogrammetric surveys constitute the base maps at this level. The main method used in monitoring were large-scale surveys from aircraft, perspective surveys from helicopters, and phototheodolite surveys. Multi-date surveys of the glaciers provide data about the changes in their outlines and height, the character of their relief, their moraines, the amount of snow accumulation and ablation in separate years, the surface rates of ice flow and their fluctuations. The techniques by which quantitative information is obtained about changes in the glaciers are derived from processing the data of multi-date surveys. The organization and techniques of phototheodolite surveys have been improved. A theory evolved for determining the surface-ice movement by stereo-photogrammetric means and the technique for it has also improved; algorithms and programs for machine processing of the data of multi-date surveys (ground and from aircraft) have been produced At this level of monitoring, it has been found that the retreat rate of most glaciers has slowed down and several glaciers are now in equilibrium. Several glaciers became active at the beginning of the 1970s and 1980s; this was accompanied by an increase in their height and forward movement. For example, activation of Kyukyurtlyu Glacier has been recorded (higher surface and increasing flow rate) which has caused the glacier to move forward 100 m. Surveys at an interval of 2 years recorded the beginning of the process of retreat of this glacier. Detailed monitoring is used to detect the mechanism of the dynamic processes and to study it on local representative sectors. On a glacier it may take the form of annual surveys of its tongue, which makes it possible to observe the processes of formation of moraines and glacio-fluvial relief. Studies may also be made of the mechanism of the movement of avalanches and landslides, deducing their quantitative characteristics and appraising the results of avalanches and landslides. Multi-date surveys of sectors of the slopes provide information about processes in the periglacial zone. At this level, regularly repeated ground stereo-photogrammetric surveys are the main means of observation. Glaciological remote-sensing monitoring provides a wealth of data for theoretical development in the field of glaciology. It makes it possible to forecast and produce warnings about hazardous processes and phenomena.

Analysis of Synergies among the Ecological Factors of Farmland in a Township

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 916-920
Author(s):  
Yu Huan Li ◽  
Deng Qiu Li ◽  
Jie Wu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Factorial Kriging ◽  
Spherical Models ◽  
Scale Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Coordination

The spatial variability of single ecological factors of the farmland and the synergies among the ecological factors were studied by using geostatistical analysis and factorial kriging analysis (FKA).The results show that all of the spherical models of the co-variogram can be grouped into four parts: the nugget part, the small-scale part, the medium-scale part, and the large-scale part. The mean value of the small-scale range (1.12-1.85 km) is approximately 1.50 km, that of the medium-scale range (3.40-4.10 km) is approximately 3.8 km, and that of the large-scale range (9.35-10.10 km) is approximately 9.8 km. The correlations between each factor on the four scales vary, and the correlation between each factor on the medium scale is the strongest. In this paper, the ecological factors of the farmland on the medium scale have relatively consistent variability and sources, indicating that all of the factors on that scale have a high coordination.

scholarly journals Systemic Review of Application of Six Sigma Approaches in Small and Medium Scale Industries: A Review in Respect of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 191-200
Author(s):  
Neeru Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Six Sigma ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Abstract: Six Sigma is a tool which helps industries to control the defects and all other issues which can be possible factors to reduce the growth of the company. It was seen that in large scale industries, the Six Sigma is used form previous decades but when goes to small and medium scale industries, there is lack of implementation of Six Sigma and its tools, so in present review paper, various research papers selected in which small and medium scale industries are selected. In this paper all possible aspects of the Six Sigma is presented in detail. Keywords: Six Sigma, Tools, Small Scale Industries, DMAIC approach, Manufacturing Industries

Sedimentary structures and paleocurrents in a Tertiary deltaic succession, northern Banks Basin, Arctic Canada

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1422-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Miall
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sedimentary Structure ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Point Bar ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Delta Plain ◽  
Mouth Bar ◽  
Delta Lobe

The Eureka Sound Formation of northern Banks Basin is a deltaic unit of Paleocene to Eocene age. A basal member of shale, approximately 100 m thick, passes vertically and, in part, laterally into a succession of sand, silt, shale, and lignitic coal approximately 1000 m thick, which is referred to as the cyclic member because of the abundance of coarsening-upward cycles, averaging 7.4 m in thickness.Sand beds in the cyclic member can be divided into four lithofacies: (1) A facires dominated by medium- to large-scale planar crossbedding, formed by channel processes, including lateral point bar accretion, in the delta plain environment. (2) A predominance of medium-scale trough and (minor) planar crossbeds, formed by migrating dunes in distributary mouth bar sands. (3) A predominance of small-scale ripple-marks, formed by low energy, unimodal currents in distal distributary mouth sands. (4) A lack of current structures, indicating quiet-water, interdeltaic and prodeltaic deposition. The distribution of these four facies outlines a series of small lobate deltas.Paleocurrent data suggest a pattern of radiating distributaries within each delta lobe. Directional variance, when analyzed at various levels of the sedimentary structure hierarchy, provides information regarding channel sinuosity and enables comparisons to be made with other deltaic deposits. High variance for the directions of the distributaries is consistent with a fluvially dominated delta.

Microwave-Assisted Chemistry: a Closer Look at Heating Efficiency

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hoogenboom ◽  
Tom F. A. Wilms ◽  
Tina Erdmenger ◽  
Ulrich S. Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Passive Heating ◽  
Conductive Heating ◽  
Heating Efficiency ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Demineralized Water

Nowadays, microwave heating has evolved into a common tool for chemists based on its numerous advantages over conventional conductive heating. Surprisingly, the efficiency of microwave-assisted heating is still rather unexplored. In this contribution, we report our investigations concerning the heating efficiency of a variety of solvents including polar and apolar substances. Moreover, the effects of adding salt or passive heating elements on the microwave heating efficiency will be addressed. Finally, the heating efficiency of demineralized water is discussed at different volumes and with different microwave power levels in both monomode and multimode microwave synthesizers, demonstrating maximum average heating efficiencies of 10% for small-scale vessels (5 mL), 20% for medium-scale (50 mL), and 30% for large-scale microwave heating (400 mL).

Scale-Location Dependence of the Relationship between NDVI and Environmental Factors in Wuyi Mountain

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3828-3834
Author(s):  
Wei Cheng Zou ◽  
G. R. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Windward Side ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Wavelet Coherency

The correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and environmental factors is examined at different scales and locations in world heritage of Wuyi Mountain by wavelet coherency. These factors are elevation, slope, aspect, distance to nearest resident, distance to nearest road , and distance to nearest river along two transects based on data of DEM, residents, roads, rivers and ALOS remote sensing image in 2009.The results show that:(1) The relationships between NDVI and environmental factors change along with scale. The relationships between NDVI and environmental factors in the first transect are all weak at small scale (<480m). At medium scale (480-7680m), NDVI is significantly correlated with elevation, slope, resident , and road. At large scale (>7680m), NDVI is significantly correlated with elevation, resident and river. For the second transect, NDVI is significantly correlated with aspect at small scale; and significantly correlated with elevation, aspect, slope and river at medium scale; and significantly correlated with elevation, aspect, and slope at large scale. Thus elevation is the dominant controlling factors on the vegetation cover.(2)The relationships between NDVI and environmental factors also change when location changes. There is positive correlation between NDVI and elevation below the altitude of 600 m and the windward side of the southeast monsoon above 600m, while it is negative in the leeward side above 600m. Besides, NDVI is directly related with road, resident, slope, and river in the areas where the elevation is below 1200m, but inversely above 1200m.

scholarly journals Significant new biostratigraphic horizons in the Qusaiba Member of the Silurian Qalibah Formation of central Saudi Arabia, and their sedimentologic expression in a sequence stratigraphic context

GeoArabia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Miller Merrell ◽  
Melvin John
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Arabian Plate ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Sequence Stratigraphic ◽  
Facies Associations ◽  
Global Sea Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Stratigraphic Evolution

ABSTRACT Detailed analysis of over 1,000 subsurface Silurian palynology samples from 34 wells has allowed the development of a robust biostratigraphy based on acritarchs, chitinozoans and cryptospores for the Qusaiba Member of the Qalibah Formation, central Saudi Arabia. The new index fossils described herein augment the Arabian Plate Silurian chitinozoan zonation. The high-resolution biostratigraphic zonation consists of nine First Downhole Occurrences (FDOs) from the lower Telychian through Aeronian. In particular, three regionally recognizable palynologic horizons were identified within the lower part of the informally designated Mid-Qusaiba Sandstone (Angochitina hemeri Interval Zone), and above the FDO of Sphaerochitina solutidina. This high level of biostratigraphic resolution provides a framework for the integration of the sedimentology and calibration with global sea level curves, leading to a detailed understanding of the sequence stratigraphic evolution of this part of the Silurian in Saudi Arabia. Sedimentological core studies identify three Depositional Facies Associations (DFAs) within the Mid-Qusaiba Sandstone interval, including: (1) shelfal deposits (DFA-I) characterized by interbedded hummocky cross-stratified sandstones, graded siltstones and bioturbated mudstones; (2) turbiditic deposits (DFA-II); and (3) an association of heavily contorted and re-sedimented sandstones, siltstones and mudstones (DFA-III) that is considered representative of oversteepened slopes upon the Qusaiba shelf. Integration of the newly recognized palynostratigraphic horizons and the sedimentological data facilitates an understanding of the sequence stratigraphic evolution of the Mid-Qusaiba Sandstone interval and its immediate precursors. Thus a Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS) is identified from significant palynostratigraphic, as well as sedimentological evidence, and concurs with the MFS identified regionally with the Monograptus convolutus Graptolite Zone. Several mud-prone cyclothems downlap onto the MFS. Each of these is identified by its own palynostratigraphic marker: these mud-prone cyclothems represent the distal parts of a Highstand Systems Tract (HST). The end of the HST is marked by evidence of a major, episodic drop in relative sea level. Thus, a relationship is identified wherein successive palynostratigraphic marker horizons, newly identified in this study, are partially eroded by the introduction of sandy turbidites (DFA-II). These turbidites arise from storm-induced erosion of gully complexes in the upper submarine slopes that are present as topography upon the Qusaiba shelf. Each of the successive drops in sea level is separated from the next by a minor, subsequent sea level rise, which precludes further submarine erosion and turbidite deposition, and is instead evident in the widespread occurrence of shallow marine (shelfal) muds and sandy tempestites (DFA-I). The lowstand per se is considered to be represented by the most widespread distribution of the DFA-II turbidite deposits, and is associated with the youngest Mid-Qusaiba Sandstone marker horizon identified in this study, namely Rugosphaera agglomerata n.sp. The youngest unit of DFA-II lowstand turbidites is limited in its occurrence to the more proximal parts of the study area, and thus is considered to represent the onset of the succeeding Transgressive Systems Tract (TST). Of the biostratigraphic indices used for correlation within the Qusaiba Member, Rugosphaera agglomerata and Eupoikilofusa curvata are formally described and two additional important species, Fractoricoronula n.sp. and ?Oppilatala n.sp., are retained in open nomenclature.

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