Progress in Science and its Enemies: the Case of Academic Bullshit

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Vostrikova ◽  
◽  
Petr S. Kusliy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Popular Approach ◽  
Academic Practices ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Contextual Parameter

The paper discusses the phenomenon of bullshit in the academia as an ob­stacle for progress in natural sciences and the humanities and as a problem of episte­mology and philosophy of science. The authors criticize a popular approach according to which bullshit is defined in terms of the goals or motivations of the bullshitter as a subjectivist and inadequate. Focusing on the phenomenon of bullshit in academic practices, the authors define it in terms of the relevance of the content of a corre­sponding discourse to the topical issues of a given academic discipline and the extent to which the justification proposed in the discourse meets the standard justification criteria in the given discipline. An important component of the proposed definition is the contextual parameter of the judge the perspective of which is represented by a relevant research community. The authors show how the proposed account captures the well-known cases of bullshit as well as solves some of the current problems in social epistemology, such as the nature of group bullshit. The authors argue that the problem of group bullshit arises only when bullshit is understood in terms of indi­vidual intentions or motives. In that case, it is challenging to define group bullshit in a case when no representative of a given group individually supports the bullshit argument put forward by the whole group. For an approach that defines bullshit without appeal to such subjective factors as individual intentions, this problem does not arise because bullshit is independent of the goals of the bullshitter. The authors acknowledge the importance of the motivations of the bullshiter and her strategies. However, they argue that this matter is irrelevant for the definition of bullshit.

scholarly journals Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities for the interval-valued approximately h-convex functions via generalized fractional integrals

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafang Zhao ◽  
Muhammad Aamir Ali ◽  
Artion Kashuri ◽  
Hüseyin Budak ◽  
Mehmet Zeki Sarikaya
Keyword(s):  
Convex Functions ◽  
Fractional Integrals ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Class Of Functions ◽  
Interval Valued ◽  
New Inequalities

Abstract In this paper, we present a new definition of interval-valued convex functions depending on the given function which is called “interval-valued approximately h-convex functions”. We establish some inequalities of Hermite–Hadamard type for a newly defined class of functions by using generalized fractional integrals. Our new inequalities are the extensions of previously obtained results like (D.F. Zhao et al. in J. Inequal. Appl. 2018(1):302, 2018 and H. Budak et al. in Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 2019). We also discussed some special cases from our main results.

scholarly journals A Generalization of the Hausdorff Dimension Theorem for Deterministic Fractals

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 1546
Author(s):  
Mohsen Soltanifar
Keyword(s):  
Hausdorff Dimension ◽  
Lebesgue Measure ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given

How many fractals exist in nature or the virtual world? In this paper, we partially answer the second question using Mandelbrot’s fundamental definition of fractals and their quantities of the Hausdorff dimension and Lebesgue measure. We prove the existence of aleph-two of virtual fractals with a Hausdorff dimension of a bi-variate function of them and the given Lebesgue measure. The question remains unanswered for other fractal dimensions.

Underground Built Heritage (UBH) as Valuable Resource in China, Japan and Italy

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3208-3237
Author(s):  
Roberta Varriale ◽  
Laura Genovese
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Functional Classification ◽  
Static And Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
National Systems

Recent research about the theoretical approach to elements of cultural heritage that can be included in the newly born class Underground Built Heritage (UBH), has provided several instruments for the functional classification and the static and dynamic analysis of all artefacts coherent with the given definition, while introducing several criteria for their reuse and the evaluation of connected enhancement processes as well. These guidelines can be adopted to analyze single artefacts, groups of homogenous or heterogeneous elements, and also selected territorial assets or national systems, even at a comparative level. With reference to this potential, research results from the application of this new methodological approach to the outputs of three ongoing projects by the National Research Council of Italy, all focusing on UBH, in three countries: China, Japan and Italy, are presented. With reference to the above-mentioned geographical contests, the research introduces a comparative study focusing on selected examples of artefacts that have been historically built underground to manage three functions: living space, religion and economy. This study, carried out based on data collected during onsite visits by the authors, consists in three steps: selection and analysis of case studies, definition of level of reuses on the basis of a given scale, and analysis of the different tools adopted for their conservation and enhancement. In the conclusions, possible future implementations of reuses of the analyzed elements are pointed out.

ASSESSMENT AND FORECASTING OF FREIGHT CAR TECHNICAL STATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Elena Rozhkova
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Model ◽  
Technical State ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Repair Service ◽  
Statistic Modeling ◽  
Average Operating ◽  
Freight Car ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given

The purpose of this work is the assessment and forecasting of freight car technical state at life stages. The scientific novelty consists in the definition of car operating run-up to the first failure and between failures, and also in the definition of car life to considerable repair fulfillment from the operating run between failures and development of a graphical model of freight car reliability. As a result of the statistic modeling of gondola car operating runs up to the first failure it is defined that the given random value conforms to a normal distribution law, the first car setoff in TOR due to wear failure takes place at the operating run of 85,000 km. Besides the operating run-up to the first failure there was defined an operating run-up between failures. It is proved that the operating run-up between failures conforms to the exponential law of distribution, the mathematical expectation of which is 13,000 km. The results of investigations mentioned above formed the basis of the graphical model of car reliability. An inter-repair service life of a car can be represented as a sum of the following operating run-ups: operating run-ups to the first failure, the product of operating run-ups between failures and the number of failures and a residual operating run-up (from the utmost current repair to the nearest scheduled repair). On the basis of the mentioned it is expedient to consider a technology for the realization of an enlarged repair with the purpose of the repetition exclusion in car setoffs during the inter-repair term. On the basis of the simulator there is obtained the dependence of the frequency of car enlarged current repair fulfillment depending on average operating run-up between failures. At present an enlarged current repair must be carried out only for gondola cars in the planned order after having reached 80,000 km. The repair mentioned can be carried out both under depot conditions, and under conditions of repair workshops. The advantage of such a system of repair consists in the increase car work reliability during the inter-repair term.

Documenting fashion practice at the Royal College of Art: the RCA archive and image resources

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Cathy Johns
Keyword(s):  
Royal College ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Fashion Design ◽  
Digital Collections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contemporary Practice

What can an institutional archive tell us about the history of fashion education? The Royal College of Art's archive, in documenting the legacy of study and practice at the college, a key focal point of fashion education since 1948, illuminates in diverse ways the establishment and development of fashion design as an academic discipline. The print and digital collections in the RCA archive thus provide a rich resource that informs both contemporary practice and historical research, highlighting in addition issues raised by the increasingly digital access to this documentation for the archivist and the research community.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Agricultural Land Use Sustainability in the Post-Socialist Camp Countries: Methodological and Practical Aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Olena Kotykova ◽  
Mykola Babych
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
Current State ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Integral Indicator

An effective implementation of the sustainable use of agricultural land program is impossible without reliable results of the current state of the problem. In this sense, the correct selection of indicators and methods for determining the level of stability is important. The authors proposes the definition of the agricultural land use sustainability integral indicator based on three methodological approaches: the construction of the indicators system, each of them reflects some aspects of the land use sustainability at the macro level (according to the specific issues); the construction of the integral indicator for comparing the countries’ land use sustainability. According to the given methods it has been proved that agricultural land use in the countries of the post-socialist camp has a positive dynamics, but the sustainability indicators for all indicators have not achieved yet. This study was supported in part by the Erasmus SUPPA program – Jean Monnet Associations Application No 611556-EPP-1-2019-1-UA-EPPJMO-SUPPA.

scholarly journals Model of the co-operative trade alliance for independent retail networks in Czech Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-384
Author(s):  
Marek Záboj
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
Fast Moving Consumer Goods ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Common Trade ◽  
The Given ◽  
Retail Formats ◽  
Transnational Trade

The main objective of the contribution is proposal of the model of co-operative trade alliance for independent trade alliances with fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) in Czech Republic. Reason of the choice of this topic is sustain of variety of retail formats in Czech market in connection with position small and medium sized trade firms in comparison with transnational trade chains. Independent trade firms face to much bigger competitors operating supermarkets and hypermarkets, namely not even in size of sales area, width and depth of the assortment but also in possibility of negotiation of more profitable trade conditions with their suppliers. Effort of these independent trade firms, which operate mostly just in local or maximally regional market, is then mutual co-operation in form of consumer co-operatives, associations, alliances and networks. These groupings then mainly through common trade negotiation and purchase get for much more advantageous delivery and payment conditions from their suppliers. Besides they can participate in mutual financing of using of promotion instruments. Partial aim of the paper is investigation of opinion and willingness of Czech trade alliances with FMCG to utilize the opportunity of mutual co-operation in common trade alliance. Next partial goal is identification of the factors affecting formation of joint co-operative grouping and its structure, eventually definition of entry conditions which should be fulfilled by individual members.The system approach will be used to realize the given objective. This approach appears as the most suitable in consideration of anticipated structure and character of supposed model. The result will be then proposal of model of mutual co-operation between individual trade alliances.

scholarly journals The Specificity of the Interpretation of Freedom by S. Kierkegaard in the Context of Modernization of Christianity

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 52-54
Author(s):  
Serhii Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Humanistic Psychology ◽  
Creative Transformation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Existential Problem ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Existential-humanistic psychology has started the tradition of the creative transformation of classical-existentialist ideas in the practice of their involvement and application in psychology and psychotherapy. The source of these qualitative changes in the psychology of the twentieth and early XXI centuries was, in particular, the multifaceted creativity and ideas of S. Kierkegaard. His religious anthropology was rooted not only in Christology, but also in psychology. But psychology does not become a means of indulgence for a little foolish person, but a way to show her what she had not known about herself before. Contrary to the natural sciences of the time, his method did not set human boundaries, because it proceeded from the fact that the horizons of her hopes are, in principle, endless and the purpose of each person is to become equal with him. "WITH. Kierkegorov's main idea is, "writes M. Biergoso," that a person should be understood as a relationship: a constant attitude towards himself, his environment, and God. This is the most successful definition of the inseparable triad of the basic existential problem ..., which defines Kierkegaard's thinking as a whole "

scholarly journals The Problem of Fundamentalism in Foreign Orthodoxy: the Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Anna M. Yakovleva ◽  
◽  
Alexey V. Volobuev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mass Consciousness ◽  
Conservative Beliefs ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Church

. The review deals with the problem of Orthodox fundamentalism in the discussion of Englishspeaking authors of different denominations, representatives of canonical and non-canonical Orthodox churches, which took place in theological discussions, in journalism and at scientific conferences mainly in recent years. The main materials are first introduced into the scientific circulation in Russian. The concepts of fundamentalism in Orthodoxy in the foreign press are presented; the definitions of Orthodox fundamentalism, the main theses of opponents and their argumentation are given. Frequently, the word “fundamentalism” in relation to Orthodoxy is used as a banal nickname for those opponents who have traditional or conservative beliefs, are prone to “ritualism”, shows intolerance and lack of readiness for dialogue, including ecumenical. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, theologians, priests and scholars have been trying to give a stricter definition of such fundamentalism as a phenomenon of the modern era, especially in its demise. It is primarily about the attitude to the works of the holy fathers of the Church. It is expressed, in particular, the opinion that the veneration of patristic writings, along with the resolutions of the Councils (which constitutes the Holy Tradition) should be revised. However, the concept of “Orthodox fundamentalism”, as follows from the given review, has not yet been formed. But one can speak of such signs of it, connected, in particular, with a wide exit to the public sphere of mass consciousness, as the striving to minimize theological provisions, absolutization of some provisions of dogma to the detriment of others, and the logos (modern) reading of the myth.

scholarly journals Concept and Essence of the Forensic Study of Personality

2018 ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
D. V. Isyutin-Fedotkov
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Approaches To Studying ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Russian Language

The article considers and analyzes various opinions on the category "forensic study of personality". From the point of view of the Russian language, the various meanings of the term "study" fully and in a multifaceted way reflect the activities of the investigator in the study of the person in the course of sufficient disclosure and investigation of crimes. It is concluded that forensic study of personality can be considered as a process, theory (doctrine) and part of criminalistics (educational discipline, special course). In this connection, the definition of the term "forensic study of personality" depends on understanding of its essence. Forensic study of personality as a process for the study of personality is associated with activity. Forensic study of the personality as a theory (doctrine) is associated with the objective laws that constitute the subject of criminalistics. Forensic study of the personality as a section of criminalistics (academic discipline, special course) is based on a theoretical basis, on the basis of which methods, approaches to studying personality are considered. The ultimate goal of forensic study of personality is solving the problems of disclosure and investigation of crimes. Author's definitions of the term "forensic study of personality" are proposed.

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