Infectious Diseases of Six Non-Domesticated Neo-Tropical Animals In Trinidad and Tobago

This review serves to shed light on some common infectious diseases: their names, prevalence, site of infection and diagnostic tools for identificationof six (6) neo-tropical animals that are found in Trinidad and Tobago with the potential for domestication. These are theagouti(Dasyprocta leporina/ D. agouti), lappe/paca (Cuniculus paca/ Agouti paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), manicou/opossum (Didelphis marsupialis insularis), collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/ Peccari tajucu) and red brocket deer (Mazama americana).There is over Ninety (90) references were used, with the earliest being 1951 and the most recent being in 2017.Where literature was lacking, information from other species within the same genus was incorporated and identified clearly. It was interesting to note that the majority of animals, despite being infected with pathogenic organisms were clinically healthy. In animals that showed clinical signs of disease there was a large quantity of pathogens present. This manuscript sheds some light on the pathogens that may use these animals as natural reservoirs. This review paper also includes many of the earliest identification of these pathogens in Neo-tropical animals in specific geographic regions.

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Natural Habitat, Housing, and Restraint of Six Selected Neotropical Animals in Trinidad and Tobago with the Potential for Domestication

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2020/9741762 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Kavita Ranjeeta Lall ◽

Kegan Romelle Jones ◽

Gary Wayne Garcia

Keyword(s):

Trinidad And Tobago ◽

Natural Habitat ◽

Home Range Size ◽

Average Density ◽

Chemical Restraint ◽

Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽

Pecari Tajacu ◽

Collared Peccary ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Brocket Deer

This paper highlights the natural habitat, housing, and restraint needs of 6 Neotropical animals that are found in Trinidad and Tobago with the potential for domestication: agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), lappe/paca (Cuniculus paca/Agouti paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), manicou/opossum (Didelphis marsupialis insularis), collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/Pecari tajacu), and red brocket deer (Mazama americana). The year of the earliest reference cited was 1950 and the most recent was 2018, with over 100 references being used. The average density, home range size, social group, and housing requirements were also examined as these factors would play a role in designing enclosures. A number of different physical and chemical restraint techniques were also discussed. Information from other species within the same genus was incorporated as some of the animals did not have sufficient literature.

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Endoparasites of Selected Native Non-Domesticated Mammals in the Neotropics (New World Tropics)

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci6040087 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kegan Romelle Jones ◽

Kavita Ranjeeta Lall ◽

Gary Wayne Garcia

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

Large Majority ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Collared Peccary ◽

Tayassu Tajacu ◽

Brocket Deer ◽

Mazama Americana

In this review, information was summarized on endoparasites found in six non-domesticated neotropical animals. These mammals have the potential to be domesticated. The animals included three rodents, agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), lappe (Agouti paca), and capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris); a marsupial, manicou (Didelphis marsupialis insularis); and an artiodactyl, the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/Peccari tajacu) and a ruminant (the red brocket deer, Mazama americana). While there are many descriptions of the parasites present, the majority of publications failed to note the effect of them on the animals. Most information is available on endoparasites of capybara, while the endoparasites of the red brocket deer were the least reported. The manicou was reported to have had the most number of endoparasites, 44 species of parasites were reported, while there were only 24 endoparasites reported in the lappe. The most common parasites found in these neotropical animals were Paraspidodera uncinata, Strongyloides spp., Eimeria spp., Moniezia benedeni, Trichuris spp., Physocephalus spp., and Giardia spp. A large majority of the studies concluded that these animals were reservoirs for parasites that could affect domesticated livestock. Endoparasites of zoonotic significance were Echinoccocus spp., Trichuris spp., Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp.

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Algorithmic and Stochastic Representations of Gene Regulatory Networks and Protein-Protein Interactions

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026619666190311125256 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 413-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Athanasios Alexiou ◽

Stylianos Chatzichronis ◽

Asma Perveen ◽

Abdul Hafeez ◽

Ghulam Md. Ashraf

Keyword(s):

Protein Interactions ◽

Biological Networks ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Review Paper ◽

Boolean Networks ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Cellular Interactions ◽

Protein Protein Interactions ◽

Deterministic Models

Background:Latest studies reveal the importance of Protein-Protein interactions on physiologic functions and biological structures. Several stochastic and algorithmic methods have been published until now, for the modeling of the complex nature of the biological systems.Objective:Biological Networks computational modeling is still a challenging task. The formulation of the complex cellular interactions is a research field of great interest. In this review paper, several computational methods for the modeling of GRN and PPI are presented analytically.Methods:Several well-known GRN and PPI models are presented and discussed in this review study such as: Graphs representation, Boolean Networks, Generalized Logical Networks, Bayesian Networks, Relevance Networks, Graphical Gaussian models, Weight Matrices, Reverse Engineering Approach, Evolutionary Algorithms, Forward Modeling Approach, Deterministic models, Static models, Hybrid models, Stochastic models, Petri Nets, BioAmbients calculus and Differential Equations.Results:GRN and PPI methods have been already applied in various clinical processes with potential positive results, establishing promising diagnostic tools.Conclusion:In literature many stochastic algorithms are focused in the simulation, analysis and visualization of the various biological networks and their dynamics interactions, which are referred and described in depth in this review paper.

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Trichuris spp. in Animals, with Specific Reference to Neo-Tropical Rodents

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8020015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Kegan Romelle Jones

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Meat Production ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽

Present Information ◽

Low Prevalence ◽

A New Species

Trichuriasis is the clinical disease of animals infected with the parasite of the genus Trichuris. This review attempts to present information on Trichuris spp. infestation in neo-tropical rodents that are utilized for meat consumption by humans. Neo-tropical rodents utilized for meat production can be divided into two categories: those that have been domesticated, which include the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), and those that are on the verge of domestication, such as the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), lappe (Cuniculus paca/Agouti paca), and agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). This document reviews the literature on the species of Trichuris that affects the rodents mentioned above, as well as the clinical signs observed. The literature obtained spans over sixty years, from 1951 to 2020. Trichuris spp. was found in these neo-tropical rodents mentioned. However, there is a dearth of information on the species of Trichuris that parasitize these animals. The capybara was the only rodent where some molecular techniques were used to identify a new species named T. cutillasae. In most cases, Trichuris spp. was found in combination with other endoparasites, and was found at a low prevalence in the lappe and guinea pig. The presence of Trichuris spp. ranged from 4.62–53.85% in the agouti, 4.21–10.00% in the lappe, 50% in the capybaras, and 1–31% in guinea pigs. Further work must be done towards molecular identification of various Trichuris spp. present in these rodents, as well as the clinical effect of infection on the performance of agouti, lappe, capybara, and guinea pigs.

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Is urban bushmeat trade in Colombia really insignificant?

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605315001118 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 305-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nathalie van Vliet ◽

Maria Quiceno ◽

Jessica Moreno ◽

Daniel Cruz ◽

John E. Fa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

The Pacific ◽

Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽

Wild Meat ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Alternative Sources ◽

Bushmeat Trade ◽

Brocket Deer

AbstractThe bushmeat trade in ecosystems in South America other than those within the Amazon basin is presumed to be insignificant, as alternative sources of protein (e.g. beef, chicken, fish) are considered to be more readily available in non-moist forests. However, studies and confiscation reports from countries such as Colombia suggest that bushmeat is consumed in a variety of ecosystems, although the nature of market chains, particularly in urban areas, is still unknown. We studied the urban bushmeat trade in markets in the five main ecoregions in Colombia. We recorded a total of 85 species, the most frequently traded being the paca Cuniculus paca, red brocket deer Mazama americana, grey brocket deer Mazama gouazoubira, capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, armadillo Dasypus spp. and black agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa. Most sales of wild meat occur through clandestine channels and involve a limited number of stakeholders. Bushmeat is a luxury product in urban areas of the Caribbean, the Pacific and the Andean regions. Further work is needed to quantify and monitor the volumes of bushmeat traded, comprehend motivations, explore ways of reducing threats, and engage with stakeholders to organize legal and sustainable use of bushmeat.

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Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare Systems: Grand Challenges and Perspectives

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14080707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 707

Author(s):

Sumaira Anjum ◽

Sara Ishaque ◽

Hijab Fatima ◽

Wajiha Farooq ◽

Christophe Hano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Technological Progress ◽

Review Paper ◽

Genetic Diseases ◽

Healthcare Sector ◽

Human Right ◽

New Generation ◽

Immense Potential ◽

Near Future ◽

Shed Light

Healthcare, as a basic human right, has often become the focus of the development of innovative technologies. Technological progress has significantly contributed to the provision of high-quality, on-time, acceptable, and affordable healthcare. Advancements in nanoscience have led to the emergence of a new generation of nanostructures. Each of them has a unique set of properties that account for their astonishing applications. Since its inception, nanotechnology has continuously affected healthcare and has exerted a tremendous influence on its transformation, contributing to better outcomes. In the last two decades, the world has seen nanotechnology taking steps towards its omnipresence and the process has been accelerated by extensive research in various healthcare sectors. The inclusion of nanotechnology and its allied nanocarriers/nanosystems in medicine is known as nanomedicine, a field that has brought about numerous benefits in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Various nanosystems have been found to be better candidates for theranostic purposes, in contrast to conventional ones. This review paper will shed light on medically significant nanosystems, as well as their applications and limitations in areas such as gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and in the treatment of cancer and various genetic diseases. Although nanotechnology holds immense potential, it is yet to be exploited. More efforts need to be directed to overcome these limitations and make full use of its potential in order to revolutionize the healthcare sector in near future.

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Horner’s syndrome in dogs and cats – a review

Clínica Veterinária ◽

10.46958/rcv.2019.xxiv.n.138.p.34-40 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XXIV (138) ◽

pp. 34-40

Author(s):

Laís Limeira Rodrigues ◽

Leonardo Pereira Mesquita ◽

Denis Alberto Zanatto ◽

Paulo César Maiorka

Keyword(s):

Sympathetic Innervation ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Horner’S Syndrome ◽

Horner's Syndrome ◽

The Third

In dogs and cats, Horner's syndrome is characterized by a group of clinical signs arising from an ipsilateral dysfunction of sympathetic innervation of the eye and its appendages. These signs include ptosis, miosis, anisocoria, prolapse of the third eyelid, and enophtalmos. Lesions that may affect directly or indirectly the sympathetic innervation of the eye, such as trauma, neoplasms, iatrogenic lesions, otitis, encephalitis, among others, can induce HS. The aim of the present study was to review the anatomical and physiological characteristics of sympathetic innervation for the ocular globe, with emphasis on the description of the peculiarities of HS, including its etiology, clinical signs, diagnostic tools, as well as its possible treatments and prognosis.

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Extraintestinal isosporoid coccidian causing atoxoplasmosis in captive green-winged saltators: clinical and hematological features

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2017001100021 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (11) ◽

pp. 1327-1330

Author(s):

Sabrina D.E. Campos ◽

Camila S.C. Machado ◽

Tatiana V.T. de Souza ◽

Renan C. Cevarolli ◽

Nádia R.P. Almosny

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Clinical Improvement ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Inflammatory Process ◽

Blood Smear ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Acute Disease ◽

Illegal Trade ◽

Hygienic Conditions

ABSTRACT: Populations of green-winged saltators, Saltator similis, are decreasing especially because of illegal trade and infectious diseases. We describe natural cases of an extraintestinal isosporoid coccidian in caged S. similis, and suggest the need of preventive measures in handling these birds. Nonspecific clinical signs were seen in all of them, however, intracytoplasmic Atoxoplasma sp. was found in peripheral blood, reinforcing the idea of systemic isosporosis. Leukocytosis with high number of heterophils and monocytes suggested that atoxoplasmosis in green-winged saltators can progress as an acute disease. The birds showed clinical improvement after treatment. Handling recommendations were proposed to upgrade hygienic conditions of the facilities. We concluded that nonspecific symptoms and an acute inflammatory process can be associated with atoxoplasmosis in young S. similis. We emphasize the importance of blood smear to detect merozoites.

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Assessment of the vertebral heart scale and cardiothoracic ratio to standardize the heart size of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) restrained with ketamine and midazolam

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5434 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 1705-1711

Author(s):

Osmar F. Silva-Filho ◽

Gerson T. Pessoa ◽

Francisco C.A. Sousa ◽

Renan P.S. Rodrigues ◽

Laecio S. Moura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Digital Radiography ◽

Wild Species ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Mean Values ◽

Cardiothoracic Ratio ◽

Heart Size ◽

Cardiac Silhouette ◽

Collared Peccary ◽

Tayassu Tajacu

ABSTRACT: Wild species, especially those threatened with extinction, are increasingly being investigated to obtain information that can be useful for their preservation. The objective of the present study was to standardize the vertebral heart scale (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) sedated with ketamine and midazolam. Fourteen clinically healthy collared peccaries were examined in the two-year age group weighing 15-22kg. The animals were submitted to digital radiography of the thorax in lateral and dorsal ventral projections to calculate the VHS and CTR. The VHS mean values for males and females was 8.88±0.51v for right recumbency and 8.84±0.39v for left decubitus, and there were no significant between-gender differences regarding recumbency (p>0.05). The CTR showed mean values of 0.50±0.05 (males) and 0.45±0.04 (females), but the gender-differences were not significant (p>0.05). A positive correlation was shown between VHS and CTR (r=0.98, right decubitus; r=0.96, left decubitus). Establishing reference values for heart measurements in collared peccaries using digital radiography of the thorax permitted standardization of the VHS and CTR values for this wild species. In the studied wild animal model, the VHS and CTR heart assessment indexes were shown to be essential diagnostic tools for investigations of alterations in the size of the cardiac silhouette.

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Recent Developments towards Portable Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices for Pathogen Detection

Sensors & Diagnostics ◽

10.1039/d1sd00017a ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Sharmili Roy ◽

FAREEHA ARSHAD ◽

Shimaa Eissa ◽

Mohammadali Safavieh ◽

Sanaa G. Alattas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Pathogen Detection ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Recent Developments

The rapid development of accurate and quick diagnostic tools for infectious diseases has made a massive impact in global health. POC devices for pathogen detection have primarily contributed to clinical...

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