scholarly journals Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare Systems: Grand Challenges and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 707
Author(s):  
Sumaira Anjum ◽  
Sara Ishaque ◽  
Hijab Fatima ◽  
Wajiha Farooq ◽  
Christophe Hano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Human Right ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Immense Potential ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Shed Light

Healthcare, as a basic human right, has often become the focus of the development of innovative technologies. Technological progress has significantly contributed to the provision of high-quality, on-time, acceptable, and affordable healthcare. Advancements in nanoscience have led to the emergence of a new generation of nanostructures. Each of them has a unique set of properties that account for their astonishing applications. Since its inception, nanotechnology has continuously affected healthcare and has exerted a tremendous influence on its transformation, contributing to better outcomes. In the last two decades, the world has seen nanotechnology taking steps towards its omnipresence and the process has been accelerated by extensive research in various healthcare sectors. The inclusion of nanotechnology and its allied nanocarriers/nanosystems in medicine is known as nanomedicine, a field that has brought about numerous benefits in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Various nanosystems have been found to be better candidates for theranostic purposes, in contrast to conventional ones. This review paper will shed light on medically significant nanosystems, as well as their applications and limitations in areas such as gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and in the treatment of cancer and various genetic diseases. Although nanotechnology holds immense potential, it is yet to be exploited. More efforts need to be directed to overcome these limitations and make full use of its potential in order to revolutionize the healthcare sector in near future.

Recent Advances of Silver Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1276-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Q. Huy ◽  
Pham T.M. Huyen ◽  
Anh-Tuan Le ◽  
Matteo Tonezzer
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Material ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Carrier Systems

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-known as a promising antimicrobial material; they have been widely used in many commercial products against pathogenic agents. Despite a growing concern regarding the cytotoxicity, AgNPs still have attracted considerable interest worldwide to develop a new generation of diagnostic tool and effective treatment solution for cancer cells. Objective: This paper aims to review the advances of AgNPs applied for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Methods: The database has been collected, screened and analysed through up-to-date scientific articles published from 2007 to May 2019 in peer-reviewed international journals. Results: The findings of the database have been analysed and divided into three parts of the text that deal with AgNPs in cancer diagnosis, their cytotoxicity, and the role as carrier systems for cancer treatment. Thanks to their optical properties, high conductivity and small size, AgNPs have been demonstrated to play an essential role in enhancing signals and sensitivity in various biosensing platforms. Furthermore, AgNPs also can be used directly or developed as a drug delivery system for cancer treatment. Conclusion: The review paper will help readers understand more clearly and systematically the role and advances of AgNPs in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Eye Banks: Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 238 (06) ◽  
pp. 674-678
Author(s):  
Johannes Menzel-Severing ◽  
Sabine Salla ◽  
Gerd Geerling
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Societal Change ◽  
Requirements Management ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Corneal Disease ◽  
Eye Banks ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Quality Material ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractTechnological progress and societal change are transforming medicine, and cornea banks are no exception. New infectiological factors, statutory requirements, management concepts, globalisation and digitalisation are also influencing how such facilities will operate in the future. The goal of providing high quality material to patients with corneal disease remains unaltered. The present article seeks to shed light on the type of material this will involve and under what circumstances it is to be obtained.

scholarly journals Surgical techniques: past, present and future

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Qayumi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Minimally Invasive Surgical ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Modern Hospital ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Shed Light

The aim of this paper is to provide an analytical survey of the information available on the development of past and present surgical techniques, and to make projections for the future. For the purposes of this paper, the <em>Past</em> starts in the Neolithic period and ends in the 1800s. In this context, I have divided the <em>Past</em> into <em>Prehistoric</em>, <em>Ancient</em> and <em>Middle Ages</em>, and this period ends in the second half of the 19th century when the major obstacles to the further development of surgery, such as overcoming pain and infection, were removed. We will discuss the development of surgical techniques, and the obstacles and opportunities prevalent in these periods. In the context of this paper, the <em>Present</em> begins in 1867, when Louis Pasteur discovered microorganisms, and ends in the present day. There have been many important changes in the development of surgical techniques during this period, such as the transfer of surgery from the unsterile operating room to the modern hospital operating theater, the development of advanced and specialized surgical practices, such as transplants and laparoscopy, and minimally invasive surgical methods, robotic and Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery. It is very difficult to foresee how surgical techniques will develop in the <em>Future</em> because of the unpredictable nature of technological progress. Therefore, in this paper, the forecast for the <em>Future</em> is limited to the next 50- 100 years and is a realistic calculation based on already existing technologies. In this context, the <em>Future</em> is divided into the development of surgical techniques that will develop in the <em>near</em> and <em>distant</em> future. It is anticipated that this overview will shed light on the historical perspective of surgical techniques and stimulate interest in their further development.

New Types of Cooperative Research in Japan

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-242
Author(s):  
Manabu Eto
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Research System ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Cooperative Research ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Research Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Generation

Japan has a long history of systematically organizing and carrying out joint research projects between industrial, government and academic institutions. Even competing industries have cooperated in these research projects, and such cooperation has greatly helped Japan's economic progress. The country's technological progress has equalled in some areas and surpassed in others that of countries in the West, and, with the continued advancement of big business, Japan has arrived at a stage at which it can continue its technological progress on its own. This is causing great changes in the meaning and impact of cooperative research endeavours. In this paper the author discusses the problems and possible solutions involved in developing the current cooperative research systems into efficient systems which meet the needs of this new generation of research. He also outlines the potential influence of these changes on the procedures and policies in the current research system, and on user interaction and the results achieved. The paper also constructs a model of a cooperative research system which can meet the country's current requirements.

Introduction to Smart Environments

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Smart Environments ◽  
Smart Environment ◽  
Smart Spaces ◽  
Cooperative Activity ◽  
Computing Environments ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Now the Internet of Things (IoT) is growing fast into a large industry with huge potential economic impact expected in near future. The IoT technology evolves to a substrate for resource interconnection and convergence. The users' needs go beyond the existing web-like services, which do not provide satisfactory coupling and automatic composition when the user tries to solve tasks from her/his everyday life. New generation of services (named “smart services”) emerges. In this chapter, we introduce the problem of effective use of the multitude of IoT-enabled devices and other digital resources that now surround our lives. The devices support and assist human by provision of digital services. This is the key objective of a smart environment. Our focus is on such a particular class of smart environments as smart spaces. This class targets IoT-enabled computing environments, where a smart space is created and then provides an infrastructure for applications to construct and deliver value-added services based on cooperative activity of environment participants, either human or machines.

Machine Learning Perspective in Cancer Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-163
Author(s):  
Aman Sharma ◽  
Rinkle Rani
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Advancement in genome sequencing technology has empowered researchers to think beyond their imagination. Researchers are trying their hard to fight against various genetic diseases like cancer. Artificial intelligence has empowered research in the healthcare sector. Moreover, the availability of opensource healthcare datasets has motivated the researchers to develop applications which can help in early diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Further, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has helped to look into detailed intricacies of biological systems. It has provided an efficient and cost-effective approach with higher accuracy. The advent of microRNAs also known as small noncoding genes has begun the paradigm shift in oncological research. We are now able to profile expression profiles of RNAs using RNA-seq data. microRNA profiling has helped in uncovering their relationship in various genetic and biological processes. Here in this chapter, the authors present a review of the machine learning perspective in cancer research.

scholarly journals Beneficial Effects of Salt on Halophyte Growth: Morphology, Cells, and Genes

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Yanyu Xu ◽  
Bingying Leng ◽  
Baoshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractHalophytes can survive and complete their life cycle in the presence of ≥200 mM NaCl. These remarkable plants have developed various strategies to tolerate salinity and thrive in high-salt environments. At the appropriate levels, salt has a beneficial effect on the vegetative growth of halophytes but inhibits the growth of non-halophytes. In recent years, many studies have focused on elucidating the salt-tolerance mechanisms of halophytes at the molecular, physiological, and individual level. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms, from the macroscopic to the molecular, underlying the successful growth of halophytes in saline environments to explain why salt has beneficial effects on halophytes but harmful effects on non-halophytes. These mechanisms include the specialized organs of halophytes (for example, ion compartmentalization in succulent leaves), their unique structures (salt glands and hydrophobic barriers in roots), and their salt-tolerance genes. We hope to shed light on the use of halophytes for engineering salt-tolerant crops, soil conservation, and the protection of freshwater resources in the near future.

The Great Leap Forward and the Famine

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Wemheuer
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Great Leap ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Great Leap Forward ◽  
The Great Leap Forward ◽  
Oral History Interviews ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Near Future

Until the early 1980s, little was known about the Great Leap Famine (1959–1962) that caused the deaths of 15 to 45 million Chinese. Mao Zedong’s campaign called the “Great Leap Forward” (1958–1961) (大跃进) aimed to transform China into a modern industrial nation and to prepare China for communism in the near future. However, the Great Leap resulted in one of the greatest disasters in history. In the three years that followed, a massive famine occurred. Serious academic demographic research started when the population census completed in 1982 became available. In the 1990s, political scientists and economists dominated the field of research. They tried to adopt Western theories of bureaucratic organizations and apply statistical models to understand the causes and progression of the Great Leap. The research in this period was strongly focused on the role of Mao Zedong and elite politics. In the 2000s, a new generation of scholars carried out research regarding the experiences of ordinary people and the famine at the village level. It became possible for foreign scholars to hold oral history interviews with survivors of the famine and get access to county archives. Substantial provincial and local variations regarding death rates and the radicalism of leaders were debated. While some books on the famine were banned on mainland China, memoirs of cadres, new biographies of party leaders, or collections of government documents could be published. In the last few years, the Great Leap Famine has become a hot topic and scholarly research has reached a broader Western audience. New archival histories have been published based on documents from provincial archives.

scholarly journals The Capabilities Approach: A Future Alternative to Neoliberal Higher Education in the MENA Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Ranya S. ElKhayat
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Liberal Education ◽  
Capabilities Approach ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Current State ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Attention To Diversity ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Shed Light

This conceptual paper is a future study aiming to shed light on the current state of higher education in the MENA region. The neoliberal agenda for higher education in the region presents a form of education that is commodified, corporatized and focused on STEM rather than on humanities. The paper further speculates on the state of higher education in the near future under the same ideology. As an alternative, the study proposes the implementation of Martha Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach. This approach is capable of re-balancing the tipped scale in the commodification of higher education and will serve in developing well-rounded individuals. The Capabilities Approach can reform higher education through critical thinking, liberal education, and attention to diversity.        

High-performance computing systems: Status and outlook

Acta Numerica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 379-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Dongarra ◽  
A. J. van der Steen
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Computing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Current State ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Performance Computing ◽  
Shed Light

This article describes the current state of the art of high-performance computing systems, and attempts to shed light on near-future developments that might prolong the steady growth in speed of such systems, which has been one of their most remarkable characteristics. We review the different ways devised to speed them up, both with regard to components and their architecture. In addition, we discuss the requirements for software that can take advantage of existing and future architectures.

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