scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTOR OF STONGYLOIDOSIS IN BEEF CATTLE IN KASIMAN SUBDISTRICT, BOJONEGORO

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Ridwan ◽  
Fadjar Satrija ◽  
Aji Winarso
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Faecal Sample ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mcmaster Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Group 1

A pair of cross-sectional studies was conducted to determine prevalence and risk factors of Strongyloides spp. (threadworm) infections in beef cattle in Kasiman Subdistrict, the Regency of Bojonegoro. A total of 263 and 270 of local beef cattle with various age were selected  for faecal sample during dry season (August-October) and wet season (February-March), respectively. Feces were processed for counting the number of eggs per gram feces (EPG) using McMaster method. The prevalence of strongyloidosis was 4.56% and 7.04% in the dry season and the rainy season, respectively. The factors that associated with prevalence and intensity infection were age and sex of cattle. During the dry season and the rainy season, the calf  and weaner group (1 year) was more susceptible for Strongyloides infection than cattle with older age and showed higher intensity of infection (based on EPG values). The bulls showed a higher risk and intensity of infection than cows.

scholarly journals Submicroscopic malaria infection is not associated with fever in cross-sectional studies in Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Vareta ◽  
Andrea G Buchwald ◽  
Angelica Barrall ◽  
Lauren M. Cohee ◽  
Jenny A Walldorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Submicroscopic Infection

Abstract Background: Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections are widespread in many areas. However, the contribution of these infections to symptomatic malaria is not well understood. In this study we evaluated whether participants with submicroscopic P. falciparum infections have higher prevalence of fever than uninfected participants in southern Malawi.Methods: We enrolled a total of 16,650 children and adults in the course of six cross-sectional surveys during the dry season (October - November) and after the rainy season (April - May) between 2012 - 2014 in three districts in southern Malawi. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected in conjunction with data on clinical histories, use of malaria preventive measures, and antimalarial medication taken within two weeks of the survey. Axillary temperatures were measured, and blood samples were collected for P. falciparum detection by microscopy and PCR. Participants without malaria parasites detected on microscopy but with a positive PCR for P. falciparum were defined as having submicroscopic infection. Fever was defined as having any one of: reported fever in the past two weeks, reported fever in the past 48 hours, or a temperature of ≥37.5 °C measured at the time of interview.Results: Submicroscopic P. falciparum infections and fever were both detected in 9% of the study population. In the final analysis adjusted for clustering within household and enumeration area, having submicroscopic P. falciparum infection was associated with reduced odds of fever in the dry season (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.33 – 0.82); the association in the rainy season did not achieve statistical significance (odds ratio = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.91 – 1.59). The association between submicroscopic infection and fever was consistent across all age groups. When we limited the definition of fever to temperature of ≥37.5 °C measured at the time of interview, the association was not statistically significant in either the rainy or dry season.Conclusions: In this series of cross-sectional studies in southern Malawi, submicroscopic P. falciparum infection was not associated with increased risk of fever. Submicroscopic detection of the malaria parasite is important in efforts to decrease transmission but is not essential for the clinical recognition of malaria disease.

scholarly journals Diurnal, Seasonal and Annual Variation of Microwave Radio Refractivity Gradient over Akure, South West Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Adekunle Titus Adediji ◽  
Joseph Babatunde Dada ◽  
Moses Oludare Ajewole
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Local Effect ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Radio Link ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Microwave Radio

In this study, four years in-situ measurements of atmospheric parameters (pressure, temperature and relative humidity) were carried out. The measurement was by placing an automatic weather station at five different heights: ground surface, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m respectively on a 220 m Nigeria Television Authority TV tower in Akure, South Western Nigeria. The four years Data collected (January 2007 to December 2009 and January to December 2011) were used to compute radio refractivity and its gradient. The local effect of a location/ region cannot but looked into when designing effective radio link, hence the diurnal, seasonal and annual variations of the radio refractivity gradient were studied. Results showed that refractivity gradient steadily increases inthe hour of 8:30 and 9:30 to 18:00 during dry season throughout the years investigated, and decreases two hours in the rainy season than the dry season. The record shows that at 50 m altitude, the maximum and minimum values are 158 N-unit/km around 14:30 and - 286 N-unit/km around 13:30 to 14:00 hrs, LT during the dry and rainy season respectively. Seasonally, refractivity gradient is steeper with greater variability in the dry season months than in the wet season months.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variability of canopy cover and understory light in a Cerrado of Southern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP. Lemos-Filho ◽  
CFA. Barros ◽  
GPM. Dantas ◽  
LG. Dias ◽  
RS. Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Understory Plants

Canopy cover has significant effects on the understory environment, including upon light availability for seedling growth. The aim of the present study was to verify spatial heterogeneity and seasonal changes in the canopy cover of a dense Cerrado area, and their relationship to understory photosynthetic active radiation availability. Leaf area index (LAI) values in the rainy season varied from 0.9 to 4.83, with 40% of the values ranging from 4.0 to 5.0, while in the dry season LAI varied from 0.74 to 3.3, with 53% of the values oscilating from 2.0 to 3.0. Understory light (Qi ) and the Lambert-Beer ratio (Qi/Qo) were taken around noon on sunny days (between 11:00 AM and 1:00 PM). They were also statistically different (p < 0.01) between the dry and wet seasons, with 72% of sampled points in the rainy season presenting photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) values lower than 250 μmol.m-2/s around noon, whereas in the dry season, most PPFD values varied from 1500 to 1817 μmol.m-2/s , thus providing high light availability for understory plants. In most of the studied sites, understory plants did not even receive enough light for 50% of their photosynthetic capacity in the wet season. In contrast during the dry season, Qi/Qo values of 0.8 to 1.0 were observed in more than 50% of the points, thereby allowing for photosynthetic light saturation. Thus, light variability around noon was higher during the dry season than in the wet season, its heterogeneity being related to spatial complexity in the canopy cover.

scholarly journals Hydrogeological, hydrochemical, and natural isotopes evaluation of groundwater and surface water interactions in the alluvial plain, tropical region of southeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldilene Correa ◽  
Sueli Pereira ◽  
Joaquim Ernesto Bernardes ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Natural Isotopes ◽  
Abandoned Meanders

Groundwater-Surface water interactions in alluvial plains facing morphological features are the subject of the study. Considered transitions zones, alluvial plains have different morphological features interfering with groundwater flow and hydrochemistry. The alluvial plain of Mogi Guaçu river (southeastern Brazil) presented topography-controlled groundwater flow, nevertheless, natural levees, wet fields, oxbow lakes, and abandoned meanders can control local flow and interfere in discharges points of the main river. Two sampling water campaigns were done in the dry and wet season for physicochemical and natural isotopes analysis, collecting in total 44 groundwaters samples from monitoring wells and eight water samples from the river, creek, and lake. The groundwaters in wet fields and terraces, and surface waters from creek and lake presented low mineralization (EC from 8 to 37 μS.cm), pH acidic (4.98 to 5.8), and essentially Ca and Na-HCO composition. River waters samples presented pH between 5.92 e 7.69 (acidic in the rainy season and basic in the dry season), and EC from 24.2 and 181.1 μS/cm (lower values in the wet season), Na-HCO and Na-HCO-SO (dry season) and Ca-HCO and Na-HCO (rainy season) compositions. In dry season groundwaters composition showed evolution from sodium mixed (SO – HCO) to bicarbonate waters and higher mineralization; in wet season waters varied from Ca to Na-HCO composition and low mineralization, denoting dilution due to rainwater infiltration. Closer to the river margins, in abandoned meanders and oxbows, the groundwaters have increased values of EC and major ions indicating GW-SW mixtures, and effluent-influent changes (descendent and ascendent flux) in wet and dry seasons, respectively. Natural isotopes in groundwaters imply meteoric origin, without evaporation during recharge and high d-excess can be influenced by continental air masses and Amazonia Basin low-level jet. Shallow water table, permeable silty-sand material of vadose zone, flat terrain, and pristine conditions can contribute to direct infiltration of rainwaters, recharging the shallow aquifer.

scholarly journals Gametogenesis in Pubescent Heterobranchus longifilis (Teleostei: Clariidae) (Val. 1840) Attaining Puberty Under Artificial Conditions; and Under Rainy and Dry Season Conditions, in Tropical Earthen Ponds

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.O. OFOR
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ovarian Maturation ◽  
Earthen Ponds ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Heterobranchus Longifilis ◽  
Group 1

Three groups of Heterobranchus longifilis attained puberty under three environmental conditions. In experiment 1, 23 fish (10 males, 13 females) were raised in the rainy season, (group 1). In experiment 2, 90 fish (39 males, 51 females) were raised in a recirculation system (group 2). In experiment 3, 160 fish (73 males, 87 females) were raised in the dry season (group 3 ). Groups 1 and 3 were raised in outdoor earthen ponds. Gametogenesis in the groups was studied using histology and gonadosomatic index. Oocytes maturation commenced at 9½ months in all groups and lasted 67 days in group 1, and about 130 days in groups 2 and 3. Sexual maturity occurred at 352, 427, and 425 days respectively in groups 1, 2 and 3. It seems that the key point in ovarian maturation in pubescent Heterobranchus longifilis is 9½ months, with further oogenesis being influenced by rainfall. The time spent from here to sexual maturity onset may be shortened if it falls within the rainy season. The period may run its full course if it falls within the dry season, or the rearing environment is indoor. The application of these observations in the aquaculture of the species is discussed.

Diseminasi Teknologi Pembuatan Haylage Plus untuk Mengatasi Kesulitan Pakan Sapi Potong pada Musim Kemarau

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Mashur Mashur ◽  
Dina Oktaviana ◽  
M. Ali Ilyas ◽  
Hunaepi Hunaepi ◽  
Sabar Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

Tujuan diseminasi teknologi pembuatan haylage plus melalui kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, keterampilan dan merubah sikap anggota kelompok tani agar mampu mengolah dan menyimpan bahan pakan ternak yang melimpah pada musim hujan (panen) sebagai solusi untuk mengatasi kesulitan penyediaan pakan sapi potong yang terbatas pada musim kemarau. Metode diseminasi yang digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut adalah kombinasi metode penyuluhan tatap muka langsung sesuai dengan protokol kesehatan Covid-19 dengan gelar teknologi (showcase technology). Berdasarkan hasil kajian ini sebanyak 28,69% anggota kelompok tani yang pernah mendengar teknologi pembuatan haylage plus dari jerami padi dan hanya 13,79% yang sudah mengikuti pelatihan pembuatan haylage. Berdasarkan hasil kegitan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap anggota kelompok tani terhadap teknologi pembuatan haylage plus masih rendah, sehingga masih perlu ditingkatkan dalam rangka peningkatan kapasitas petani-peternak. Dissemination of Haylage Plus Production Technology to Overcome Difficulties in Feeding Beef Cattle in the Dry Season Abstract The purpose of disseminating the technology for making haylage plus through community service activities is to increase knowledge, skills and change the attitude of farmer group members so that they are able to process and store abundant animal feed ingredients during the rainy season (harvesting) as a solution to overcome difficulties in providing beef cattle feed. limited to the dry season. The dissemination method used to solve this problem is a combination of face-to-face counseling methods in accordance with the Covid-19 health protocol with a technology title (showcase technology). Based on the results of this study, 28.69% of farmer group members had heard of the technology of making haylage plus from rice straw and only 13.79% had attended training on making haylage. Based on the results of the activity, it can be concluded that the level of knowledge, skills and attitudes of farmer group members towards the technology of making haylage plus is still low, so it still needs to be improved in order to increase the capacity of farmers and breeders.

scholarly journals Avian Communities of a Mixed Mopane-Acacia Savanna in the Cuvelai Drainage System, North-Central Namibia, During the Dry and Wet Season

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kopij
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
North Central ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
Shannon’S Diversity Index

Abstract Studies were conducted by means of the Line Transect Method in late rainy season (March), in the middle of dry season (July) and at beginning of rainy season (November).Th e total length of all transects was c. 11 km. In total, 70 resident and 13 nonresidentspecies were recorded. Th e number of species in dry season was significantly lower than in rainy season (x2-test: 14.1; p < 0.01). Th e highly significant seasonal differences in abundance were recorded for the following species: Streptopelia senegalensis, Streptopelia capicola, Uraeginthus angolensis, Cisticola juncidis, Upupa africana, Cynniris mariquensis, and Numida meleagris. In overall, five species have been classified as dominants: Streptopelia senegalensis, Streptopelia capicola, Uraeginthus angolensis, Plocepasser mahali and Cypsiurus parvus. They comprised together 43.9 %. Significant variations in the dominance structure between the wet and dry season have been evidenced. Granivores were much more numerous in the dry than in the wet season, while for the insectivores the reverse was true. Although Sorensen Coefficient was much the same between all three seasons, the Shannon’s Diversity Index was lower in July than in March and November.

Emerging opportunities for developing a diversified land sector economy in Australia’s northern savannas

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Russell-Smith ◽  
Kamaljit K. Sangha
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Focal Region ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Northern Regions

We explore sustainable land sector opportunities for Australia’s 1.2 million km2 northern savanna rangelands where extensive beef cattle pastoralism is the predominant contemporary land use. Our focal region is characterised by mean annual rainfall exceeding 600 mm, ecologically bountiful wet season water availability followed by 6–8 months of surface water deficit, mostly nutrient-poor soils, internationally significant biodiversity and carbon stock values, very extensive dry season fires in pastorally unproductive settings, a sparse rural population (0.14 persons km–2) comprising a high proportion of Indigenous people, and associated limited infrastructure. Despite relatively high beef cattle prices in recent seasons and property values escalating at a spectacular ~6% p.a. over the past two decades, long-term economics data show that, for most northern regions, typical pastoral enterprises are unprofitable and carry significant debt. Pastoral activities can also incur very significant environmental impacts on soil and scarce dry season water resources, and greenhouse gas emissions, which currently are not accounted for in economic sustainability assessments. Over the same period, the conservation sector (including National Parks, Indigenous Protected Areas) has been expanding rapidly and now occupies 25% of the region. Since 2012, market-based savanna burning projects aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions occur over a further 25%. Returns from nature-based tourism focussed particularly on maintaining intact freshwater systems and associated recreational fishing opportunities dwarf returns from pastoralism. The growth of these latter industries illustrates the potential for further development of profitable ‘ecosystem services’ markets as part of a more environmentally and socially sustainable diversified regional land sector economy. We outline some of the imminent challenges involved with, and opportunities for developing, this new industry sector.

scholarly journals High Aedes spp. larval indices in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wat’senga Tezzo Francis ◽  
Fasine Sylvie ◽  
Manzambi Emile Zola ◽  
Marquetti Maria del Carmen ◽  
Binene Mbuka Guillaume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
World Health ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Larval Habitats

Abstract BACKGROUND: Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika are among the most important emerging infectious vector-borne diseases worldwide. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), increases in cases of dengue and outbreaks of yellow fever and chikungunya have been reported since 2010. The main vectors of these arboviruses, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, have been reported in DRC, but there is a lack of detailed information on their presence and spread to guide disease control efforts.METHODS: In 2018, two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Kinshasa province (DRC), one in the rainy (January/February) and one in the dry season (July). Four hundred houses were visited in each of the four selected communes (N’Djili, Mont Ngafula, Lingwala and Kalamu). Within the peri-domestic area of each household, searches were conducted for larval habitats which were then surveyed for the presence of Aedes larvae and pupae. A subset of the immature specimens were reared to adults for morphological identification followed by DNA-barcoding of the specimens to validate identifications.RESULTS: The most rural commune (Mont Ngafula) had the highest pupal index of 246 (20) pupae/100 houses and a Breteau Index of 82.2 (19.5)/100 houses, while this latter was 21.5 (4.7), 36.7 (9.8) and 41.7 (7.5) in Kalamu, Lingwala and N’Djili in the rainy (and dry) season, respectively. The House Index was on average across all communes 27.5% (7.6%); and the Container Index 15.0% (10.0%) in rainy (and dry) season, respectively. The vast majority of Aedes positive containers were found outside the houses (adjusted OR 27.4 (95%CI 14.9-50.1)). During the dry season, the most productive containers were the ones used for water storage, whereas in the rainy season rubbish and tires constituted key habitats. Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found. Anopheles larvae were found in different types of Aedes larval habitats, especially during the rainy season. CONCLUSIONS: In both surveys and in all communes, the larval indices (BI) were higher than the arbovirus transmission threshold values established by the World Health Organization. Management strategies for controlling Aedes in Kinshasa need to target the key containers, mainly located in outdoor spaces, for larval habitats destruction or reduction.

scholarly journals Seasonal Depiction of Malariometric Indices in Children under Five Years in a Sudanese Semi-urban Area of Burkina Faso

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
San M. Ouattara ◽  
Alphonse Ouédraogo ◽  
Alfred B. Tiono ◽  
Benjamin Sombié ◽  
Amidou Diarra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Endemic Malaria ◽  
Transmission Period

Aims: Malariometric indices are essential for the assessment of both new therapies and control strategies. As part of the characterization of a new malaria clinical trial site, this study was carried out to assess malariometric indices during the two seasons of a Sudanese area of Burkina Faso, in children aged under five years. Study Design: Two community-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted as follow: the first during the rainy season of 2009 and the second during the following dry season. Socio-demographic and clinical data were recorded. A finger prick blood sample was collected to perform malaria blood films and to measure the hemoglobin level. Results: Malaria parasitemia prevalence was 55.2% (N = 677) in the rainy season with a geometric mean of parasite density (GMPD) of 3439 trophozoites/µl against 23.3% (N = 720) in the dry season with a GMPD of 1368 trophozoites/µl. Gametocytemia prevalence was 21.7% and 6.5% respectively in rainy and dry season while splenomegaly prevalence was 11.2% (N = 689) in rainy season against 4.2% (N = 752) in dry season. The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin < 11.0 g/dl) was 90.0% in rainy season and 70.6% in dry season. All indices in rainy season were statistically higher than those in dry season (p-value < 0.0001). The odds of parasite carriage were 3 to 5 times higher in rainy season compared to dry season (95% CI for OR = [3.1, 5.0]). Conclusion: The site is located in a seasonal hyper-endemic malaria area and seems appropriate for the conduct of malaria drugs or vaccines studies. Though the gap between seasons is considerable, the residual level of parasite carriage during low transmission period is not negligible and may command the development of strategies targeting this specific period, to break the chain of transmission of the disease.

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