scholarly journals Frustration of contracts, signed in compliance with law of England, as a probable consequence of EU sanctions against Russian companies

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Padiryakov ◽  
◽  
Roman V. Barabash ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Probable Consequence

scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Stressors on Gene Expression in the Embryo of the Italian Wall Lizard

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4723
Author(s):  
Rosaria Scudiero ◽  
Chiara Maria Motta ◽  
Palma Simoniello
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Cellular Protection ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrate ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
The Impact

The cleidoic eggs of oviparous reptiles are protected from the external environment by membranes and a parchment shell permeable to water and dissolved molecules. As a consequence, not only physical but also chemical insults can reach the developing embryos, interfering with gene expression. This review provides information on the impact of the exposure to cadmium contamination or thermal stress on gene expression during the development of Italian wall lizards of the genus Podarcis. The results obtained by transcriptomic analysis, although not exhaustive, allowed to identify some stress-reactive genes and, consequently, the molecular pathways in which these genes are involved. Cadmium-responsive genes encode proteins involved in cellular protection, metabolism and proliferation, membrane trafficking, protein interactions, neuronal transmission and plasticity, immune response, and transcription regulatory factors. Cold stress changes the expression of genes involved in transcriptional/translational regulation and chromatin remodeling and inhibits the transcription of a histone methyltransferase with the probable consequence of modifying the epigenetic control of DNA. These findings provide transcriptome-level evidence of how terrestrial vertebrate embryos cope with stress, giving a key to use in population survival and environmental change studies. A better understanding of the genes contributing to stress tolerance in vertebrates would facilitate methodologies and applications aimed at improving resistance to unfavourable environments.

The Natural and Probable Consequence Rule in Complicity: Section 34A of the Israeli Penal Law Part I

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ohana
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
Anglo American

The rules of criminal law that govern participation in crime often include special provisions with regard to accomplice liability for the commission of collateral offenses by the principal in the course of the unlawful undertaking. While some Anglo-American jurisdictions limit accomplice liability to cases where the commission of the collateral offense is effectively contemplated by the participant, other jurisdictions, including Israel, also provide for punishment of the participant where the collateral offense is reasonably foreseeable. Accordingly, participants are held liable for crimes that are perpetrated incidentally to the commission of the projected crime, on the basis of an objective, rather than subjective, foresight standard. Whether this deviation from the prevalent paradigm of accomplice liability is justified in principle and policy constitutes the main focus of this article.

scholarly journals Liability for Dangerous Activities: A Comparative Analysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Reid
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Balloon Flight ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
The World ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
Dangerous Activity

Hot air ballooning is a dangerous activity, and not only for the balloonist. In Guille v. Swan, 1 a balloonist crash-landed in a New York vegetable garden. When a crowd rushed to his assistance damage was caused to the vegetables. He was held to be strictly liable for the damage caused. Across the Atlantic balloonists were more glamorous although not more successful. In Scott's Trs. v. Moss, 2 the defender, an Edinburgh impresario, arranged a balloon flight by the “world-renowned scientific aeronaut”, Professor Baldwin. The advertisement promised that the Professor would descend by parachute, landing on ground rented by the defender. In the event, he missed and landed in a turnip field owned by the pursuers. Fences and a large number of turnips were trampled by the crowd rushing to the scene. The Court of Session decided that the defender could be liable only on the basis of fault. Foreseeability was of the essence: the pursuer was entitled to damages if and only if the crowd's actions were the “natural and probable consequence” of the defender's activities. Counsel's research had uncovered Guille v. Swan, but the Court of Session declined to follow it into strict liability.

scholarly journals Principal component analysis of performance test traits in Hungarian Sporthorse mares

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
J. Posta ◽  
I. Komlósi ◽  
S. Mihók
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Principal Component Analyses ◽  
Performance Traits ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Analysis Of Performance ◽  
Trait Groups

Abstract. The analysis utilized data on performance traits recorded between 1993 and 2004 on 3- and 4-year-old Hungarian Sporthorse mares. Traits were categorized in three groups, chosen to describe conformation, free jumping and movement. Low to moderate correlations were found among traits within each of those groups. There were high correlations between type and frame for both ages; and within free jumping performance traits, jumping style and jumping ability were highly correlated as well. In principal component analyses of test results for 3- and 4-year-old mares, 9 factors (ratio of variance = 80.935) and 7 factors (ratio of variance = 74.115) were identified, respectively. Dendograms based upon cluster analysis verified the separation of trait groups. The trait of "impulsion in elasticity of movement" could be assigned to movement traits in 3-year-old; but as a probable consequence of training, it could be assigned to conformation traits, especially to overall impression, when horses were 4-year-old.

scholarly journals Review: the effects of secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca on marine biocalcification

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 7325-7452 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Ries
Keyword(s):  
Secular Variation ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Ambient Seawater ◽  
The Past ◽  
Microbial Biofilms ◽  
Tube Worms ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Abstract. Synchronized transitions in the polymorph mineralogy of the major reef-building and sediment-producing calcareous marine organisms and abiotic CaCO3 precipitates (ooids, marine cements) throughout Phanerozoic time is believed to have been caused by tectonically-induced variations in seawater molar Mg/Ca (>2="aragonite seas"; <2="calcite seas"). Here, I review a series of experiments in which extant calcifying taxa were reared in experimental seawater formulated over the range of mMg/Ca ratios (1.0 to 5.2) that occurred throughout their geologic history. Aragonite-secreting bryopsidalean algae and scleractinian corals and calcite-secreting coccolithophores exhibited higher rates of calcification and growth in the experimental seawaters that favored their skeletal mineral. These results support the assertion that seawater Mg/Ca played an important role in determining which hypercalcifying marine organisms were the major reef-builders and sediment-producers throughout Earth history. The observation that primary production increased along with calcification in mineralogically-favorable seawater is consistent with the hypothesis that calcification promotes photosynthesis within autotrophs through the liberation of CO2. The Mg/Ca ratio of calcite secreted by the coccolithophores, coralline algae and reef-dwelling animals (crustacea, urchins, calcareous tube worms) declined with reductions in seawater Mg/Ca. Calcifying microbial biofilms varied their mineral polymorph with seawater Mg/Ca (mMg/Ca<2=low Mg calc; mMg/Ca>2=arag+high Mg calc), suggesting a nearly abiotic mode of calcification. These results indicate that biomineralogical control can be partially overridden by ambient seawater Mg/Ca and suggests that modern high Mg calcite organisms probably secreted low Mg calcite in calcite seas of the past. Notably, Mg fractionation in autotrophic organisms was more strongly influenced by changes in seawater Mg/Ca, a probable consequence of them inducing a less controlled mode of calcification simply through the removal of CO2 via photosynthesis. This body of work also has implications for thermal-chemical reconstructions of seawater that are based upon skeletal Mg/Ca. And by identifying how marine calcifiers respond to changes in seawater Mg/Ca and absolute Ca2+ concentration, this work should enhance our interpretation of the parallel studies investigating the effects of CO2-induced ocean acidification on marine calcification.

A preliminary floristic survey of the benthic marine algae of Rotuma Island

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
A De R N'Yeurt
Keyword(s):  
Marine Algae ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Floristic Survey ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Island Group ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
Fiji Island ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Oceanic Currents

A preliminary study of the intertidal benthic macroalgal flora of the island of Rotuma (12°30'S 177°05'E; politically attached to the Fiji Island group) has revealed a total of 88 taxa, including 41 Rhodophyceae, 11 Phaeophyceae and 36 Chlorophyceae, representing the first published records of marine algae for this island. Of these, 30 represent new records for the Fijian flora. The Rotuman flora is distinct from that of Fiji, a probable consequence of habitat limitations and high exposure regimes on Rotuman reefs that have led to a predominance of low-profile, robust algal species. A distinct north-south distribution pattern was found, brought about by variations in exposure regimes. Biogeographic considerations further dissociated the Rotuman and Fijian floras, the former being more equatorial and in the path of oceanic currents dispersing algal species from donor areas in the central and western Pacific.

Selective Hypoaldosteronism: A Study of Steroid Biosynthetic Pathways under Adrenocorticotrophin and Angiotensin II Infusion

1976 ◽  
Vol 51 (s3) ◽  
pp. 335s-337s ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lebel ◽  
J. H. Grose
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
Plasma Steroids ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

1. The functional integrity of the adrenal cortex has been tested in a case of selective hypoaldosteronism by adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and angiotensin II (AII) infusion. 2. During ACTH infusion a normal functioning zona fasciculata was indicated by the impressive increase of the ACTH-dependent plasma steroids; the aldosterone response was moderate. 3. During AII infusion the plasma aldosterone response was blunted with an unexpected dose-dependent increase in pregnenolone, resulting in abnormal decreasing progesterone/pregnenolone ratios during the infusion, suggesting a slow-down in the conversion of pregnenolone into progesterone. 4. This defect, a probable consequence of chronic renin deficiency on the zona glomerulosa, could be a contributing factor to the hypoaldosteronism.

Female-biased sex ratio in adults of the turtle Emys orbicularis at the northern limit of its distribution in France: a probable consequence of interaction of temperature with genotypic sex determination

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1279-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Servan ◽  
P. Zaborski ◽  
M. Dorizzi ◽  
C. Pieau
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Gonad Differentiation ◽  
Adult Sex Ratio ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
Genotypic Sex Determination ◽  
Female Genotype ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
Female Bias

Adult sex ratio in the turtle Emys orbicularis was determined in populations from seven ponds in Brenne (Indre, France). In all populations, the sex ratio was biased toward females. Among 290 captured animals, the male:female ratio was close to 0.5. Among different demographic factors that could affect the adult sex ratio, the most influential was probably the sex ratio of hatchlings. In Emys orbicularis, a ZZ male/ZW female system of genotypic sex determination has been postulated. Moreover, gonad differentiation is dependent on temperature and sex-reversed individuals can occur. To evaluate the importance of sex reversal among adult females, the blood of 78 animals was typed for the serologically detectable H-Y antigen, used as a tool to identify sexual genotype. In 73 of them, the H-Y phenotype was positive, conforming with female genotype, but in the other 5 females, it was negative (as in genotypic males), revealing that the sexual phenotype of these animals had been inverted. As the percentage of these sex-reversed genotypic males is low, the influence of temperature would appear not to be the sole cause of the observed unbalanced sex ratio. The female bias can be partly explained by the interaction of temperature with the ZZ/ZW system of genotypic sex determination. Indeed, in this system, sexual inversion under the influence of an epigenetic factor increases the ratio of genotypic females (ZW and WW) in the progeny.

Recent Major Declines in Zooplankton Populations in the Inshore Region of Lake Michigan: Probable Causes and Implications

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene S. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Fish Predation ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Population Decrease ◽  
Probable Consequence ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
Standing Stocks ◽  
Zooplankton Communities

Summer Zooplankton communities in the inshore region of southeastern Lake Michigan were dominated by small species during the 1970s, suggesting that size-selective fish predation pressures were intense. Abundances of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), the dominant planktivore in the 1970s, declined in recent years, especially over 1982–84. Despite decreased alewife predation, small zooplankton taxa continued to predominate. Moreover, zooplankton standing stocks declined 10-fold during 1982–84, suggesting that predatory pressures had intensified. Concurrent with the alewife population decrease was a major increase in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) abundances. As a probable consequence of intense predation pressures exerted by abundant yellow perch, zooplankton standing stocks were severely reduced. Yellow perch populations may have been adversely affected by food limitation, especially in summer 1984 when zooplankton standing stocks were only 3% of their average level over 1975–81.

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