scholarly journals Burden of Viral Pathogens in Pediatric Patients in Southwest Ohio

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara DeBurger ◽  
Sarah Hanna ◽  
Andrea Ankrum ◽  
Joshua Schaffzin ◽  
Eleanor Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Stool Samples

Abstract Background: Viral gastroenteritis is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide. Evolving epidemiology, in part due to vaccines, has made identifying specific stool pathogens more relevant for clinical and public health providers. Molecular testing for gastrointestinal viruses is sensitive and effective for rapid identification of viruses from stool samples. In this study we report the prevalence of key viral pathogens in diarrheal stool specimens from a pediatric population. Methods: From February 2014 to March 2017, remnant stool samples from patients presenting to a healthcare provider with diarrhea were examined for both bacteria (Salmonella species, Shigella species, Campylobacter species, and Shiga toxins 1 and 2) and viruses (norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and rotavirus). Detection of targets was performed using and FDA-approved platform (BD Max™) with PCR/sequencing serving as the reference method. Results: Of the 386 samples tested, at least one potential pathogen (viral and/or bacterial) was detected in 41.2% of specimens. 136 (35.2%%) samples tested positive for at least one virus; 34 (8.8%) samples tested positive for at least one bacterium. There were 28 dual infections. Conclusions: The most commonly detected targets were viruses. Norovirus and sapovirus were the most prevalent stool pathogens, especially in very young patients. Shigella species was the most prevalent bacteria and third most detected target overall. Rotavirus prevalence was low, but still detected in 15 (3.9%) of the samples. This may indicate that while vaccine has reduced its prevalence, it should still be considered in clinical evaluation of this population. Of note, the majority (59%) of samples were negative for viral pathogens. Providers should also consider parasites and noninfectious causes such as inflammatory bowel disease when evaluating diarrhea in a pediatric patient.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a New Device for Simplifying and Standardizing Stool Sample Preparation for Viral Molecular Testing with Limited Hands-On Time

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 928-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Feghoul ◽  
Maud Salmona ◽  
Janine Cherot ◽  
Mony Fahd ◽  
Jean-Hugues Dalle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
New Device ◽  
Stool Samples

Sensitive molecular assays have greatly improved the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis. However, the proper preparation of stool samples for clinical testing remains an issue. bioMérieux has developed a stool preprocessing device (SPD) that includes a spoon for calibrated sampling and a vial containing buffer, glass beads, and two filters. The resulting stool filtrate is used for nucleic acid extraction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the SPD for the quantification of human adenovirus (HAdV) DNA in stool samples collected from hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. HAdV DNA was quantified with the Adenovirus R-gene kit. The suitability of the device to reproducibly quantify HAdV DNA in stools using different extraction platforms (easyMAG and QIAsymphony) was determined using archived HAdV-positive stool samples. Coefficients of variation of HAdV DNA quantifications ranged from 1.79% to 1.83%, and no difference in quantification was observed between the two extraction systems. The HAdV DNA limit of quantification using the SPD was 3.75 log10copies/g of stool. HAdV DNA quantification using the SPD was then compared to that of the routine preprocessing technique on 75 fresh stool samples collected prospectively from pediatric HSCT recipients at risk for HAdV infections. Thirty-eight samples were HAdV DNA positive with both the SPD and routine preprocessing methods. HAdV DNA loads were on average 1.14-log10copies/g of stool higher with the SPD (P< 0.0001) than with routine methods. This new device enabled a standardized preparation of stool samples in <5 min and a reproducible and sensitive quantification of HAdV DNA. The use of the SPD for the detection of other gastrointestinal infections warrants further evaluation.

scholarly journals Trends in antimicrobial resistance in Shigella species in Karachi, Pakistan

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 798-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erum Khan ◽  
Kausar Jabeen ◽  
Muslima Ejaz ◽  
Jaweriah Siddiqui ◽  
Muhammad Farrukh Shezad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Frequent Species ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

Background: Shigellosis is a common cause of morbidity, especially in the very young and old, in developing countries.  The disease is treated with antibiotics. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance trends is essential owing to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Methodology: The study involved 1,573 isolates of Shigella species (1996-2007) that were analyzed for trends in antimicrobial resistance. Results: The majority of the specimens (1046; 66.5%) were from the pediatric population, and of these 887 (84.8%) were under 5 years of age (p = 0.001). S. flexineri was the most frequent species (54.5%) isolated. Isolation of S. sonnei increased from 15.4 % (1996) to 39% (2007) (p = 0.001). Although none of the isolates was found sensitive to all the antibiotics tested, 58% (n =9 07) were resistant to ampicillin and 85% (n = 1,338) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Out of a total of 198 (12.6%) nalidixic acid resistant isolates, 6 (3.0%) were also resistant to ofloxacin. Overall 1.7 % of isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, 2.4% to ceftriaxone and 2.3% were resistant to combination of ampicillin, nalidixic acid and TMP-SMX. Conclusion: Ofloxacin is still an effective drug for treatment of acute shigellosis in Pakistan. Emergence of resistance to ceftriaxone in Shigella may have grave implications in treatment of severe shigellosis in very young patients.

Molecular Detection of Group A Rotavirus in under Five Years Old Children with Acute Diarrhoea Admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Group A Rotavirus ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Considerable Morbidity

Rotaviruses are regarded as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among children especially under five years of age worldwide. In developing countries like Myanmar, where diarrhoea is in the priority childhood disease, rotavirus surveillance and detection of rotavirus genotypes are utmost important. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Yangon Children‟s Hospital among under five children admitted for acute diarrhoea from January to October 2016. This study includes detection of Group A rotavirus antigen by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping by multiplex RT-PCR. From a total of 488 collected samples, rotavirus antigen was detected in 219 samples (45%). Rotavirus diarrhoea was most common among the age of 6-11 months (38.8%) followed by 12-23 months (37.9%). The results showed that boys were more commonly affected than girls. Detection of rotavirus positivity was peak in February (57.6 %). Out of 219 stool samples with positive ELISA result, 40 stool samples with high optical density value were proceeded for further determination of G and P genotypes. Regarding distribution of G genotypes, the most common G genotype was G9 which comprised 45%, and that of P genotype was P[8] which comprised 92.5%. Regarding combination of G and P genotypes, the most frequent combination is G9P[8], and it constituted 42.5%. Untypable genotypes were seen in 30% of G and 2.5% of P typing. As rotavirus infection can be prevented by vaccine, WHO recommended that rotavirus vaccination should be included in national immunization program especially in countries where prevalence of rotavirus is high. The distribution of G and P genotypes is important in consideration of appropriate vaccine in pre-vaccination and evaluation of effectiveness of vaccine in post-vaccination period. Therefore, the information on currently circulating genotypes of rotavirus in this study will serve as valuable data for vaccination programme.

Multiple Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis That Were Associated with 16 Funerals and a Unique Caterer and Spanned 6 Days, 2011, Québec, Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1582-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLETTE GAULIN ◽  
SOULYVANE NGUON ◽  
MARIE-ANDREE LEBLANC ◽  
DANIELLE RAMSAY ◽  
SOPHIE ROY
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Over Time

In January 2011, multiple acute gastroenteritis outbreaks that spanned many days and were related to attendance at funerals were reported to public health units in Quebec. An epidemiological investigation was initiated to identify the source of the contamination and to explain the extent of the contamination over time. Thirty-one cohorts of individuals attended different funerals held between 14 and 19 January. All attendees were served a cold buffet made by the same caterer. Of these 31 cohorts, 16 (with a total of about 800 people) contained individuals who reported being ill after the funeral. Symptoms were mainly diarrhea (89 to 94% of individuals), vomiting (63 to 90%,) and fever (26 to 39%), with a median incubation period of 29 to 33 h and a median duration of symptoms of 24 to 33 h, suggesting norovirus-like infection. Among the 16 cohorts, 3 were selected for cohort studies. Among those three cohorts, the mean illness rate was 68%. Associations were found between those who fell ill and those who had consumed pasta salad (relative risk [RR] = 2.4; P = 0.0022) and ham sandwiches (RR = 1.8; P = 0.0096). No food handlers reported being sick. No stool samples were provided by individuals who became ill. Environmental and food samples were all negative for causative agents. Although the causative agent was not clearly identified, this investigation raised many concerns about the importance of preventing foodborne transmission of viral gastroenteritis and generated some recommendations for management of similar outbreaks.

scholarly journals SCA Medium: A New Culture Medium for the Isolation of All Candida auris Clades

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ibrahim ◽  
Lucie Peyclit ◽  
Rim Abdallah ◽  
Saber Khelaifia ◽  
Amanda Chamieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Phenotypic Profile ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Selective Culture Medium

Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast causing nosocomial infections and associated with high mortality in immunocompromised patients. Rapid identification and characterisation are necessary for diagnosis and containing its spread. In this study, we present a selective culture medium for all C. auris clades. This medium is sensitive with a limit of detection ranging between 101 and 102 CFU/mL. The 100% specificity of SCA (specific C. auris) medium is confirmed on a set of 135 Candida strains, 50 bacterial species and 200 human stool samples. Thus, this medium specifically selects for C. auris isolation from clinical samples, allowing the latter to study its phenotypic profile.

Investigation of Children with Acute Gastroenteritis by Multiplex PCR Method in Central Part of Turkey

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Yılmaz ◽  
Havva Kaya ◽  
Mehmet Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Norovirus Gii

Abstract Objective Gastroenteritis is a disease that affects all age groups, especially children, and causes high mortality and morbidity in all countries. The most common agents of acute gastroenteritis are viral agents. As a result, millions of diarrhea attacks and hospital admissions occur worldwide every year due to viral gastroenteritis. This study uses the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to investigate the viruses that are the causative agents of viral gastroenteritis in the pediatric patient group in Konya, Turkey. Methods Stool samples of 94 patients aged 0 to 18 years sent from Emergency clinics and Pediatric outpatient clinics, Meram Medical Faculty Hospital Pediatric clinics, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University to Medical Microbiology Laboratory with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis between February and December 2018 were included in the study. Stool samples were stored at –80°C until the time of the analysis. Deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid isolation from stool samples was performed with EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) using an automatic extraction system (BioRobot EZ1 system, Qiagen). The presence of astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus (GI, GII), and sapovirus agents was investigated by the multiplex PCR method (Fast Track Diagnostics, Luxembourg) viral gastroenteritis kit. Results Viral gastroenteritis agents were detected in 56.3% of the patients. One viral agent was detected in 47 (50%) of these patients and at least two viral agents in 6 (6.3%) of them. Norovirus GII was detected in 20 (21.2%) of the children included in the study, adenovirus in 13 (13.8%), rotavirus in 11 (12.8%), astrovirus in 11 (11.7%), sapovirus in 4 (4.2%), and norovirus GI in 1 (1.06%). When the distribution of viral agents was examined by months, the most number of agents were observed (21; 35%) in May, followed by April and June (12; 20%). Considering the distribution of the prevalence of the agents by age, it was seen to be mainly between 0 and 12 months (42%). Conclusion Considering that the most common viral agent in our region is norovirus GII, it will be useful to investigate the norovirus that is not routinely examined in children who are admitted to clinics with the complaint of gastroenteritis. It will be appropriate to examine routinely adenovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus in the laboratory, especially in children with diarrhea and vomiting in the winter and spring months.

Conventional Radiography and Ultrasound Imaging of Rheumatic Diseases Affecting the Pediatric Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 068-081
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Pracoń ◽  
Maria Pilar Aparisi Gómez ◽  
Paolo Simoni ◽  
Piotr Gietka ◽  
Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Juvenile Dermatomyositis ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis ◽  
Disease Monitoring ◽  
Juvenile Scleroderma

AbstractJuvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most frequent rheumatic disease in the pediatric population, followed by systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile scleroderma syndromes, juvenile dermatomyositis, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, and juvenile vasculopathies. The imaging approach to inflammatory connective tissue diseases in childhood has not changed dramatically over the last decade, with radiographs still the leading method for bony pathology assessment, disease monitoring, and evaluation of growth disturbances. Ultrasonography is commonly used for early detection of alterations within the intra- and periarticular soft tissues, assessing their advancement and also disease monitoring. It offers several advantages in young patients including nonionizing radiation exposure, short examination time, and high resolution, allowing a detailed evaluation of the musculoskeletal system for the features of arthritis, tenosynovitis, enthesitis, bursitis, myositis, as well as pathologies of the skin, subdermis, vessels, and fasciae. In this pictorial essay we discuss radiographic and ultrasound inflammatory features of autoimmune pediatric inflammatory arthropathies: juvenile idiopathic arthritis, lupus erythematosus, juvenile scleroderma, juvenile dermatomyositis and polymyositis.

scholarly journals Frequency of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus among Patients with Acute Diarrhea by Chromatographic Immunoassay and Enzyme

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Arwa Mujahid Abdullah Al-Shuwaikh
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Settings ◽  
City Hospital ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Medical City ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Infant And Young Children ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Age Range

Diarrhea is a major cause of illness and death in children worldwide; however, little information exists about the origin of childhood diarrhea in Iraq. Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus are the major causes of sever gastroenteritis in infant and young children, pattern also observed in adult. Confirmation of viral infection by laboratory testing is necessary for reliable surveillance and can be useful in clinical settings to avoid inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy. Methods: A total of 188 patients their age range from 1-19 (Mean=5.57 ± S.D. = 4.81) years old suffering from diarrhea were included in this study. Stool samples were collected and tested for Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus antigens by using the rapid chromatographic test and for Rotavirus and Adenovirus Antigens, ELISA also was done. Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus antigens were determined by rapid chromatographic immunoassay in 27 specimens (14.36%), 0 (0%) and 0 (0%) of 188 frozen stool specimens, respectively. Moreover, of these 188 specimens, Rotavirus was found in 35 specimens (18.62%) and Adenovirus in 6 specimens (3.19 %) by using ELISA technique. The present results revealed that Rotaviruses and Adenoviruses have an important role in diarrhea among children especially those less than 5 year’s old and viral pathogens should be investigated routinely in diarrhea stool specimens. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis admitted to Al-Emamain Al-Kadhemain Medical City Hospital in Baghdad-Iraq.

Micromethod for biochemical identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-508
Author(s):  
Y Brun ◽  
J Fleurette ◽  
F Forey
Keyword(s):  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Clinical Microbiology ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Biochemical Identification ◽  
Type Strains

We have endeavored to elaborate a suitable method for easy and rapid identification in clinical microbiology laboratories of the different species of infection-inducing, coagulase-negative staphylococci. Ten type strains described by Kloos and Schleifer and 269 strains isolated from 95 patients were tested; the classical tests were used for determination of Staphylococcus species. Strains were identified by using the Kloos-Schleifer reference method and the micromethod simultaneously. After preliminary tests on 77 substrates, 19 were retained, 15 for determination of species and 4 to reveal biotypes. The substrates were placed in wells in a rigid strip of inert plastic. Inoculation of wells was carried out with rich microbial suspensions in a special medium; reading of substrate reactions was done after incubation for 48 h at 35 degree C. The intrasystem reproducibility was excellent, from 91 to 100% for the 19 substrates. It was in excellent agreement with the reference method, 100% for type strains and 97.9% for hospital-isolated strains. Because it is simple and easy to reproduce, the micromethod will be most useful in clinical and ecological microbiology laboratories.

Tube Shunt Related Complications in Pediatrics

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Geloneck ◽  
Robert M. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Tube Migration ◽  
Tube Malposition ◽  
Tube Shunt

Although medical therapy is usually an excellent therapeutic option in the adult population, in children it is often ineffective or associated with an undesirable risk:benefit ratio. Therefore, surgical intervention is frequently required for adequate control of glaucoma in young patients. The initial surgical approach for management of glaucoma in children includes goniotomy and trabeculotomy, each with a high success rate. When these interventions fail or have a high likelihood of failure (i.e., in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome, aniridia, anterior chamber dysgenesis, or congenital glaucoma), tube shunt procedures are often required. Tube shunts were first used in the pediatric population by Molteno and colleagues in 1973 and have since grown in popularity and secured an integral role in the treatment of refractory glaucoma in infants and children. Possible complications and causes for failure of tube shunt devices in children are very similar to those in adults; however, issues such as tube migration and retraction must be anticipated in the child’s growing eye. One of the most frustrating, and unfortunately the most common, complications is tube malposition. While tube malposition is not entirely specific to the pediatric population, it occurs far more frequently in children than in adults. (See Chapter 30 for information about tube malposition in adults.) Incidence of tube malposition in pediatric patients ranges from 3% to 35%. In infants and young children, the tube tends to retract from the eye and/or migrate towards the cornea in the anterior chamber. The initial presentation of tube migration is often tube-cornea touch at the proximal end of the tube near the insertion site. In severe cases, tube migration can lead to transcorneal extrusion of the tube. Secondary complications, including corneal decompensation, cataract, iris abnormalities, and endophthalmitis, can result from these initial insults if tube malposition is not identified early and appropriately addressed. The cause of tube migration and retraction is likely multifactorial, but there are 2 basic mechanisms thought to be at fault: 1) somatic growth causing concomitant tube migration and 2) elasticity of the buphthalmic eye, allowing shrinkage as intraocular pressure (IOP) decreases and tube straightening due to “memory.”

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