scholarly journals The Trend and Age-Period-Cohort Analysis on the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease attributable to Tobacco Exposure in China, Japan, USA and World

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenying Wu ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Shuang Xu ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Yifei Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Background Tobacco exposure is the major contributor of CVD mortality, but none of the published studies on CVD mortality attributable to tobacco exposure analyzed the possible reasons underlying the long-term trends and the differences between age-groups in China.Methods The mortality data in China, Japan, USA and World were obtained from GBD 2017. The joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess the magnitude and direction of trends over time for CVD morality, and the age-period-cohort method was used to analyze the temporal trends of CVD mortality by age, period, and cohort. The smoking prevalence was acquired from WHO.Results There was a significant downward trend in ASMR of CVD attributable to smoking in four regions, but China has the smallest decline and the ASMR of CVD attributable to smoking in China rose to the first place in 2017 (41.41 per 100,000). All the net drifts per year in four regions were negative, and the local drift values were below zero in all age groups. The longitudinal age curves of the CVD mortality attributable to smoking increased in four regions and China had the largest increase. The period/cohort RRs indicated a decline, and China has the smallest decline. All the cohort/period RRs and net drifts per year in female had more quickly declining trends than that in male. All the results of secondhand smoke were similar to that of smoking. For Stroke and IHD, their results were similar to those of CVD.Conclusions Although CVD mortality attributable to tobacco exposure had declined in four regions, CVD mortality attributable to tobacco exposure in China was at a high level, and the high CVD mortality attributable to secondhand smoke caused by high smoking prevalence. China should strengthen tobacco control measures to reduce the burden of CVD.

scholarly journals The Trend and Age-Period-Cohort Analysis on the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease attributable to Tobacco Exposure in China, Japan, USA and World

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenying Wu ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Shuang Xu ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Yifei Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Background Tobacco exposure is the major contributor of CVD mortality, but none of the published studies on CVD mortality attributable to tobacco exposure analyzed the possible reasons underlying the long-term trends and the differences between age-groups in China.Methods The mortality data in China, Japan, USA and World were obtained from GBD 2017. The joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess the magnitude and direction of trends over time for CVD morality, and the age-period-cohort method was used to analyze the temporal trends of CVD mortality by age, period, and cohort. The smoking prevalence was acquired from WHO.Results There was a significant downward trend in ASMR of CVD attributable to smoking in four regions, but China has the smallest decline and the ASMR of CVD attributable to smoking in China rose to the first place in 2017 (41.41 per 100,000). All the net drifts per year in four regions were negative, and the local drift values were below zero in all age groups. The longitudinal age curves of the CVD mortality attributable to smoking increased in four regions and China had the largest increase. The period/cohort RRs indicated a decline, and China has the smallest decline. All the cohort/period RRs and net drifts per year in female had more quickly declining trends than that in male. All the results of secondhand smoke were similar to that of smoking. For Stroke and IHD, their results were similar to those of CVD.Conclusions Although CVD mortality attributable to tobacco exposure had declined in four regions, CVD mortality attributable to tobacco exposure in China was at a high level, and the high CVD mortality attributable to secondhand smoke caused by high smoking prevalence. China should strengthen tobacco control measures to reduce the burden of CVD.

scholarly journals Compared the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease attributable to Tobacco Exposure in China, Japan, USA and World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Wu ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Shuang Xu ◽  
Yifei Bi ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Background Tobacco exposure (TE) is the major contributor for CVD mortality, but few published studies on CVD mortality attributable to TE have analyzed the potential reasons underlying long-term trends in China. Our study sought to find the potential reasons and compared CVD mortality attributable to TE in China, Japan, the United States of America (USA), and the world between 1990 and 2017.Methods The mortality data in China, Japan, the USA, and the world were obtained from Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017). Joinpoint regression was used to assess the trend magnitude and directions over time for CVD mortality, while the age-period-cohort method was used to analyze the temporal trends of CVD mortality according to age, period, and cohort.Results A significant downward trend was found in the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) of CVD attributable to smoking in four regions. China had the smallest decline and the Chinese ASMR became the highest in 2017. All the annual net drifts in the four regions were negative and the local drifts were below zero. The longitudinal age curves of CVD mortality attributable to smoking increased in four regions, with China having the largest increase. The period or cohort RRs indicated a decline, and China had the smallest decline. The researchers further analyzed the IHD and stroke trends, finding that the morality and period or cohort RR of IHD in China was always at a high level.Conclusions CVD mortality attributable to TE declined in four regions, and was highest in China. The proportion of IHD mortality attributable to TE was similar to stroke which significantly changed the traditional cognition of CVD composition, but the control measure was not sufficient for IHD in China.

scholarly journals Compared the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease attributable to Tobacco Exposure in China, Japan, USA and World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Wu ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Shuang Xu ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Yifei Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
China Rose ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Background Tobacco exposure (TE) is the major contributor of CVD mortality, but few published studies on CVD mortality attributable to TE analyzed the possible reasons underlying the long-term trends in China. Methods The mortality data in China, Japan, USA and World were obtained from GBD 2017. The joinpoint regression was used to assess the magnitude and direction of trends over time for CVD mortality, and the age-period-cohort method was used to analyze the temporal trends of CVD mortality by age, period, and cohort. Results There was a significant downward trend in age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of CVD attributable to smoking in four regions, but China has the smallest decline and the ASMR in China rose to the first rank in 2017. All the net drifts per year in four regions were negative, and the local drifts were below zero. The longitudinal age curves of the CVD mortality attributable to smoking increased in four regions and China had the largest increase. The period/cohort RRs indicated a decline, and China has the smallest decline. We further analyzed the trend of IHD and stroke, and found the morality, period/cohort RR of IHD in China was always in high level. Conclusions CVD mortality attributable to TE had declined in four regions, and it was at a high level in China. The proportion of IHD mortality attributable to TE had been similar to stroke, which had significantly changed the traditional cognition of CVD composition, and the control measure was not enough for IHD in China.

scholarly journals A cross country comparison for the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to tobacco exposure in China, Japan, USA and world

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Wu ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Shuang Xu ◽  
Yifei Bi ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Background Tobacco exposure (TE) is the major contributor for CVD mortality, but few published studies on CVD mortality attributable to TE have analyzed the potential reasons underlying long-term trends in China. Our study sought to find the potential reasons and compared CVD mortality attributable to TE in China, Japan, the United States of America (USA), and the world between 1990 and 2017.Methods The mortality data in China, Japan, the USA, and the world were obtained from Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017). Joinpoint regression was used to assess the trend magnitude and directions over time for CVD mortality, while the age-period-cohort method was used to analyze the temporal trends of CVD mortality according to age, period, and cohort.Results A significant downward trend was found in the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) of CVD attributable to smoking in four regions. China had the smallest decline and the Chinese ASMR became the highest in 2017. All the annual net drifts in the four regions were negative and the local drifts were below zero. The longitudinal age curves of CVD mortality attributable to smoking increased in four regions, with China having the largest increase. The period or cohort RRs indicated a decline, and China had the smallest decline. The researchers further analyzed the IHD and stroke trends, finding that the morality and period or cohort RR of IHD in China was always at a high level.Conclusions CVD mortality attributable to TE declined in four regions, and was highest in China. The proportion of IHD mortality attributable to TE was similar to stroke, which significantly changed the traditional cognition of CVD composition, but the control measure was not sufficient for IHD in China.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Demographics, Acute Care Resource Use and Mortality by Age and Sex in Ontario, Canada: Population-based Retrospective Cohort Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mac ◽  
Kali Barrett ◽  
Yasin A. Khan ◽  
David MJ Naimark ◽  
Laura Rosella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding resource use for COVID-19 is critical. We conducted a population-based cohort study using public health data to describe COVID-19 associated age- and sex-specific acute care use, length of stay (LOS), and mortality.MethodsWe used Ontario’s Case and Contact Management (CCM) Plus database of individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 in Ontario from March 1 to September 30, 2020 to determine age- and sex-specific hospitalizations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) use, LOS, and mortality. We stratified analyses by month of infection to study temporal trends and conducted subgroup analyses by long-term care residency.ResultsDuring the observation period, 56,476 COVID-19 cases were reported (72% < 60 years, 52% female). The proportion of cases shifted from older populations (> 60 years) to younger populations (10-39 years) over time. Overall, 10% of individuals were hospitalized, of those 22% were admitted to ICU, and 60% of those used IMV. Mean LOS for individuals in the ward, ICU without IMV, and ICU with IMV was 12.8, 8.5, 20.5 days, respectively. Mortality for individuals receiving care in the ward, ICU without IMV, and ICU with IMV was 24%, 30%, and 45%, respectively. All outcomes varied by age and decreased over time, overall and within age groups.InterpretationThis descriptive study shows acute care use and mortality varying by age, and decreasing between March and September in Ontario. Improvements in clinical practice and changing risk distributions among those infected may contribute to fewer severe outcomes among those infected with COVID-19.

Time Trends in Ovarian Cancer Survival in Estonia by Age and Stage

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristiina Ojamaa ◽  
Piret Veerus ◽  
Aleksei Baburin ◽  
Hele Everaus ◽  
Kaire Innos
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics

ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to examine temporal trends in ovarian cancer (OC) survival in Estonia during 1995 to 2009 in relation to age and stage.Materials and MethodsEstonian Cancer Registry data on all adult cases of primary OC diagnosed during 1995 to 2009 and followed up for vital status until 2014 were used to estimate relative survival ratios (RSRs). Cohort analysis was used to estimate 1-, 2-, and 5-year RSRs for patients diagnosed in 1995 to 1999, 2000 to 2004, and 2005 to 2009. Analysis was performed by age at diagnosis (<50; 50–59; 60–69; 70+ years) and stage (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1988).ResultsAmong 2296 women included in the study, the age-adjusted 5-year RSR improved from 27% in 1995 to 1999 to 38% in 2005 to 2009. Survival increase of 10% units from 1995 to 1999 to 2005 to 2009 was seen for women aged 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years. Among younger and older women, the respective changes were smaller. In 1995 to 1999, the difference in survival between the youngest and oldest age groups was 41% units. This decreased over the study period to 37% units. From 1995 to 1999 to 2005 to 2009, the 5-year RSR increased from 82% to 91% for stage I patients; from 48% to 67% for stage II patients; from 25% to 35% for stage III patients; and from 11% to 16% for stage IV patients.ConclusionsThe study showed an improvement of OC survival in Estonia in all age and stage groups, but particularly among younger women and those with early stage disease. Slower progress among older women is of great concern.

scholarly journals Trends in lung cancer mortality in Brazil from the 1980s into the early 21st century: age-period-cohort analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirian Carvalho de Souza ◽  
Ana Glória Godoi Vasconcelos ◽  
Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Early 21St Century

The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of trends in lung cancer mortality in Brazil and identify the effects of the factors age, period and cohort (APC) on mortality rates. A time series study was conducted using secondary population-based data. Lung cancer mortality rates by sex were calculated for the period 1980 to 2007. APC models were adjusted to identify the influence of age, period and cohort effects on rates. Lung cancer mortality rates are significantly higher among men. Specific rates for men over the age of 64 and for women of all ages are increasing. There was a greater increase of adjusted rates among women. With respect to the age effect, mortality risk increases with age starting with the earliest age groups. With regard to the cohort effect, there is a lesser risk of mortality among men born after 1950 and an increasing risk across all cohorts among women. The results regarding younger generations indicate that present trends are likely to continue. The cohort effect among women suggests an increasing trend in mortality rates, whereas a decrease in rates among men under the age of 65 suggests that this trend will continue. These trends reflect tobacco control measures adopted since 1986.

scholarly journals Declines in Pneumonia Mortality Following the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Latin American and Caribbean Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia H de Oliveira ◽  
Kayoko Shioda ◽  
Maria Tereza Valenzuela ◽  
Cara B Janusz ◽  
Analía Rearte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
National Level ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean

Abstract Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are recommended for use in pediatric immunization programs worldwide. Few data are available on their effect against mortality. We present a multicountry evaluation of the population-level impact of PCVs against death due to pneumonia in children &lt; 5 years of age. Methods We obtained national-level mortality data between 2000 and 2016 from 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries, using the standardized protocol. Time series models were used to evaluate the decline in all-cause pneumonia deaths during the postvaccination period while controlling for unrelated temporal trends using control causes of death. Results The estimated declines in pneumonia mortality following the introduction of PCVs ranged from 11% to 35% among children aged 2–59 months in 5 countries: Colombia (24% [95% credible interval {CrI}, 3%–35%]), Ecuador (25% [95% CrI, 4%–41%]), Mexico (11% [95% CrI, 3%–18%]), Nicaragua (19% [95% CrI, 0–34%]), and Peru (35% [95% CrI, 20%–47%]). In Argentina, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic, the declines were not detected in the aggregated age group but were detected in certain age strata. In Guyana and Honduras, the estimates had large uncertainty, and no declines were detected. Across the 10 countries, most of which have low to moderate incidence of pneumonia mortality, PCVs have prevented nearly 4500 all-cause pneumonia deaths in children 2–59 months since introduction. Conclusions Although the data quality was variable between countries, and the patterns varied across countries and age groups, the balance of evidence suggests that mortality due to all-cause pneumonia in children declined after PCV introduction. The impact could be greater in populations with a higher prevaccine burden of pneumonia.

Age, period and cohort effects in firearm homicide and suicide in the USA, 1983–2017

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2020-043714
Author(s):  
Miriam J Haviland ◽  
Ali Rowhani-Rahbar ◽  
Frederick P Rivara
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Firearm Suicide ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender

BackgroundRates of firearm homicide and suicide have varied over time. These variations are due to a number of factors including temporal trends, age, birth year and gender. We sought to conduct an age–period–cohort analysis to understand the intersection of these factors with firearm homicide and suicide.MethodsWe used data on firearm homicide and suicide for the years 1983–2017 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System for this analysis. We restricted our analysis on firearm homicide to persons aged 10–44 years and our analysis on firearm suicide to persons aged 50–84 years, as these age groups are most at risk of each outcome. We calculated annual incidence rates for both outcomes per 100 000 population, overall and by gender.ResultsAcross all age groups, rates of firearm homicide increased dramatically in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The peak age for firearm homicide varied across cohorts, although it was generally between ages 15 and 29 years. Rates of firearm homicide were substantially higher among men than women, regardless of age, period or cohort. Firearm suicide rates varied significantly by gender. Among men, older cohorts had higher firearm suicide rates, although the rate of firearm suicide increased with age across all cohorts. Among women, firearm suicide rates were also highest among older cohorts; however, firearm suicide rates decreased or remained relatively constant with age.ConclusionThere are important differences in rates of firearm homicide and suicide with respect to gender, age, period and cohort.

scholarly journals Age period cohort analysis in cancers associated with overweight and obesity in Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colette O'Neill ◽  
Conan Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Cancer Types

AbstractThe Central Statistics Office (CSO) in Ireland report that 62% of adults were overweight or obese in 2017(1). In 2019, the latest data from the national longitudinal study “Growing Up in Ireland” showed that 15% of five-year olds were overweight and 5% were obese(2). According to WHO projections, Ireland may have the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity in Europe by 2030(3). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) state there is sufficient evidence for a cancer preventative effect of the absence of excess body fatness for 13 different cancer sites(4). Recent USA based research showed that the risk of developing an obesity-related cancer seems to be increasing in a stepwise manner in successively younger birth cohorts(5), therefore we aimed to investigate trends in the age of obesity related cancer diagnosis.National Cancer Registry Ireland (NCRI) data was obtained for 25 to 84 year olds between 1997 and 2016 for several cancer types and 5-year intervals were constructed to categorise age (25–29, 30–34 etc.) and year of diagnosis (1997–2001, 2002–2006 etc.). An age-period-cohort model was fitted to each cancer type, resulting in estimated temporal trends in incidence (expressed as annual percent change (APC) per year) and significance of the trend across age groups was tested using a Wald test(5).Analysis of NCRI data reflect significantly increasing incidence of colorectal cancer with decreasing age in Ireland (n = 40703, p = 0.00). Despite the limitation of low numbers for several cancer sites in younger age groups, similar trends were observed for a number of cancer types including thyroid and cervical cancer (p < 0.05). Although other factors (such as early detection) may contribute to these observations, addressing the large increase in incidence of obesity and colorectal cancer among young adults is essential. Research to identify exposure to modifiable risk factors, including nutrition and physical activity, throughout life in Ireland is necessary to examine potential determinants of such trends.

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