Evaluating Developmental Stages of Total Health Expenditures in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu lei jie ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
Anning Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Development Stages

Abstract Objective This study evaluated developmental stages and trends of Total Healthcare Expenditure (THE) of 18 provinces in China. We explored characteristics of different development stages during healthcare expenditure, to provide scientific reference for China's healthcare policy making and regional healthcare planning.Methods Firstly, curve fitting and parameter estimation using SPSS21 software were carried out for the Logistic function model, and then the three-point or four-point method was applied to estimate the value of saturation K. Finally the Logistic function equation and fitting graph were obtained. According to the nature of Logistic curve, the study divided THE into three stages, gradual, rapid and slow growth, and predicted and analyzed THE developments in 18 provinces.Results By 2019, 15 provinces have entered a period of rapid THE growth. Regionally, the time to enter fast growth period early to late are in the order of northeast ( in 2005), east China ( in 2008), northwest ( in 2010), south China ( in 2013), north China ( in 2015) and southwest ( in 2015). The earliest province to enter rapid growth period is Liaoning province (in 2005), Shandong province enter the period at latest (in 2045). In 2027, all 18 provinces will enter the rapid growth period, and end in 2045. In this period, rapid growth in total health expense will last for about 23 years, with an average annual growth rate of 8.69%. Conclusions THE growth pattern is in line with typical trend of "slow-fast-slow" growth function. The expense developments vary between regions. Eastern region entered rapid and slow growth period later than the central and western regions. THE development stages and duration of the rapid growth period is correlated to regional economic level. The earlier it enters the fast growth period, the shorter it lasts, and vice versa. The government should take advantage of this period, from 2015 to 2029, to make policy preparations to respond THE rapid growth in China.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics and Transmissibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Nanning City, China, 2001–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Lin ◽  
Bin Deng ◽  
Jia Rui ◽  
Song-Bai Guo ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Nanning City

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that can weaken the body's cellular and humoral immunity and is a serious disease without specific drug management and vaccine. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics and transmissibility of HIV.Methods: Data on HIV follow-up were collected in Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous, China. An HIV transmission dynamics model was built to simulate the transmission of HIV and estimate its transmissibility by comparing the effective reproduction number (Reff) at different stages: the rapid growth period from January 2001 to March 2005, slow growth period from April 2005 to April 2011, and the plateau from May 2011 to December 2019 of HIV in Nanning City.Results: High-risk areas of HIV prevalence in Nanning City were mainly concentrated in suburbs. Furthermore, high-risk groups were those of older age, with lower income, and lower education levels. The Reff in each stage (rapid growth, slow growth, and plateau) were 2.74, 1.62, and 1.15, respectively, which suggests the transmissibility of HIV in Nanning City has declined and prevention and control measures have achieved significant results.Conclusion: Over the past 20 years, the HIV incidence in Nanning has remained at a relatively high level, but its development trend has been curbed. Transmissibility was reduced from 2.74 to 1.15. Therefore, the prevention and treatment measures in Nanning City have achieved significant improvement.

scholarly journals Slow Diffusion Underlies Alternation of Fast and Slow Growth Periods of Microtubule Assembly

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
Small Diffusion ◽  
Heterogeneous Chemical ◽  
Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions

In vitromicrotubule assembly exhibits a rhythmic phenomenon, that is, fast growth periods alternating with slow growth periods. Mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown. Here a simple diffusion mechanism coupled with small diffusion coefficients is proposed to underlie this phenomenon. Calculations based on previously published results demonstrate that such a mechanism can explain the differences in the average duration of the interval encompassing a fast growth period and a slow growth period inin vitromicrotubule assembly experiments in different conditions. Because no parameter unique to the microtubule assembly process is involved in the analysis, the proposed mechanism is expected to be generally applicable to heterogeneous chemical reactions. Also because biological systems are characterized by heterogeneous chemical reactions, the diffusion-based rhythmic characteristic of heterogeneous reactions is postulated to be a fundamental element in generating rhythmic behaviors in biological systems.

Variation in xylem anatomy of selected populations of lodgepole pine

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2049-2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongli Wang ◽  
Sally N Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Xylem Anatomy ◽  
Latewood Density

Variation in xylem anatomy among selected populations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) was examined using digital image analysis based on an annual growth ring (age 10) per tree. Four subpopulations were selected using the following criteria for height growth and wood density: (i) fast growth and high density; (ii) slow growth and high density; (iii) fast growth and low density; and (iv) slow growth and low density. Significant differences were found among subpopulations for several anatomical parameters including tracheid density, lumen size, and cell wall thickness that may affect the economic value and utilization of wood. Principal component analysis indicate that the first four principal components (PCs) were associated with (i) ring area (PC1), (ii) earlywood density (PC2), (iii) latewood density (PC3), and (iv) lumen shape in earlywood (PC4), suggesting that these aspects of wood properties and growth are controlled by different sets of genes. Relative contributions of total number of tracheids, tracheid lumen size, and cell wall thickness to ring area and correlations between cell wall area proportion and X-ray density are discussed.

Human Foramen Magnum Area and Posterior Cranial Fossa Volume Growth in Relation to Cranial Base Synchondrosis Closure in the Course of Child Development

Neurosurgery ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Coll ◽  
Jean-Jacques Lemaire ◽  
Federico Di Rocco ◽  
Isabelle Barthélémy ◽  
Jean-Marc Garcier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Posterior Cranial Fossa ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tomography Scan

Abstract BACKGROUND: To date, no study has compared the evolution of the foramen magnum area (FMA) and the posterior cranial fossa volume (PCFV) with the degree of cranial base synchondrosis ossification. OBJECTIVE: To illustrate these features in healthy children. METHODS: The FMA, the PCFV, and the ossification of 12 synchondroses according to the Madeline and Elster scale were retrospectively analyzed in 235 healthy children using millimeter slices on a computed tomography scan. RESULTS: The mean FMA of 6.49 cm2 in girls was significantly inferior to the FMA of 7.67 cm2 in boys (P <.001). In both sexes, the growth evolved in a 2-phase process, with a phase of rapid growth from birth to 3.75 years old (yo) followed by a phase of stabilization. In girls, the first phase was shorter (ending at 2.6 yo) than in boys (ending at 4.33 yo) and proceeded at a higher rate. PCFV was smaller in girls (P <.001) and displayed a biphasic pattern in the whole population, with a phase of rapid growth from birth to 3.58 yo followed by a phase of slow growth until 16 yo. In girls, the first phase was more active and shorter (ending at 2.67 yo) than in boys (ending at 4.5 yo). The posterior interoccipital synchondroses close first, followed by the anterior interoccipital and occipitomastoidal synchondroses, the lambdoid sutures simultaneously, then the petro-occipital and spheno-occipital synchondroses simultaneously. CONCLUSION: The data provide a chronology of synchondrosis closure. We showed that FMA and PCFV are constitutionally smaller in girls at birth (P ⩽.02) and suggest that a sex-related difference in the FMA is related to earlier closure of anterior interoccipital synchondroses in girls (P =.01).

scholarly journals Comparative genomics reveals the molecular determinants of rapid growth of the cyanobacteriumSynechococcus elongatusUTEX 2973

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (50) ◽  
pp. E11761-E11770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Ungerer ◽  
Kristen E. Wendt ◽  
John I. Hendry ◽  
Costas D. Maranas ◽  
Himadri B. Pakrasi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Synechococcus Elongatus ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Photosynthetic Productivity

Cyanobacteria are emerging as attractive organisms for sustainable bioproduction. We previously describedSynechococcus elongatusUTEX 2973 as the fastest growing cyanobacterium known.Synechococcus2973 exhibits high light tolerance and an increased photosynthetic rate and produces biomass at three times the rate of its close relative, the model strainSynechococcus elongatus7942. The two strains differ at 55 genetic loci, andsome of these loci must contain the genetic determinants of rapid photoautotrophic growth and improved photosynthetic rate. Using CRISPR/Cpf1, we performed a comprehensive mutational analysis ofSynechococcus2973 and identified three specific genes,atpA,ppnK, andrpaA, with SNPs that confer rapid growth. The fast-growth–associated allele of each gene was then used to replace the wild-type alleles inSynechococcus7942. Upon incorporation, each allele successively increased the growth rate ofSynechococcus7942; remarkably, inclusion of all three alleles drastically reduced the doubling time from 6.8 to 2.3 hours. Further analysis revealed that our engineering effort doubled the photosynthetic productivity ofSynechococcus7942. We also determined that the fast-growth–associated allele ofatpAyielded an ATP synthase with higher specific activity, while that ofppnKencoded a NAD+kinase with significantly improved kinetics. TherpaASNPs cause broad changes in the transcriptional profile, as this gene is the master output regulator of the circadian clock. This pioneering study has revealed the molecular basis for rapid growth, demonstrating that limited genetic changes can dramatically improve the growth rate of a microbe by as much as threefold.

Investigation of parasites in the digestive tract of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured at coastal farms in the Mekong Delta

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (Aquaculture) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Thi Hoang Oanh Dang ◽  
Thi Nhu Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Ngoc Ut Vu
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Enterocytozoon Hepatopenaei

A total of 291 white leg shrimp samples were collected from 70 cultured ponds in Soc Trang, Bac Lieu and Ca Mau provinces in the Mekong Delta and subjected to endoparasitic detection in the digestive tract. Collected shrimps displayed unhealthy behaviors such as stop or less feeding and lethagic swimming. Pathological signs in the gastrointestinal tract include (1) empty midgut and stomach together with pale and atrophy hepatopancreas; (2) empty, little or discontinued food in the midgut; (3) slow growth and variation in sizes; and (4) white feces. The results from fresh and Giemsa stained smears methods revealed that 96.5% of sampled shrimps were infected by gregarine parasite at different developmental stages. A prevalence infection of 24.7% was recorded with Vermiform present in the hepatopancreas by fresh smear and histology. Histopathological analysis noted that 7.9% of collected shrimp samples had Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) spores in hepatopancreas and midgut and confirmed by PCR analysis.

48. Visions of the Good City in the Rapid Growth Period - André Sorensen

2016 ◽  
pp. 207-209
Author(s):  
Kären Wigen ◽  
Sugimoto Fumiko ◽  
Cary Karacas
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Growth Period

scholarly journals An Analytical Model of Tourist Destination Development and Characteristics of the Development Stages: Example of the Island of Bornholm

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 6989
Author(s):  
Adam R. Szromek
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The 1960S

This paper presents the basis of the tourism area life cycle (TALC) concept and its extension in the context of the implementation of sustainable development practices in the tourist business model. The author uses the logistic function to determine the level of tourist absorption and capacity. The empirical basis of the methods used was statistics on the development of the tourist industry on Bornholm. The objective of the paper is to determine the stage of development of the tourist area of Bornholm and the consequences of this stage for business models of tourist enterprises functioning there. The results of the analysis indicate that the range of tourist absorption was reached in the 1960s–1970s, and that it is currently getting closer to the upper threshold of that range. Tourism on Bornholm, in line with the TALC concept, is currently in the stabilization stage. Future tourist trends on Bornholm depend on many factors; however, if tourist development goes into the decline stage, the offered products may require transformation, in terms of both transport and the form and availability of tourist attractions. Perhaps this will involve a total transformation of the island into a facility with a specific entertainment, leisure, or business profile. The listed solutions will require entrepreneurs to react within the scope of a transformation of their business models into sustainable models of tourist business.

scholarly journals Genetic selection for growth drives differences in intestinal microbiota composition and parasite disease resistance in gilthead sea bream

Microbiome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carla Piazzon ◽  
Fernando Naya-Català ◽  
Erick Perera ◽  
Oswaldo Palenzuela ◽  
Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Gilthead Sea Bream ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Dietary Changes

Abstract Background The key effects of intestinal microbiota in animal health have led to an increasing interest in manipulating these bacterial populations to improve animal welfare. The aquaculture sector is no exception and in the last years, many studies have described these populations in different fish species. However, this is not an easy task, as intestinal microbiota is composed of very dynamic populations that are influenced by different factors, such as diet, environment, host age, and genetics. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether the genetic background of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) influences the intestinal microbial composition, how these bacterial populations are modulated by dietary changes, and the effect of selection by growth on intestinal disease resistance. To that aim, three different groups of five families of gilthead sea bream that were selected during two generations for fast, intermediate, or slow growth (F3 generation) were kept together in the same open-flow tanks and fed a control or a well-balanced plant-based diet during 9 months. Six animals per family and dietary treatment were sacrificed and the adherent bacteria from the anterior intestinal portion were sequenced. In parallel, fish of the fast- and slow-growth groups were infected with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei and the disease signs, prevalence, intensity, and parasite abundance were evaluated. Results No differences were detected in alpha diversity indexes among families, and the core bacterial architecture was the prototypical composition of gilthead sea bream intestinal microbiota, indicating no dysbiosis in any of the groups. The plant-based diet significantly changed the microbiota in the intermediate- and slow-growth families, with a much lower effect on the fast-growth group. Interestingly, the smaller changes detected in the fast-growth families potentially accounted for more changes at the metabolic level when compared with the other families. Upon parasitic infection, the fast-growth group showed significantly lower disease signs and parasite intensity and abundance than the slow-growth animals. Conclusions These results show a clear genome-metagenome interaction indicating that the fast-growth families harbor a microbiota that is more flexible upon dietary changes. These animals also showed a better ability to cope with intestinal infections.

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