Enteric phageome alternations in Type 2 diabetes disease
Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease and has been proved to involve in the alternation of the gut microbiota. The previous studies primarily focused on the changes in bacteriome while ignoring the phage community composition. The extracellular phages could lyse the host bacteria, and thus influence the microbiota through the positive or negative interactions with bacteria. We investigated the change of extracellular phageome and explored its role in T2D pathogenesis.Results We used a sequencing-based approach to identify the bacteriophage after isolation of VLPs from the fecal samples. We identified 330 phages according to the predicted host bacteria. The phageome characteristics were highly diverse among individuals. In the T2D group, the intestinal phage population is altered and the abundance of 7 identified phages specific to Enterobacteriaceae hosts were found increased markedly. Additionally, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in gut was significantly increased and the systemic LPS elevation was observed in T2D group. Several phage consortia were found to have significant correlations with T2D disease indicators.Conclusions The alteration of bacteriophages predicted to infect Enterobacteriaceae in the gut was observed in this study, which was expected to be a new source of systemic LPS in T2D patients, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. The data present in this study revealed the similar variation trend in enteric bacteriome and the correlated bacteriophages, which is likely to shed considerable light on overall understanding the interactions between microbiome and metabolic diseases.