scholarly journals Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Retained Placenta and Subclinical Mastitis in Tanzanian Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Vitus Komba ◽  
Isaac Pastory Kashoma
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Retained Placenta

Abstract Background: Three dairy farms were investigated for occurrence of retained placenta and subclinical mastitis, and the economic impacts attributable to the conditions. Reproductive performance data from 1169 calvings of dairy cows for five consecutive years spanning from 2014 to 2018 were used in this study. A total of 167 cows were screened with the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and udder quarters with CMT score of ≥ 3 (scale 1–5) were milk sampled for culture and final bacteriological identification. Results: Overall prevalences of subclinical mastitis and retained fetal membranes were 35.93% and 10.35%, respectively. The prevalence of bacterial isolates at animal level was 38.92%. Individual bacteria prevalence rates were 66.15% for Staphylococcus aureus, 13.85% for Escherichia coli, 6.15% for Bacillus spp., 6.15% for Streptococcus agalactiae and 7.69% for none typed microorganisms. Overall loss from subclinical mastitis was estimated at 10,603,800/= Tanzanian shillings (Tshs) equivalent to USD $ 4,700 with major losses (81.75%) attributable to the production loss followed by treatment expenditure (18.25%). Average loss attributed to mastitis per quarter was estimated at 49,320/= Tshs (USD $21.5). Retained placenta resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in the period from parturition to conception (148.7 vs. 96.0 days), number of services per conception (2.9 vs. 1.9) and calving interval (434.7 vs. 374.0 days). Conclusion: These findings point out to the economic importance of subclinical mastitis and retained fetal membranes in the dairy industry. This calls for improved milking hygiene, proper attention to health of mammary glands, regular screening tests and application of biosecurity measures as intervention strategies to lower the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and minimize the spread of pathogens in dairy farms. Since retained fetal membrane is an important problem causing great economic losses, appropriate control measures have to be instituted including cow comfort, proper immunization and careful nutritional management (mineral supplementation), particularly during the transition period.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis in central Ethiopia revealed the presence of antimicrobial resistance and resistant genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desiye Tesfaye Tegegne ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo ◽  
Hika Waktole ◽  
Gebrerufael Girmay
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the predominant causative agents of mastitis disease in dairy herds. Mastitis disease has a negative impact in the economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and detect antimicrobial resistance genes in the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples of subclinical bovine mastitis in Central Ethiopia.Methods: A total of 265 lactating dairy cows from various dairy farms in four different geographical locations were screened by California mastitis test (CMT) for bovine subclinical mastitis. One-hundred thirty CMT positive milk samples were collected and transported to laboratory. Different biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for the identification of S. aureus isolates. Finally, phenotypic and genotypic methods were performed for detection of some antimicrobial resistance patterns and genes (mecA, ermA, ermC, and msrA), respectively. Results: From total of 265 lactating dairy cows screened, 49% (n=130) were positive for bovine subclinical mastitis. One-hundred thirty mastitic milk samples were subjected to bacterial culturing, one hundred (76%) S. aureus isolates were identified based on phenotypic characters. Sixty-eight confirmed S. aureus isolates were obtained using PCR. Of the sixty-eight isolates tested 12 samples were contained the methicillin resistance gene A (mecA). No amplification was observed for the erythromycin resistance genes (ermA, ermC, and msrA). Conclusion: The high resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to commonly used antimicrobials contribute in dairy farms may cause health problems in the community consuming raw milk purchased from these farms.

scholarly journals Economic Impacts of Clinical and Sub Clinical Mastitis on Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Islam Aqib ◽  
Afshan Muneer ◽  
Muhammad Shafeeq ◽  
Nimra Kirn
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Invasive Infection

Studies have reported on the economic impacts of clinical and subclinical mastitis on dairy farms. Bovine mastitis is a disorder that affects dairy farms and has a major economic impact. Most of the economic losses are the result of mastitis. Mastitis is an invasive infection that is among the most numerous and highly complicated infections in the dairy sector. Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases in terms of production losses among animal diseases. Mastitis reduces milk production, changes milk composition, and shortens the productive life of infected cows. Farmers must concentrate on avoiding mastitis infection whilst putting in place and following a mastitis control programed. Bovine mastitis, the most significant disease of dairy herds, has huge effects on farm economics. Mastitis losses are due to reduced milk production, the cost of treatments, and culling. Major factors related to low milk yield could be low genetic potential as well as poor nutritional and managerial approaches. Most of the losses are related to somatic cell count (SCC), which is characterised by an increase in the percentage of milk. Culling costs are the costs of rearing or buying a replacement animal, mostly heifers. Overhead impacts include the replacement animals' lower milk supply effectiveness. The expense of replacing animals prematurely due to mastitis is one of the most significant areas of economic loss.

105 RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANES: INCIDENCE AND EFFECT ON MILK PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN DAIRY COWS

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sartori ◽  
G. C. S. Pontes ◽  
P. L. J. Monteiro ◽  
A. B. Nascimento ◽  
L. F. Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Retained Placenta ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Tropics

The objectives were to describe the incidence of retained fetal membrane (RFM) and its effect on production and reproduction of dairy cows in tropical environments. Holstein and crossbred Holstein × Gyr cows and heifers calving between May 2012 and May 2013 from 4 dairy farms were enrolled in this study. Retained fetal membranes were defined as the non-expelling of placenta within 12 to 24 h after calving. All cows with RFM were treated with 10 mg kg–1 of oxitetracycline IV and drenching containing 100 g of CaCl2, 100 g of KCl, 200 g of Mg(SO4), and 350 mL of propylene glycol in 25 L of water once per day for 3 days. The incidence of RFM was 14.7% (92/624) in multiparous cows and 11.5% (67/583) in primiparous cows (P = 0.003). The incidence of retained placenta was 14.7% (92/624) during the summer and 14.8% (108/731) during the winter (P = 0.99). Conception rates after first postpartum AI were 32.5% (276/850) and 25.8% (34/132) for healthy cows and cows with RFM, respectively (P = 0.12). More cows that did not have RFM were pregnant at 150 DIM than cows with retained placenta (42.3 v. 29.3%; P = 0.003). Based on predicted 305-day milk yield, cows with retained placenta produced less milk than healthy cows (5924.0 ± 158.0 v. 6315.3 ± 61.0 kg, respectively; P = 0.009). The average peak production was 30.8 ± 0.3 and 29.1 ± 0.7 kg for healthy and RFM cows, respectively (P = 0.02). During the first 60 days in milk, the total milk production for RFM and healthy cows was, respectively, 1305.7 ± 37.3 and 1441.2 ± 15.8 L (P = 0.0008). In conclusion, although season did not influence the incidence of RFM in dairy cows, parity had an effect. Moreover, RFM was associated with a decrease in reproductive efficiency and milk production in dairy cows managed in the tropics. Financial support was received from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) of Brazil.

scholarly journals Detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows using California and Draminski mastitis test

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-473
Author(s):  
Annamaria Galfi ◽  
Miodrag Radinovic ◽  
Ivana Davidov ◽  
Mihajlo Erdeljan ◽  
Zorana Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
On Farm

Control of udder health is an essential element in the process of safe milk production. Thus through the mastitis control program dairy farms regularly conduct measures of detection and prevention of udder diseases. Subclinical mastitis is an important disease of dairy cows causing economic losses and physical and chemical changes in milk. The aim of this research was to evaluate the usefulness of the California and the Draminski mastitis test to detect the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. The efficacy of indirect mastitis tests for diagnosis of the subclinical mastitis was determined by comparing results of mastitis tests with bacteriological findings. The experiment was conducted on two dairy farms (farm A and farm B) Holstein - Friesian breed. A total of 245 quarter milk samples were examined, 95 quarter milk samples with the California mastitis test from farm A and 150 quarter milk samples with the Draminski mastitis test from farm B. A quarter milk samples for bacteriological analysis were taken aseptically during the morning milking in sterile test tubes. On farm A, bacteria growth has not been detected in 46.32% (44/95) quarter milk samples, while on farm B negative bacteriological findings have been found in 50.67% samples (76/150). In present study, sensitivity of the California mastitis test (78.57%) is higher than sensitivity of the Draminski mastitis test (74.32%). The specificity of the California mastitis test and the Draminski mastitis test is 82.05% and 30.26%, respectively. Efficacy of the California mastitis test in detection of the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows is better than that of the Draminski mastitis test, since accuracy of the California mastitis test has been higher.

scholarly journals Evaluation of sodium lauryl sulfate for the development of cow-side mastitis screening test

2021 ◽  
pp. 2290-2295
Author(s):  
Nobonita Sarker Tanni ◽  
Md. Shafiul Islam ◽  
Mojahidul Kabir ◽  
Mst. Sonia Parvin ◽  
Md. Amimul Ehsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Bromocresol Purple ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Milk Samples

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an economically important disease for dairy cattle worldwide; therefore, regular screening is imperative to detect SCM at an early stage so as to control it. The study was conducted to compare the test characteristics of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a test reagent to detect SCM in dairy cows. Materials and Methods: First, 106 milk samples of dairy cows were subjected to available indirect screening tests (white side test [WST], surf field mastitis test, Leucocytest, and Immucell) considering somatic cell count (SCC) as gold standard test. Then 273 milk samples were allowed to react with different concentrations of SLS with or without sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and indicators (bromothymol blue [BTB] and bromocresol purple [BCP]). Results: SLS with or without NaOH yielded best reaction with the milk samples similar to Leucocytest. It was observed that the reaction of milk samples with SLS added with indicators (BTB and BCP) was easier to visualize than without indicators. SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB and SLS 2% with BCP had high sensitivity, specificity, and substantial agreement with SCC. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of SLS 2% with BCP and SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB was 0.917 and 0.875, respectively. Conclusion: It may be concluded that SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB and SLS 2% with BCP may be the potential reagents for the development of an effective cow-side test to detect SCM, as the main ingredient SLS is considerably cheap and readily available in developing countries.

Microbiological Screening Tests to Detect Antibiotic Residues in Cull Dairy Cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH P. TRITSCHLER ◽  
ROBERT T. DUBY ◽  
STEPHEN P. OLIVER ◽  
ROBERT W. PRANGE
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Subsequent Investigation ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Microbiological Procedures

Two microbiological procedures were evaluated to detect antibiotic residues in dairy cows at slaughter. Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis growth was used for determining the presence or absence of antibiotic residues. The two tests differed only in the concentration of B. subtilis used. The Swab Test on Premises (STOP) was used to detect antibiotic residues in kidney and muscle tissue and the Live Animal Swab Test (LAST) was used to detect residues in urine of cull dairy cows. Kidney samples from 3% of cull dairy cows were positive. Confirmation by standard reference procedures and a subsequent investigation on antibiotic residues in urine from 317 cows and heifers with known antibiotic treatment histories suggest that a high percentage of false-positive readings occurred in urine. In addition, 23 % of urine samples were difficult to interpret in that B. subtilis growth surrounding Swabs dipped in urine was reduced. While producer response was generally favorable for an on-farm screening test for antibiotic residues detection in cows going to slaughter, interpretation problems, difficulty in collecting urine samples, and concerns over the complexity and sensitivity make it unlikely that the acceptance of the LAST will be widespread on dairy farms.

scholarly journals The role of rumen-protected choline in hepatic function and performance of transition dairy cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Shahsavari ◽  
Michael J. D’Occhio ◽  
Rafat Al Jassim
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Hepatic Function ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Negative Effects

AbstractHigh-producing dairy cows enter a period of negative energy balance during the first weeks of lactation. Energy intake is usually sufficient to cover the increase in energy requirements for fetal growth during the period before calving, but meeting the demand for energy is often difficult during the early stages of lactation. A catabolic state predominates during the transition period, leading to the mobilisation of energy reserves (NEFA and amino acids) that are utilised mainly by the liver and muscle. Increased uptake of mobilised NEFA by the liver, combined with the limited capacity of hepatocytes to either oxidise fatty acids for energy or to incorporate esterified fatty acids into VLDL results in fatty liver syndrome and ketosis. This metabolic disturbance can affect the general health, and it causes economic losses. Different nutritional strategies have been used to restrict negative effects associated with the energy challenge in transition cows. The provision of choline in the form of rumen-protected choline (RPC) can potentially improve liver function by increasing VLDL exportation from the liver. RPC increases gene expression of microsomal TAG transfer protein and APOB100 that are required for VLDL synthesis and secretion. Studies with RPC have looked at gene expression, metabolic hormones, metabolite profiles, milk production and postpartum reproduction. A reduction in liver fat and enhanced milk production has been observed with RPC supplementation. However, the effects of RPC on health and reproduction are equivocal, which could reflect the lack of sufficient dose–response studies.

scholarly journals Hipocalcemia e cetose - principais doenças metabólicas da vaca leiteira durante o período de transição - uma revisão de literatura

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 130-141
Author(s):  
Mylena Garcia Proto ◽  
◽  
Milena Cristina Bernardo de Barros ◽  
Bruna Stanigher Barbosa ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Balance State ◽  
Production Demand

With the increased production demand in the dairy industry comes the need to keep animals healthier, thus avoiding large economic losses due to low productivity. During the transition period, dairy cows are susceptible to the onset of infectious diseases and metabolic imbalances due to the big change in their diet, it could be poor in needed nutrients to maintain the animal's body score, with this, the dry matter intake decreases up to 40% while energy expenditure increases due to milk and colostrum production, getting into a negative energy balance state.

157 EFFECTS OF METABOLIC CONDITIONS OF DAIRY COWS DURING TRANSITION PERIOD AND EARLY LACTATION IN WINTER AND SUMMER ON HEALTH AND FERTILITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
M. Maturana Filho ◽  
K. M. Lemes ◽  
J. R. Naves ◽  
T. Santin ◽  
T. K. Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Group V ◽  
Retained Placenta ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Peak Lactation

The aim of this study was to investigate and determine which metabolic predictors measured during the transition period, have a better association with health and fertility parameters in dairy cows in winter (W) and summer (S).The experiment was conducted with 235 multiparous Holstein dairy cows. The animals were divided, retrospectively into the experimental groups [High Production (AP), ≥45.9 to 65 kg of milk during peak lactation; Medium production (MP), between 30 and 45.8 kg of milk during peak lactation]. Blood samples and evaluations occurred during the transition period and during the timed fixed artificial insemination (TAI). Data were analysed for the main effects of group, day, and their interaction using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS software (SAS 9.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Creatine kinase (CK) plasmatic concentrations increased during peak lactation in all groups, but the difference was not significant. Variations in superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations were observed in HP cows in both seasons (HPW and HPS). These cows had higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) when compared of MP cows (MPW and MPS), with significant changes since 7 days before calving and remained higher until 104 days of lactation. The differences were observed in lipid profile, particularly in NEFA concentration. For this variable, there were group (P < 0.001) and day (P < 0.001) effects and also double interactions (day v. season, P < 0.001) and triple interactions (group v. day v. season, P = 0.009). The HPS cows had higher values, as well as a variation pattern of urea concentration (P < 0.05), different from the other groups until 100 days in milk (DEL). No differences were observed in diseases incidences between group or periods (P > 0.05). There was a statistical tendency to all groups in the summer season for earlier calving (P = 0.1), less calf weight (P = 0.07), and retained placenta (P = 0.09) and metritis incidence (P = 0.08). These parameters were strongly correlated with metritis disease incidence and the significant parameters: Earlier calving (P = 0.03), dystocia (P = 0.05), and retained placenta (P = 0.009). The NEFA (0.4 mmol L–1) and BHBA concentrations (0.7 mmol L–1) were highly correlated with the occurrence of uterine diseases. We observed high levels of AST (around 128 U/L) pre calving in ketotic and in cows with displacement of abomasum. According to these results, we concluded that milk production was not a risk factor for fertility in the first three services. Also, metabolic changes in the transition period were determinant in milk yield and health diseases. Research was supported by FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES, Fazenda Colorado, and Ourofino animal health.

SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN LACTATING COWS: COMPARISON OF FOUR SCREENING TESTS AND EFFECT OF ANIMAL FACTORS ON ITS OCCURRENCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Badiuzzaman ◽  
MA Samad ◽  
SHMF Siddiki ◽  
MT Islam ◽  
S Saha
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Cultural Isolation

A total of 444 quarter milk samples from 111 crossbred dairy cows were subjected to California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC) test, white side test (WST) and surf field mastitis (SFMT) test to quantify their efficacy in detecting sub clinical mastitis in dairy cows of Bangladesh during the period from 2010 to 2011.Milk samples positive by CMT, SCC, WST and SFMT were 265,230, 225 and 222 respectively. All samples were subjected to cultural isolation (gold standard test for comparison of indirect mastitis tests). Of these, 261 samples were positive by cultural isolation. The sensitivity of the CMT, SCC, WST and SFMT were 80.08%, 86.60%, 60.54% and 57.47%; specificity 69.40%, 97.81%, 63.38% and 60.66%; percentage accuracy 75.68%,91.22%, 61.71%  and 58.78%; positive predictive value 78.87%, 98.26%, 70.22% and 67.57%; and negative predictive value 70.95%, 83.64%, 52.97% and 50%respectively. Quarter-wise sub clinical mastitis (SCM) was detected in 59.68%, 51.80%, 50.68% and 50% samples by CMT, SCC, WST and SFMT, respectively, while animal-wise SCM was recorded in 72.07%, 66.67%, 64.86% and 61.26% samples by CMT, SCC, WST and SFMT, respectively. The right hind quarters were most significantly (p<0.001) susceptible to SCM than other quarters. Cows with 3rd and 4th parity and at their early lactation stage had significantly higher (p<0.001) SCM than others. Kappa value of SCC was higher than that of CMT. CMT was concluded to be the most accurate test after cultural isolation and SCC. Unlike laboratory tests as cultural isolation and SCC that require adequate laboratory facilities and skilled personnel, CMT is a reliable diagnostic method in field conditions.

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