157 EFFECTS OF METABOLIC CONDITIONS OF DAIRY COWS DURING TRANSITION PERIOD AND EARLY LACTATION IN WINTER AND SUMMER ON HEALTH AND FERTILITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
M. Maturana Filho ◽  
K. M. Lemes ◽  
J. R. Naves ◽  
T. Santin ◽  
T. K. Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Group V ◽  
Retained Placenta ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Peak Lactation

The aim of this study was to investigate and determine which metabolic predictors measured during the transition period, have a better association with health and fertility parameters in dairy cows in winter (W) and summer (S).The experiment was conducted with 235 multiparous Holstein dairy cows. The animals were divided, retrospectively into the experimental groups [High Production (AP), ≥45.9 to 65 kg of milk during peak lactation; Medium production (MP), between 30 and 45.8 kg of milk during peak lactation]. Blood samples and evaluations occurred during the transition period and during the timed fixed artificial insemination (TAI). Data were analysed for the main effects of group, day, and their interaction using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS software (SAS 9.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Creatine kinase (CK) plasmatic concentrations increased during peak lactation in all groups, but the difference was not significant. Variations in superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations were observed in HP cows in both seasons (HPW and HPS). These cows had higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) when compared of MP cows (MPW and MPS), with significant changes since 7 days before calving and remained higher until 104 days of lactation. The differences were observed in lipid profile, particularly in NEFA concentration. For this variable, there were group (P < 0.001) and day (P < 0.001) effects and also double interactions (day v. season, P < 0.001) and triple interactions (group v. day v. season, P = 0.009). The HPS cows had higher values, as well as a variation pattern of urea concentration (P < 0.05), different from the other groups until 100 days in milk (DEL). No differences were observed in diseases incidences between group or periods (P > 0.05). There was a statistical tendency to all groups in the summer season for earlier calving (P = 0.1), less calf weight (P = 0.07), and retained placenta (P = 0.09) and metritis incidence (P = 0.08). These parameters were strongly correlated with metritis disease incidence and the significant parameters: Earlier calving (P = 0.03), dystocia (P = 0.05), and retained placenta (P = 0.009). The NEFA (0.4 mmol L–1) and BHBA concentrations (0.7 mmol L–1) were highly correlated with the occurrence of uterine diseases. We observed high levels of AST (around 128 U/L) pre calving in ketotic and in cows with displacement of abomasum. According to these results, we concluded that milk production was not a risk factor for fertility in the first three services. Also, metabolic changes in the transition period were determinant in milk yield and health diseases. Research was supported by FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES, Fazenda Colorado, and Ourofino animal health.

scholarly journals Effect of pregnancy and stage of lactation on energy processes in isolated blood cells of dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
Bogdan Dębski ◽  
Tadeusz Nowicki ◽  
Wojciech Zalewski ◽  
Agnieszka Bartoszewicz ◽  
Jan Twardoń
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
In Blood Plasma

AbstractIntroduction: The transition period is the most challenging time for dairy cattle, which is characterised not only by negative energy balance but also by fatty tissue mobilisation.Material and Methods: The efficiency of energy pathways, β-oxidation in WBC and glycolysis in RBC (based on deoxyglucose transmembrane transport) were estimated. Insulin in blood plasma was determined using ELISA.Results: After calving and up to one month after delivery, a significant drop in blood plasma level was noticed, simultaneously with a rise in β-oxidation from 18.93 ±3.64 to 30.32 ±5.28 pmol/min/mg protein in WBC. A strong negative correlation between these two indices (r = −0.68) was found. During the period of transition to lactation an increase in glucose cross-membrane transportation from 41.44 ±4.92 to 50.49 ±6.41 μmol/h/g Hb was observed. A strong positive correlation between glucose transportation in RBC and β-oxidation in WBC (r = 0.71) was noticed. These data are in agreement with results of studies on dairy cows using liver slices from dairy cows in late pregnancy and different stages of lactation, in which changes in gene expression were analysed.Conclusion: It seems that measuring fatty acids oxidation and glycolysis using isolated blood cells may be an adequate and relatively simple method for energy state analysis to estimate the state of dairy cow metabolism and animal health.

Injectable mineral supplementation to transition period dairy cows and its effects on animal health

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natan M. Soldá ◽  
Patrícia Glombowsky ◽  
Gabriela Campigotto ◽  
Nathieli B. Bottari ◽  
Maria Rosa C. Schetinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mineral Supplementation

scholarly journals Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Retained Placenta and Subclinical Mastitis in Tanzanian Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Vitus Komba ◽  
Isaac Pastory Kashoma
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Retained Placenta

Abstract Background: Three dairy farms were investigated for occurrence of retained placenta and subclinical mastitis, and the economic impacts attributable to the conditions. Reproductive performance data from 1169 calvings of dairy cows for five consecutive years spanning from 2014 to 2018 were used in this study. A total of 167 cows were screened with the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and udder quarters with CMT score of ≥ 3 (scale 1–5) were milk sampled for culture and final bacteriological identification. Results: Overall prevalences of subclinical mastitis and retained fetal membranes were 35.93% and 10.35%, respectively. The prevalence of bacterial isolates at animal level was 38.92%. Individual bacteria prevalence rates were 66.15% for Staphylococcus aureus, 13.85% for Escherichia coli, 6.15% for Bacillus spp., 6.15% for Streptococcus agalactiae and 7.69% for none typed microorganisms. Overall loss from subclinical mastitis was estimated at 10,603,800/= Tanzanian shillings (Tshs) equivalent to USD $ 4,700 with major losses (81.75%) attributable to the production loss followed by treatment expenditure (18.25%). Average loss attributed to mastitis per quarter was estimated at 49,320/= Tshs (USD $21.5). Retained placenta resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in the period from parturition to conception (148.7 vs. 96.0 days), number of services per conception (2.9 vs. 1.9) and calving interval (434.7 vs. 374.0 days). Conclusion: These findings point out to the economic importance of subclinical mastitis and retained fetal membranes in the dairy industry. This calls for improved milking hygiene, proper attention to health of mammary glands, regular screening tests and application of biosecurity measures as intervention strategies to lower the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and minimize the spread of pathogens in dairy farms. Since retained fetal membrane is an important problem causing great economic losses, appropriate control measures have to be instituted including cow comfort, proper immunization and careful nutritional management (mineral supplementation), particularly during the transition period.

scholarly journals Use of a glycogenic precursor during the prepartum period and its effects upon metabolic indicators and reproductive parameters in dairy cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-420
Author(s):  
Carlos Leyva Orasma ◽  
Jesús Jaime Benitez-Rivas ◽  
Juan Luis Morales Cruz ◽  
Cesar Alberto Meza-Herrera ◽  
Oscar Ángel-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Retained Placenta

The aim was to evaluate if 1-2 propanodiol plus calcium propionate (glycogenic precursor) supplementation during the transition period in high yielding dairy cows reduces metabolic and reproductive dysfunctions during early lactation. Cows (n=202) where divided into two homogeneous groups regarding number of lactations and body condition score. 1) Treated Group (GG; n=112) received 60g/cow/day  15d of a glycogenic precursor during the transition period. 2) Control Group (GC; n = 90) received no treatment. Postpartum levels of BHB (GG= 0.9±0.2 mmol/L vs GC =1.3±0.2 mmol/L; P < 0.05), and NEFA (GG= 0.6 ± 0.1 mEq/L vs GC = 0.8 ± 0.1 mEq/L; P < 0.05) were higher for GC. Likewise, GC-cows had a higher percentage of retained placenta (23% vs. 13%; P ≤ 0.06) subclinical ketosis (GG = 10%, GC = 56%; P < 0.05), and mastitis (GG = 8%, GC = 16%; P < 0.05). Metritis, dystocia, abortions, clinical ketosis, hypocalcemia and ruminal acidosis showed no differences. Administration of a glycogenic precursor during the transition period demonstrated a positive effect upon BHB and NEFA blood levels during early lactation. Also, levels of subclinical ketosis and retained placenta were reduced.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated to Retained Placenta in Holstein Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Schallenberger Gonçalves ◽  
Fabio De Souza Guagnini ◽  
Daniel Jonas Storck ◽  
Mariana De Mattos Brose ◽  
Félix Hilário Diaz Gonzales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Production System ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Retained Placenta ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

Background: Retained placenta (RP) is characterized by a failure to remove the fetal membranes within the first 12-24 h after calving. This condition appears to be related to a decrease in neutrophil activity and to the suppression of the immune response in the prepartum period. The specific reasons for some cows to retain the placenta after parturition is still not fully understood, but numerous predisposing factors have been related, which may include mechanical, nutritional, infectious and handling factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of retained placenta in dairy cows and to correlate the main predisposing factors related.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted in nine dairy farms located in the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, with an average of 45 lactating dairy cows producing 10,100 kg / dairy cow in a period of 305 days. The total diet for postpartum cows was estimated to meet or exceed the requirements of dairy cows according to previously established guidelines (NRC 2001). A total of 393 calving Holstein cows (126 primiparous and 267 multiparous) were analyzed, of which 203 were kept in a semi-confined production system (free-stall and pasture system) and 190 animals were kept in a free-stall production system. Statistically, the cows were the experimental unit, and the results were analyzed using the Pearson's Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test for the comparisons of occurrence of peripartum disorders. In addition, linear and logistic regression models were constructed to determine the effect of the dependent variable on the other indicators, which may be continuous or categorical. Possible correlations of the occurrence of peripartum disorders related to production system (free-stall or semi-confined), calving order (primiparous or multiparous), season of the year (heat or cold), ECC at calving (1 to 5), calf sex, rectal temperature and dystocia were analyzed. Of the 393 deliveries followed up in this study, 72 presented retained placenta as a postpartum complication. Cows that delivered male calves had a 3.45 times higher chance of presenting dystocia birth (P = 0.0007) and had 1.85 times more chances of presenting placental retention (P = 0.066) when compared to cows with female calves. Cows with dystocia were more likely to present RP (P = 0.0433). Twin pregnancies increased 3.9 times chances of RP (P = 0.0193).Discussion: The incidence of RP in our study was 18.3%, which is close to the previously reported by another Brazilian study (22%) and similar to another study that also verified the risk factor indicators (19.9%). Dystocia, twin births and male births were predisposing factors for RP, similarly to previous studies. The frequency of dystocia was significantly affected by the production system employed, with the semi-confined system presenting more cases of dystocia, unlike other studies. The season of the year had no influence in the RP occurrence, unlike other studies that showed RP may have an increase in spring and summer months. A possible correlation between RP and body condition score at calving and with the production system employed was not observed. The limited options of effective treatments for RP emphasizes the importance of prevention. RP prevention includes the reduction of stressful factors, especially in the peripartum period, with a focus one nutrition and animal health.

scholarly journals Influence of yeast, probiotics and enzymes in rations on dairy cows performances during transition

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Sretenovic ◽  
Milan Petrovic ◽  
S. Aleksic ◽  
Vlada Pantelic ◽  
V. Katic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trial Group ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria ◽  
Yeast Cultures ◽  
The Difference

The main goal of this paper was to investigate the influence of some additives included into high yielding dairy cows rations to overcome the problems in early lactation. These substances directly affect the productive performances of dairy cows as well as udder health. The commercial name of investigated preparation is 'YEASTURE' and it is composed of live yeast cultures selected from three strains Saccharomyces cerevisisiae in combination with probiotic bacteria and enzymes (Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecium, Aspergillus oryzae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, 1,3-b and 1,6 D-Glucan, hemicellulase, Protease, Cellulase, Alpha amylase) which have the ability to modify the fermentation in rumen stimulating the development of ruminal bacteria and increasing the fibre digestion. Effects of this preparation have been investigated on 60 Holstein-Friesian cows divided into two groups. The diets were identical, and trial group received also 10 g of preparation Yeasture daily. Application of Yeasture started 15 days prior to calving and lasted until 60th day of lactation As a research result improved in vitro disappearance of diet dry matter from roughage (alfalfa hay, maize silage and ensiled sugar beet pulp) was established. Preparation Yeasture influenced quantity and composition of the milk. The difference between trial and control group was 2.57 kg 4%FCM or 8.70% (P<0.01) and 7.16% milk fat (P<0.05).Trial group supplemented with Yeasture showed lower somatic cells count by 7.3 percent points what indicated better health of cow's udder. Based on the presented results it can be concluded that inclusion of preparation Yeasture into diets for dairy cows in transition period can be recommended.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RETAINED PLACENTA AND BODY CONDITION CHANGES DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD IN HOLSTEIN DAIRY COWS IN NORTH-EASTERN ALGERIA

SPERMOVA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hadef ◽  
◽  
Kamel Miroud ◽  
Hocine Sebihi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Retained Placenta ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Eastern Algeria ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

Retained placenta (RP) is a common complication of bovine parturition. It is a multifactorial reproductive disorder that predisposes to infection and hence, to infertility. The impact of body condition changes during the transition period on the risk of RP appearance was evaluated in 12 Holstein dairy cows calving from October to January in north-eastern Algeria. The animals were body condition scored (BCS) 3 weeks antepartum and two weeks postpartum to assess the peripartum body fat loss (BCS loss). The statistical analysis involving variables related to BCS and parity was performed using the principal component analysis (PCA). An RP critical occurrence of 41.66% exceeding significantly the threshold prevalence of 10% (p<0.05) was recorded. This could be related to the BCS loss that exceeded one unit over the transition period (r=0.84, p<0.01), expressing the high body fat mobilisation in response to stressor factors such as negative energy balance, feed availability and climatic condition. Scoring the body condition, particularly around the peripartum, may serve as a tool to monitor the risk factors related to the energetic status of dairy cows.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Metabolic Biomarker Profile of Hyperketonemic Cows from Dry-Off to Peak Lactation and Identification of Prognostic Classifiers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1353
Author(s):  
Anna Mareike Couperus ◽  
Fabian Schroeder ◽  
Peter Hettegger ◽  
Johann Huber ◽  
Thomas Wittek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Peak Lactation

Currently about 30% to 50% of all dairy cows are affected by a metabolic or infectious disease during the transition period. A key factor for preventive actions is the ability to precisely predict metabolic diseases at an early stage. We report the longitudinal metabolic profile of non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), total bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase in hyperketonemic dairy cows. Aiming for a novel measurement regime to improve metabolic health in dairy cows, we evaluated prognostic classifiers for hyperketonemia. In the observational longitudinal study, 99 healthy adult primiparous and multiparous Simmental dairy cows were included. Every cow was monitored weekly for 14 consecutive weeks, beginning two weeks prior to the expected day of parturition until peak lactation. Cows with serum concentrations of BHB > 0.8 mmol/L were considered hyperketonemic. Biomarker profiles were fitted by the maximum likelihood method using a mixed effects natural cubic spline model. In the hyperketonemic group, the BHB profile remained significantly higher than that of the control group until the end of the study period. As a prognostic classifier, the cut-off level of 0.54 mmol/L BHB measured on the 10th day post partum had the highest area under the curve. These results provide new longitudinal insights into the metabolic biomarker progression of dairy cows and enable an early onset diagnosis of hyperketonemia.

scholarly journals The Physiological Roles of Vitamin E and Hypovitaminosis E in the Transition Period of High-Yielding Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Satoshi Haga ◽  
Hiroshi Ishizaki ◽  
Sanggun Roh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows

Levels of alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) decline gradually in blood throughout prepartum, reaching lowest levels (hypovitaminosis E) around calving. Despite numerous reports about the disease risk in hypovitaminosis E and the effect of α-Toc supplementation on the health of transition dairy cows, its risk and supplemental effects are controversial. Here, we present some novel data about the disease risk of hypovitaminosis E and the effects of α-Toc supplementation in transition dairy cows. These data strongly demonstrate that hypovitaminosis E is a risk factor for the occurrence of peripartum disease. Furthermore, a study on the effectiveness of using serum vitamin levels as biomarkers to predict disease in dairy cows was reported, and a rapid field test for measuring vitamin levels was developed. By contrast, evidence for how hypovitaminosis E occurred during the transition period was scarce until the 2010s. Pioneering studies conducted with humans and rodents have identified and characterised some α-Toc-related proteins, molecular players involved in α-Toc regulation followed by a study in ruminants from the 2010s. Based on recent literature, the six physiological factors: (1) the decline in α-Toc intake from the close-up period; (2) changes in the digestive and absorptive functions of α-Toc; (3) the decline in plasma high-density lipoprotein as an α-Toc carrier; (4) increasing oxidative stress and consumption of α-Toc; (5) decreasing hepatic α-Toc transfer to circulation; and (6) increasing mammary α-Toc transfer from blood to colostrum, may be involved in α-Toc deficiency during the transition period. However, the mechanisms and pathways are poorly understood, and further studies are needed to understand the physiological role of α-Toc-related molecules in cattle. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hypovitaminosis E will contribute to the prevention of peripartum disease and high performance in dairy cows.

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