scholarly journals Modelling Spatial Pattern of Anemia and Malnutrition Co-occurrence Among Under-five Children in Ethiopia: A Bayesian Geostatistical Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osafu Augustine Egbon ◽  
Asrat Mekonnen Balechew ◽  
Mariella Ananias Bogoni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Geostatistical Approach

Abstract Background: Anemia and Malnutrition among under-five children are one of the major challenges to public health in Ethiopia. While anemia is responsible for delayed child development and growth, malnutrition is associated with the high infant mortality rate in Ethiopia. Method: This study aims to determine the socioeconomic, demographic, and geographical risk factors that simultaneously increase the co-occurrence of anemia and malnutrition among under-five children in Ethiopia. Geostatistical data was obtained from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey for 2011 and 2016. A Bayesian hierarchical linear mixed model was adopted using the stochastic partial differential equation to estimate the spatial pattern of the co-occurrence of anemia and malnutrition in Ethiopia. Result: The findings revealed that gender, maternal education, number of children under five, birth order, preceding birth, contraceptive use, vaccination, marital status, birth weight, diarrhea, and fever are significant risk factors of the co-occurrence of anemia and malnutrition. The findings also reveal the vulnerability of under-five children to the co-occurrence of anemia and malnutrition within the first twenty months after birth and young maternal age. Regarding the geographical aspect, this study found a geographical disparity in the prevalence of anemia and malnutrition in Ethiopia. The highest burden of the co-occurrence of anemia and malnutrition lies in the Northern Gambela, Western Oromia, Northeast Benishangul-gumuz, Central and Northern Amhara, Southern Afar, and parts of Somali. Conclusion: These findings could be utilized by policymakers and intervention programs to simultaneously tackle and contain the prevalence of both anemia and malnutrition. For cost-effective intervention, policies and programs that improve individual-level risk factors of parents and caregivers are a more promising approach to tackle high prevalent regions than the ones on the children and should be considered as an utmost priority in the country.

scholarly journals Growth and developmental delay risk factors among under-five children in an inner-city slum area

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 276-83
Author(s):  
Hartono Gunardi ◽  
Resyana P. Nugraheni ◽  
Annisa R. Yulman ◽  
Soedjatmiko Soedjatmiko ◽  
Rini Sekartini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Slum Area ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Background Growth and developmental delays are common among children under the age of five years (under-five children), especially in slum areas. Early detection and intervention may give better prognoses. Objective To detect growth and developmental delays and related risk factors among under-five children living in an inner-city slum area of the Indonesian capital. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2018 in Tanah Tinggi, Johar Baru District, an inner-city slum area in Central Jakarta. Subjects were healthy children aged 3–60 months. Socioeconomic profile was obtained through questionnaires, anthropometric data through measurements, and developmental status through the Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP) instrument. Development was considered to be delayed for KPSP scores <9. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results Of 211 subjects, prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting were 35.1%, 28.0%, and 20.9%, respectively, meanwhile low maternal education, and low family income were 57.9% and 75%. The prevalence of developmental delay was 10%, while suspected developmental delay was 26.1%. The prevalence increased from age 21 months and peaked at 36 months. Associated risk factors were low maternal education, low family income, underweight weight-for-age, stunted height-for-age, and microcephalic head circumference-for-age. Conclusion Low education and low income were significant risk factors for growth and developmental delay.

scholarly journals Geographical Variations and Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Tanzania: A National Population Based Survey 2015-16

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Edwin ◽  
Muluken Azage
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Childhood Diarrhea ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Mother’S Age

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among under 5 children in low- and middle-income countries. In Tanzania, diarrhea remains one of the major public health problems. This study aimed to investigate spatial variations and the factors correlated with diarrhea in under five children.METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis using data from the population-based cross section Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16 data. Spatial analysis was done using the Bernoulli model from SaTScan™ software, and a generalized linear mixed model was used to identify the factors associated with childhood diarrhea.RESULTS: The overall reported prevalence of childhood diarrhea for the under five children in Tanzania was 12.1% (95%CI 11.3%-12.9%). The SaTScan spatial statics analysis revealed that diarrhea in children was not random. The odds of diarrhea were 7.35 times higher (AOR= 7.35; 95%CI: 5.29, 10.22) among children in the 6- 11 months age group compared to children within the 48-59 months of age. As mother’s age increased, the risk of diarrhea for the under five children decreased whereas the highest risk of diarrhea was observed in the two rich income brackets richer (AOR=1.70, 95%CI=1.30, 2.22), and richest (AOR= 1.05, 95%CI=1, 1.09). The odds of diarrhea were 1.25 times higher (AOR=1.25, 95%CI=1.06, 1.46) among children with unsafe stool disposal compared to those with safe disposal.CONCLUSION: The socio-demographic factors associated with diarrhea among children were mother’s age in years, current age of the child, wealth index and child stool disposal.

scholarly journals Low intake of essential amino acids and other risk factors of stunting among under-five children in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annisa Rizky Maulidiana ◽  
Endang Sutjiati
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Background: The lack of energy-protein intake has been shown to increase the risk of stunting in under-five children. The quality of protein in food is assessed by the completeness of amino acid content. This study aims to determine the amount of essential amino acid (EAAs) intake and other risk factors of stunting among under-five children.Design and methods: A descriptive, case-control study was performed in the work area of Kedungkandang Health Center Malang. The subjects were 24-59 month-old children with a total of 23 stunted (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) <-2 SD) and 57 normal children (HAZ ≥-2 SD). Furthermore, the data were collected using anthropometric measurement, validated and pre-tested questionnaires, which were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.Results: The intake of all the nine EAAs in stunted children was lower than that of non-stunted children. However, only histidine, isoleucine, and methionine were significantly different (p<0.05). The significant risk factors of stunting include a family income per month fewer than the Regional Minimum Wages [OR=12.06, 95% CI 1.83-79.53], being underweight [OR=7.11, 95% CI 1.49-33.93], breastfeeding of less than 6 months [OR=5.34, 95% CI 1.28-22.20], and the lack of EAA methionine intake [OR=0.14, 95% CI 0.03-0.67]. Conclusions: Stunted children may not receive sufficient dietary intake of EAAs in their diet. Furthermore, the lack of EAAs intake, especially methionine, alongside low family income, underweight, lack of breastfeeding and variety in food consumption were the risk factors of stunting among under-five children in a selected Health Center in Malang City, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Spatial variations and determinants of anemia among under-five children in Ethiopia, EDHS 2005–2016

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249412
Author(s):  
Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh ◽  
Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background Anemia has severe public health significance in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, anemia has been increasing in the last two decades, reaching the highest national level in 2016, however, the geospatial distribution and determinants of anemia in children weren’t well explored at a national level. Methods We used the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey(EDHS) data from 2005–2016. The data consists of samples of households (HHs) obtained through a two-stage stratified sampling procedure. Our analysis included 19,699 children. Descriptive statistics, geospatial analysis, and Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMMs) were used. Results The overall prevalence of anemia was 51.5%; the spatial distribution of anemia significantly different across clusters in each survey. Children from 6 to 11 months had higher odds of anemia compared to 24–59 months (Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR) = 3.4, 95%Confidence level (CI): 2.99–3.76). Children with the first and second birth order were less likely to be anemic compared to fifth and above (AOR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.38–0.95, and AOR = 0.83, 95%C: 0.73–0.93) respectively. Mothers’ age 15 to 24 years was associated with higher odds of anemia compared to 35 to 49 years (AOR = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.20–1.55). Children from HHs with the poorest and poorer wealth category showed a higher odds of anemia compared to the richest (AOR = 1.67, 95%CI: 1.45–1.93, and AOR = 1.25, 95%CI: 1.08–1.45) respectively. Moreover, children from HHs with one to two under-five children were less likely to be anemic compared to those three and more (AOR = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.76–0.91). Conclusions The geospatial distribution of anemia among children varies in Ethiopia; it was highest in the East, Northeast, and Western regions of the country. Several factors were associated with anemia; therefore, interventions targeting the hotspots areas and specific determinant factors should be implemented by the concerned bodies to reduce the consequences of anemia on the generation.

scholarly journals Determinants of Malnutrition in Under-five Children in Angola, Malawi and Senegal

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Chris Khulu ◽  
Shaun Ramroop
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Poor Households

Introduction: Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of under-five mortality globally. With the estimated target of reducing mortality in this age group by 2030, understanding and determining the factors contributing to child mortality are critical. Methods: The current study used Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data from Angola (2016), Malawi (2016) and Senegal (2016). The DHS data for under-five children from these three countries were then combined in this study to create a pooled sample. This method allows for a comparison and generalization of the results across countries and has also been used in previous studies. The dependent variables (severely nourished, moderately nourished and nourished) were developed by using calculated Weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) from DHS data. The exploratory analysis was conducted by performing a gamma measure and chi-square test of independence to evaluate the association between malnutrition status and covariates. Results & Discussion: Based on the generalized linear mixed model, the type of residence, sex of the child, age of the child, mother’s level of education, birth interval, wealth index and the birth order are correlated to malnutrition in Angola, Malawi and Senegal. Children who are from rural communities, poor households, with a mother having attained primary education, are female and are between the age of 24 and 59 months are associated with malnutrition. The results of the study suggest that children from these three countries who reside with mothers who have attained only primary education are at the highest risk of being affected by malnutrition. Conclusion: The results show the necessity of collaboration among the three countries in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target.

Prevalence of anaemia and it's associated risk factors among under five children at Mukinge Missions Hospital in Kasempa District: Retrospective Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Sampa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Mission Hospital ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

BACKGROUND Anemia is a worldwide major problem known to affect people throughout the world. It has an adverse effect on both the social and economic development. The worldwide prevalence of anemia is 9% in developed nations. The global estimate indicates that 293.1 million of children under five years, approximately 43%, are anaemic worldwide and 28.5% of these children are found in sub Saharan Africa. In Zambia specifically Kasempa, no documented studies on prevalence have been done. Despite iron supplementation being given to pregnant women and the availability of blood transfusion. The burden of the disease remains high as determined by high mortality and morbidity. This study aims at determining the prevalence of anemia and the associated risk factors among under-five children at Mukinge Mission Hospital in Kasempa District. Knowledge of prevalence and the associated risk factors of anaemia will enhance early detection and timely management. OBJECTIVE 1.To determine the hemoglobin status of anaemia by its severity among anaemic under-five children admitted at Mukinge Mission Hospital. 2.To assess the association of anaemia with Malaria among under-five children admitted at Mukinge Mission Hospital. METHODS This was a retrospective study review of under-five children that were diagnosed and managed of Anemia at Mukinge Missions Hospital, over the period of period of 2015, 2017 and 2018. .Data of the variables of interest was extracted and analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS A sample population of 52 children was included in our study. The majority of the children were females 28 (53.8 %) and 24 (46.2 %) were Males. It was found that moderate and severe anaemia was 17.3% and 82.7 % respectively. Additionally, Majority of the anaemic children (75%) had Normocytic anaemia. The Pearson Chi square test revealed no statistical relationship between the variables; Malaria (p=0.58), Age (P=0.82), Gender (P=0.91). CONCLUSIONS According to our study, 39 (75%) had normal mean corpuscular volume which could suggest chronic diseases and sickle cell anemia. 11 (21.2%) had a low mean corpuscular volume indicating Microcytic anemia which could suggest diseases such as iron deficiency and thalassemia among many other causes. However, we were unable to determine the specific cause of anemia.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

Identifying patients with CKD risk at the time of nephrectomy: When to initiate nephrology consult

2021 ◽  
pp. 239936932110319
Author(s):  
Yihe Yang ◽  
Zachary Kozel ◽  
Purva Sharma ◽  
Oksana Yaskiv ◽  
Jose Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Radical Nephrectomy ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Kidney Neoplasm ◽  
Tubular Atrophy ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Introduction: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high among kidney neoplasm patients because of the overlapping risk factors. Our purpose is to identify kidney cancer survivors with higher CKD risk. Methods: We studied a retrospective cohort of 361 kidney tumor patients with partial or radical nephrectomy. Linear mixed model was performed. Results: Of patients with follow-up >3 months, 84% were identified retrospectively to fulfill criteria for CKD diagnosis, although CKD was documented in only 15%. Urinalysis was performed in 205 (57%) patients at the time of nephrectomy. Multivariate analysis showed interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) >25% ( p = 0.005), severe arteriolar sclerosis ( p = 0.013), female gender ( p = 0.024), older age ( p = 0.012), BMI ⩾ 25 kg/m2 ( p < 0.001), documented CKD ( p < 0.001), baseline eGFR ⩽ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 ( p < 0.001), and radical nephrectomy ( p < 0.001) were independent risk factors of lower eGFR at baseline and during follow-up. Average eGFR decreased within 3 months post nephrectomy. However, patients with different risk levels showed different eGFR time trend pattern at longer follow-ups. Multivariate analysis of time × risk factor interaction showed BMI, radical nephrectomy and baseline eGFR had time-dependent impact. BMI ⩾ 25 kg/m2 and radical nephrectomy were associated with steeper eGFR decrease slope. In baseline eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 group, eGFR rebounded to pre-nephrectomy levels during extended follow-up. In partial nephrectomy patients with baseline eGFR ⩾ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 ( n = 61), proteinuria ( p < 0.001) and BMI ( p < 0.001) were independent risk factors of decreased eGFR during follow up. Conclusions: As have been suggested by others and confirmed by our study, proteinuria and CKD are greatly under-recognized. Although self-evident as a minimum workup for nephrectomy patients to include SCr, eGFR, urinalysis, and proteinuria, the need for uniform applications of this practice should be reinforced. Non-neoplastic histology evaluation is valuable and should include an estimate of global sclerosis% (GS) and IFTA%. Patients with any proteinuria and/or eGFR ⩽ 60 at the time of nephrectomy or in follow-up with urologists, and/or >25% GS or IFTA, should be referred for early nephrology consultation.

Clinical Profile, Risk-Factors, and Outcome of Rotaviral Diarrhea and Non-rotaviral Diarrhea Among Under-Five Children at Cuttack, Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subal Kumar Pradhan ◽  
Sumanta Panigrahi ◽  
Pooja Sagar Padhi ◽  
Arjun Sajeev ◽  
Aravind Dharmaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children
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