Characteristics And Source Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Concentration Changes at Akedala Station in Central Asia

Abstract Mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) ,nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) have been continuously measured since September 2009 at the Akdala station (47˚06′N, 87˚58′E, 563.3 masl) in China. The station is located in the Central Asia and northwest of China, and it is the only station in that region with background conditions for long-term greenhouse gas observations. Characteristics of the mole fractions, growth rates as well as influence of long-distance transport were studied considering data from September 2009 to December 2019. The greenhouse gases concentrations at Akedala Station show a trend of year-on-year growth, with CO2 concentrations ranging from 389.80×10-6 to 408.79×10-6 (molar fraction of substances, same below), CH4 concentrations ranging from1890.07×10-9 to 1976.32×10-9, N2O concentrations ranging from 321.26×10-9 to 332.03×10-9, and SF6 concentrations ranging from 7.04×10-12 to 10.07×10-12, the growth rate of which is similar to the decadal average growth rate in the northern hemisphere. There exist obvious seasonal variations, with CO2 concentrations showing high in winter and low in summer and CH4 showing a distinct “W”- shaped trend while N2O and SF6 showing little difference between the four seasons. A relatively strong correlation and homology exist among the four greenhouse gases except in summer, and the analysis based on backward trajectories model shows that the Akedala Station is influenced by the airflow from northwest or southwest throughout the year. The Akedala station is an important atmospheric background station in Central Asia, and its greenhouse gas concentration levels and variation characteristics are significantly different from those of the background stations in the monsoon region. It’s degree changes are closely related to local source emissions, monsoon transport, and atmospheric photochemical processes.

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The state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere using global observations through 2018

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7651 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Oksana Tarasova ◽

Alex Vermeulen ◽

Jocelyn Turnbull ◽

Yousuke Sawa ◽

Ed Dlugokencky

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Global Analysis ◽

Advisory Group ◽

Average Growth Rate ◽

Average Growth ◽

The World

We present results from the fifteenth annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10100) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The results are based on research and observations performed by laboratories contributing to the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme (https://community.wmo.int/activity-areas/gaw).The Bulletin presents results of global analyses of observational data collected according to GAW recommended practices and submitted to the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG). Bulletins are prepared by the WMO/GAW Scientific Advisory Group for Greenhouse Gases in collaboration with WDCGG.Observations used for the global analysis are collected at more than 100 marine and terrestrial sites worldwide for CO2 and CH4 and at a smaller number of sites for other greenhouse gases. The globally averaged surface mole fractions calculated from this in situ network reached new highs in 2018, with CO2 at 407.8 &#177; 0.1 ppm, CH4 at 1869 &#177; 2 ppb and N2O at 331.1 &#177; 0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 147%, 259% and 123% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. The increase in CO2 from 2017 to 2018 is very close to that observed from 2016 to 2017 and practically equal to the average growth rate over the last decade. The increase of CH4 from 2017 to 2018 was higher than both that observed from 2016 to 2017 and the average growth rate over the last decade. The increase of N2O from 2017 to 2018 was also higher than that observed from 2016 to 2017 and the average growth rate over the past 10 years. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) shows that from 1990 to 2018, radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) increased by 43%, with CO2 accounting for about 81% of this increase.The Bulletin highlights the value of the long-term measurement of the GHGs isotopic composition. In particular, it presents the use of the radiocarbon and 13C measurements in atmospheric CO2 in discriminating between fossil fuel combustion and natural sources of CO2. The simultaneous decline in both 13C and 14C content alongside CO2 increases can only be explained by the ongoing release of CO2 from fossil fuel burning. The Bulletin also articulates how the measurements of the stable isotopes can be used to provide the insights into the renewed growth of methane that started in 2007. Though there are several hypotheses articulated in the peer-reviewed literature, the most plausible is that an increase has occurred in some or all sources of biogenic (wetlands, ruminants or waste) emissions, which contain relatively little 13C. An increase in the proportion of global emissions from microbial sources may have driven both the increase in the methane burden and the shift in &#948;13C-CH4.

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Analysis on Variation and Potential Source Regions of Greenhouse Gases Concentrations at Akedala Station, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-743657/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhujun Zhao ◽

Qing He ◽

Quanwei Zhao ◽

Hanlin Li ◽

Zhongqi Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Extreme Weather Events ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Average Growth ◽

Backward Trajectories ◽

Source Regions ◽

Potential Source

Abstract The research on the variation of greenhouse gases concentrations in typical regions is one of the significant tasks to cope with climate change. Especially at present, the number of extreme weather events is gradually increasing and the trend of global warming is becoming increasingly obvious, the study on variation of greenhouse gases concentrations and their potential source regions can contribute to a scientific formulation of policies regarding greenhouse gas emission reduction as well as to the coordinated development of human and environment. Based on the data of greenhouse gases of Akedala Station from 2009 to 2019, this research studies characteristics of the time series and seasonal trends of greenhouse gases at this station and testes whether abrupt change exists by applying the linear trend analysis method, the contrastive and statistical analysis method and Mann-Kendall method. In addition, Pearson Correlation Coefficient is used to determine the correlation and homology among the four greenhouse gases and backward trajectories model is also used to explore the potential source regions of greenhouse gases at Akedala Station in different seasons. The greenhouse gases concentrations at Akedala Station show a trend of year-on-year growth, with CO2 concentrations ranging from 389.80×10− 6 to 408.79×10− 6 (molar fraction of substances, same below), CH4 concentrations ranging from1890.07×10− 9 to 1976.32×10− 9, N20 concentrations ranging from 321.26×10− 9 to 332.03×10− 9, and SF6 concentrations ranging from 7.04×10− 12 to 10.07×10− 12, the growth rate of which is similar to the decadal average growth rate in the northern hemisphere. There exist obvious seasonal variations, with CO2 concentrations showing high in winter and low in summer and CH4 showing a distinct “W”- shaped trend while N20 and SF6 showing little difference between the four seasons. A relatively strong correlation and homology exist among the four greenhouse gases except in summer, and the analysis based on backward trajectories model shows that the Akedala Station is influenced by the airflow from northwest or southwest throughout the year. Besides, the concentrations of greenhouse gas are closely related to source region of the emissions, biological and non-biological sources, monsoon, and atmospheric photochemical processes.

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The state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere using global observations through 2019

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-4409 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Oksana Tarasova ◽

Alex Vermeulen ◽

Yousuke Sawa ◽

Sander Houweling ◽

Ed Dlugokencky

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Global Analysis ◽

Average Annual Growth Rate ◽

Annual Growth ◽

Annual Growth Rate ◽

Emission Reductions ◽

The World

We present results from the sixteenth annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10437) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The results are based on research and observations performed by laboratories contributing to the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme (https://community.wmo.int/activity-areas/gaw).The Bulletin presents results of global analyses of observational data collected according to GAW recommended practices and submitted to the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG). Bulletins are prepared by the WMO/GAW Scientific Advisory Group for Greenhouse Gases in collaboration with WDCGG.Observations used for the global analysis are collected at more than 100 marine and terrestrial sites worldwide for CO2 and CH4 and at a smaller number of sites for other greenhouse gases. The globally averaged surface mole fractions calculated from this in situ network reached new highs in 2019, with CO2 at 410.5 &#177; 0.2 ppm, CH4 at 1877 &#177; 2 ppb, and N2O at 332.0 &#177; 0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 148%, 260% and 123% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. The increase in CO2 from 2018 to 2019 (2.6 ppm) was larger than that observed from 2017 to 2018 and larger than the average annual growth rate over the last decade. For CH4, the increase from 2018 to 2019 (8 ppb) was slightly smaller than that observed from 2017 to 2018 but still greater than the average annual growth rate over the last decade. For N2O, the increase from 2018 to 2019 (0.9 ppb) was lower than that observed from 2017 to 2018 and practically equal to the average annual growth rate over the past 10 years. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) shows that from 1990 to 2019, radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases increased by 45%, with CO2 accounting for about 80% of this increase.The Bulletin highlights the potential impact of anthropogenic emission reductions due to COVID-19 lockdown measures on the levels of atmospheric concentrations of GHGs. These changes have been especially pronounced in urban areas and were visible in traditional pollutants as well as in greenhouse gases. However, the reduction in anthropogenic emissions due to confinement measures will not have a discernible effect on global mean atmospheric CO2 in 2020 as this reduction will be smaller than, or at most, similar in size to the natural year-to-year variability of atmospheric CO2. Direct measurements of the CO2 fluxes by ICOS directly demonstrated GHG emission reductions in a number of cities.&#160;The Bulletin also describes the emission reduction opportunities related to methane. These opportunities are provided by emerging capabilities of methane observations from space and advances in transport modeling that allow for better source attribution and quantification. Globally averaged methane mole fraction has been increasing since 2007. Long-term observations and analysis of methane isotopic composition shed some light on this increase. The observed trend in &#948;13C-CH4 is explained by a combined increase in microbial and fossil emissions. This trend points to the likely scenario that the methane increase is largely driven by the growing demand for energy and food.

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Ecological specificities of the interaction between animal breeding and climate changes, caused by greenhouse gas emissions

Agricultural science and practice ◽

10.15407/agrisp4.03.062 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 62-72

Author(s):

O. Zhukorsky ◽

O. Nykyforuk ◽

N. Boltyk

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Animal Breeding ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Emissions Inventory ◽

Theoretical Substantiation ◽

Global Problems

Aim. Proper development of animal breeding in the conditions of current global problems and the decrease of anthropogenic burden on environment due to greenhouse gas emissions, caused by animal breeding activity, require the study of interaction processes between animal breeding and external climatic conditions. Methods. The theoretical substantiation of the problem was performed based on scientifi c literature, statistical informa- tion of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the data of the National greenhouse gas emissions inventory in Ukraine. Theoretically possible emissions of greenhouse gases into atmosphere due to animal breeding in Ukraine and specifi c farms are calculated by the international methods using the statistical infor- mation about animal breeding in Ukraine and the economic-technological information of the activity of the investigated farms. Results. The interaction between the animal breeding production and weather-and-climate conditions of environment was analyzed. Possible vectors of activity for the industry, which promote global warming and negative processes, related to it, were determined. The main factors, affecting the formation of greenhouse gases from the activity of enterprises, aimed at animal breeding production, were characterized. Literature data, statistical data and calculations were used to analyze the role of animal breeding in the green- house gas emissions in global and national framework as well as at the level of specifi c farms with the consid- eration of individual specifi cities of these farms. Conclusions. Current global problems require clear balance between constant development of sustainable animal breeding and the decrease of the carbon footprint due to the activity of animal breeding.

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SUBSTITUSI FERMENTASI BUNGKIL KELAPA SAWIT DALAM PAKAN BUATAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP BENIH IKAN GURAMI (OSPHRONEMUS GOURAMY)

Jurnal Ruaya Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Ilmu Perikanan dan Kelautan ◽

10.29406/rya.v4i1.686 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Farida . ◽

Eka Indah Raharjo ◽

Arnis Maylinda Sari

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Specific Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Daily Growth Rate ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Average Growth ◽

Fermentation Residue ◽

Average Average

ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan fermentasi bungkil kelapa sawit dalam pakan buatan.Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan 3 ulangan.Susunan perlakuan adalah Perlakuan A : bungkil kelapa sawit 12%, Perlakuan B : fermentasi bungkil kelapa sawit 15%, Perlakuan C : fermentasi bungkil kelapa sawit 18%, Perlakuan D : fermentasi bungkil kelapa sawit 21%. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 60 hari untuk mengetahui laju pertumbuhan spesifikberat, laju pertumbuhan harianpanjang, konversi pakan, kelangsungan hidup dan kualitas air sebagai penunjang.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian pakan buatan dengan fermentasi bungkil kelapa sawit menghasilkan respon yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan ikan gurami. Pemberian pakan buatan dengan fermentasi bungkil kelapa sawit 18% (perlakuan C), memberikan hasil terbaik dengan laju pertumbuhan dengan rata – rata laju pertumbuhan spesifik berat 1.502%, laju pertumbuhan harian panjang 4.06%, nilai konversi pakan rata – rata 3.48 dan kelangsungan hidup rata – rata 90%.Kata Kunci : Fermentasi Bungkil Kelapa Sawit, Ikan Gurami, Laju PertumbuhanThe study aims to determine the use of fermentation residue oil palm in artificial feed .Research using a completely randomized design ( CRD ), which consists of 4 treatment three replications.The composition of the treatment is the treatment A : 12 % of palm oil cake , Treatment B : fermented palm oil cake 15 % , Treatment C : fermented palm oil cake 18 % , Treatment D : fermentation residue palm oil 21 %.This research was conducted for 60 days to determine the specific growth rate of heavy , long daily growth rate , feed conversion , survival and quality of water as a supporter.The results showed the artificial feeding with fermented palm cake to produce a good response to the growth of carp.Feeding artificially by fermentation cake palm oil 18 % ( treatment C ) , gives the best results with a growth rate with the average - average growth rate of the specific weight of 1.502 % daily growth rate long- 4:06 % , the value of feed conversion average - average 3:48 and median survival - average of 90 % .Keywords : Fermentation Palm Kernel Oil, Fish carp, Growth Rate

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The United States as the Trade Partner of Poland in te Context of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)

Olsztyn Economic Journal ◽

10.31648/oej.3176 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 201-213

Author(s):

Renata Marks-Bielska ◽

Wiesława Lizińska ◽

Izabela Serocka

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Foreign Trade ◽

The United States ◽

Average Growth ◽

Transatlantic Trade ◽

Central Statistical ◽

The Usa ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Trade Partner ◽

Structure Of Trade

Evaluation of the importance of the USA as the trade partner of Poland is the main objective of the paper, based on the changes in the value of trade during the years 2000-2012 and changes in the structure of trade during the years 2008-2012. The data from the Statistical Yearbooks of Foreign Trade published by the Central Statistical Office was used. The potential for foreign trade growth was illustrated using the simplified analysis based on the gravity model of foreign trade concept. Gradually increasing value of Polish trade with the USA (the average growth rate 9.8%, EU-15 countries 13.1%). Polish exports are characterised by a higher than imports growth rate (USA - exports growth by 12.5%, imports 9.2%, EU-15 - exports 15.1%, imports 11.6%). Trade is strongly dominated by position of one group of products (over 30% share in both exports and imports). The potential of trade is poorly exploited currently. Trade was focused mainly on the countries situated in the close neighbourhood (mainly the EU countries with the domination of Germany).

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Greenhouse gases. Requirements for greenhouse gas validation and verification bodies for use in accreditation or other forms of recognition

10.3403/30134564u ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Validation And Verification

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Greenhouse gases. Requirements for greenhouse gas validation and verification bodies for use in accreditation or other forms of recognition

10.3403/30134564 ◽

2007 ◽

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Validation And Verification

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Crystal-growth kinetics of protein single crystals along capillary tubes in the gel-acupuncture technique

Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography ◽

10.1107/s0907444998013985 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 577-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abel Moreno ◽

Manuel Soriano-García

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Crystal Growth ◽

Capillary Tube ◽

Crystal Growth Rate ◽

Equilibrium Studies ◽

Acta Cryst ◽

Average Growth ◽

X Ray Crystallography ◽

Growing Cell ◽

Kinetics Of

In attempts to obtain protein crystals of a sufficient size for structural studies, lack of knowledge of the physicochemical properties of protein solutions and of their crystal-growth behaviour lead to a bottleneck for drug design as well as for X-ray crystallography. Most formal investigations on crystal-growth phenomena have been focused on equilibrium studies, where the protein is soluble, and on the kinetics of crystal growth, which is related to both nucleation and crystal-growth phenomena. The aim of this work is to measure the crystal-growth rate along a capillary tube used as a growing cell. These experiments were carried out using the gel-acupuncture technique [García-Ruiz et al. (1993). Mater. Res. Bull. 28, 541–546; García-Ruiz & Moreno (1994). Acta Cryst. D50, 484–490; García-Ruiz & Moreno (1997). J. Cryst. Growth, 178, 393–401]. Crystal-growth investigations took place using lysozyme and thaumatin I as standard proteins. The maximum average growth rate obtained in the lower part of the capillary tube was about 35 Å s−1 and the minimum average growing rate in the upper part of the capillary tube was about 8 Å s−1. The crystal-growth rate as a function of the supersaturation was experimentally estimated at a constant height along the capillary tube.

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CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF CARBON FARMING DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/2073-0462-2021-7-13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 7-13

Author(s):

Radik Safin ◽

Ayrat Valiev ◽

Valeriya Kolesar

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Crop Production ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

The Republic

Global climatic changes have a negative impact on the development of all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. However, the very production of agricultural products is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere. Taking into account the need to reduce the “carbon footprint” in food production, a special place is occupied by the analysis of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and the development of measures for their sequestration in agriculture. One of the main directions for reducing emissions and immobilizing greenhouse gases is the development of special techniques for their sequestration in the soil, including those used in agriculture. Adaptation of existing farming systems for this task will significantly reduce the “carbon footprint” from agricultural production, including animal husbandry. The development of carbon farming allows not only to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also to significantly increase the level of soil fertility, primarily by increasing the content of organic matter in them. As a result, it becomes possible, along with the production of crop production, to produce “carbon units” that are sold on local and international markets. The paper analyzes possible greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and the potential for their sequestration in agricultural soils. The role of various elements of the farming system in solving the problem of reducing the “carbon footprint” is considered and ways of developing carbon farming in the Republic of Tatarstan are proposed

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